A probe for measuring the specific heat of superconductors at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields has been built and commissioned. The probe has been tested using the relaxation method on samples of copper and the accuracy of the data is 1.3 % between 5 K and 30 K, data taken using the long range pulse method has a resolution of 10 mK. Specific heat measurements have been performed on members of the series (Pb(_1)-(_x))Cu(_1.8x)Mo(_6)S(_8), (Sn(_1-x))Eu(_x)Mo(_6)S(_8) and (Pb(_1-x)M(_x))Mo(_6)S(_8) where M = Gd and Eu, from 3 K up to 30 K and in magnetic fields up to 15 T. Additional results from resistivity, susceptibility, magnetisation. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electron dispersive-ray measurements are also presented. These data have been compared to results from other authors and are analysed in terms of the BCS and GLAG theories of superconductivity and the magnetic properties of these materials. The mean field model has been used to calculate numerically the magnetic contribution to the specific heat (cm) of both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems as a function of temperature and applied field both above and below the ordering temperature. In addition an approximate analytic form for the magnetisation has been used to calculate Cm above the ordering temperature. Expressions have been derived for the saturation value of the peak in C(_m): C(^sat)(_m) = 1.1245n(_cell)RJI(J+1) and the temperature dependence of the peak with applied field ȡ(μ(_o)H(_ext))/ȡT(_peak)=6.540/g(_J)(J+1). They allow the simple calculation of the values of J and g(_J)(J + 1) from specific heat data. The magnetic contribution to the specific heat of the samples (Sn(_0.65)Eu(0.35)Mo(_6)S(_8)) and (Sn(0.50)Eu(_0.50)Mo(_6)S(_8)) have been modelled using these calculations and excellent agreement is found by considering the magnetic ions as free ions. The sample is accurately modelled by including an additional minority phase (Gd(_2)S(_3)). The approximate expressions have also been used to analyse data on high temperature superconductors producing values of J and g(_J)}{J + 1) consistent with a doublet ground state. The properties of Chevrel phase materials have been determined as a function of doping level. The critical temperature is degraded by doping but an increase in the critical current density is observed in the series (Pb(_1-x)Cu(_1-8x)Mo(_6)S(_8) for very low levels of doping. Increases of up to 28 % in the upper critical field, that are probably due to the compensation effect and an increase in the normal state resistivity, are also observed in the series (Sn(_1-x)Eu(_x)Mo(_6)S(_8)) at high levels of doping and in the series (Pb(_1-x)Gd(_x)Mo(_6)s(_8) for low levels of doping.

Certaines missions d'astrophysique embarquent des détecteurs infrarouges ou X qui sont refroidis à des températures subkelvin via un système cryogénique qui comporte soit un bain d'hélium (comme pour Herschel), soit un réfrigérateur Joule-Thomson (comme pour Planck) pour le pré-refroidissement de l'étage subkelvin. Un doigt froid à tube à gaz pulsé ayant les mêmes performances qu'un Joule-Thomson pourrait offrir un certain nombre d'avantages pour les futures chaines cryogéniques (pas de pré-refroidissement nécessaire, simplicité d'intégration, fiabilité accrue).L'objectif de cette thèse concerne l'étude et la réalisation d'un doigt froid à tube à gaz pulsé 4K qui pourrait remplacer une machine Joule-Thomson. Deux principaux axes d'étude ont été menés parallèlement : des études sur les matériaux régénérateur et des études de performances. Des développements technologiques portant sur le régénérateur (étude et mise en forme de différents matériaux ayant des anomalies de chaleur spécifique à basse température) ont été menés afin d'améliorer les performances d'un doigt froid à tube à gaz pulsé haute fréquence (30Hz) travaillant avec de l'hélium 4.Cette thèse a permis d'obtenir la meilleure performance mondiale en terme de température limite en utilisant de l'hélium 4 et avec un pré-refroidissement à 20K. Une température limite de 3,86K a été obtenue et une puissance froide de 25mW est disponible à 5K. Cette thèse a également permis d'étudier l'effet du gaz réel sur le comportement de la machine, en particulier grâce à des mesures de profils de température du régénérateur. Cinq configurations différentes de régénérateur (variation de la répartition de chaleur spécifique le long du régénérateur froid) ont été testées. Elles ont permis de mieux comprendre le rôle de la répartition de la chaleur spécifique dans le régénérateur. Ces différentes mesures ont été complétées avec des études de fluctuations de températures pariétales réalisées à l'aide d'une centrale d'acquisition rapide (toutes les millisecondes). / Some astrophysics missions embark infrared or X detectors which are cooled down to subkelvin temperatures using a cryogenic cooling system that features helium bath (like for the Herschel satellite) or a Joule-Thomson cryocooler (like for the Planck satellite) for the precooling of the subkelvin cooling stage. A pulse tube cold finger which would have the same performances as a Joule-Thomson cryocooler could offer some advantages for future cryogenic chains (no need of precooling, simplicity of integration, increased reliability).The goal of this PhD is the making and the study of a pulse tube cold finger working at temperature around 4K which could replace a Joule-Thomson cryocooler. Two main lines have been worked on simultaneously : studies on materials for the cold regenerator and studies on the cold finger performances. Technological developments on the cold regenerator (including study and shaping of different materials with specific heat anomalies at low temperature) have been performed to enhance the performances of a cold finger working at high frequency (30Hz) with helium 4.The work done during this PhD led to the best no-load temperature never achieved using helium 4 and with a precooling of 20K. A no-load temperature of 3.86K has been obtained and 25mW of cooling power are available at 5K. In addition the effect of real gas on the cryorefrigerator operation has been studied in particular thanks to the measurement of regenerator thermal profiles. Five configurations with different regenerator fillings (variation of the distribution of the specific heat along the cold regenerator) have been tested. These five tests led to a better understanding of the role of the distribution of the specific heat in the regenerator. These measurements have been completed with studies of regenerator wall temperature fluctuations recorded thanks to a fast data acquisition system (each millisecond).

Material thermal properties are highly sought after to better understand the performance of a material under particular conditions. As new materials are created, their physical properties will determine their performance for various applications. These properties have been estimated using many techniques including experimental testing, numerical modeling, and a combination of both. Existing methods can be time consuming, thus, a time-efficient and precise method to estimate these thermal properties was desired. A one-dimensional finite difference numerical model was developed to replicate the heat transfer through an experimental apparatus. A combination of this numerical model and the Continuous Genetic Algorithm optimization technique was used to estimate material thermal properties of fibrous insulation from test data. The focus of this work was to predict these material thermal properties for an Alumina Paper that is commonly used in aerospace applications. The background, methodology, and results are discussed.

Secondary working fluids (secondary refrigerants, heat transfer fluids, antifreezes, brines) have long been used in various indirect re-frigeration and heat pump systems. Aqueous solutions (water solu-tions) have long been used as single phase (liquid only) secondary working fluids for cooling in supermarkets, ice rinks, heat recovery systems, heat pumps and other applications. However, aqueous solutions are increasingly used also for freezers in supermarkets and other applications in low temperature refrigeration. Of importance when comparing different secondary working fluids for indirect systems are the following basic thermophysical properties: freezing point, density, viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Reliable data of these properties are needed to choose suitable fluid and to make technical calculations of an indirect refrigeration or heat pump system. The main intention of this work has been to select thermophysical property data with good or acceptable technical accuracy of a number of aqueous solutions that can be used by the refrigeration and heat pump industry, rather than focusing on a limited number of property values or scientifically very accurate measuring techniques. A thorough literature search was in view of this made to find the most reliable property values of aqueous solutions. Detailed literature references are given for thermo-physical properties of the following aqueous solutions, without other additives: Ethylene and propylene glycol, ethyl and methyl alcohol, glycerol, ammonia, potassium carbonate, calcium, lithium, magnesium and sodium chlorides as well as potassium acetate and potassium formate. Some laboratory measurements were made of most of the fluid types when literature values were incomplete or deemed unreliable. Methods used are briefly described and results are given. Much of the work was reported on in the Engineering Licentiate Thesis: Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants, A Critical Review on Literature References and Laboratory Measure-ments (Melinder 1998a). That material forms the basis for the charts and tables used in the IIR-publication Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants (Melinder, 1997). The present thesis reports on an update made since 1998, including re-view work done on two additional fluids not covered in Melinder (1998a). The thesis describes how the selection of property values results in tables and charts intended for the industry. Coefficients for poly-nomial equations are generated from these property values using a Matlab program and this material is intended as a useful tool for computer treatment. Aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol is used as example to see how this process is made. This choice of fluid can also be seen as a test of this method, as the basic thermophysical properties of aqueous solutions of ethyl alcohol present more chal-lenges than the other fluids examined. A comparison is made of a few types of aqueous solutions used as secondary working fluids for two types of applications. The first example is bedrock heat pumps and the second is cooling cabinets in a supermarket. An effort is made to see how the additive con-centration affects the thermal performance. Most aqueous solutions used as single-phase secondary fluids can also be used as ice slurry, a fluid consisting of liquid and ice where small ice crystals are produced, usually with some type of ice generator. The ice crystals are then transported to the cooling object from which heat is removed when ice crystals melt. This results in less temperature change in the cooling object and makes it also possible to reduce the volume flow rate and to use smaller pipe dimensions in the system. In order to choose a secondary fluid for ice slurry use and to make correct technical calculations of the ice slurry system there is a need to examine and evaluate thermo-physical properties and other aspects of ice and of the aqueous solution used. For dimensioning purposes it is of interest to estimate ice mass fraction and enthalpy values and enthalpy-phase diagrams can serve that purpose. This thesis presents enthalpy-phase diagrams made by author that besides isotherms contain lines with ice fraction and lines connecting enthalpies at freezing point and 1, 2, etc. to 10 K below the freezing point curve. / QC 20100609

Das Auftreten von Supraleitung in Systemen mit schweren Fermionen, erstmals entdeckt in CeCu_2Si_2, wird mit der Nähe zu einem quantenkritischen Punkt in Verbindung gebracht. Daraus ergibt sich ein komplexes Zusammenspiel von Magnetismus und Supraleitung, das in der vorliegenden Arbeit durch Messungen der spezifischen Wärme, der Wechselfeldsuszeptibilität und durch inelastische Neutronenstreuexperimente an verschiedenen Einkristallen von CeCu_2(Si_{1-x}Ge_x)_2 untersucht wird. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der genauen Charakterisierung des magnetischen Anregungsspektrums von CeCu_2Si_2 des S-Typs. Die Ergebnisse der Neutronenstreumessungen implizieren stark, dass die Kopplung der supraleitenden Cooper-Paare durch überdämpfte Spinfluktuationen vermittelt wird, die in der Umgebung eines Quantenphasenübergangs gehäuft auftreten. Unter Substitution einiger Si- durch Ge-Atome in CeCu_2Si_2 stabilisiert sich die magnetische Ordnung, und die Supraleitung wird zunehmend unterdrückt. Neutronenstreumessungen ergeben, dass dies bei 2 % Ge-Substitution dazu führt, dass sich Magnetismus und Supraleitung gegenseitig verdrängen, während sie bei 10 % Ge-Substitution mikroskopisch koexistieren. - (Die Dissertation ist veröffentlicht im Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Deutschland, http://www.logos-verlag.de, ISBN: 978-3-8325-2456-2) / The occurrence of superconductivity in systems with heavy fermions, discovered for the first time in CeCu_2Si_2, is often linked to the vicinity of a quantum critical point. This results in a complex interplay of magnetism and superconductivity, which is studied by means of specific heat and ac susceptibility measurements as well as neutron scattering experiments on different single crystals of CeCu_2(Si_{1-x}Ge_x)_2 in the present thesis. The focus is put on the detailed characterisation of the magnetic excitation spectrum in S-type CeCu_2Si_2. Neutron scattering results strongly imply that the coupling of superconducting Cooper pairs is mediated by overdamped spin fluctuations, which accumulate in the vicinity of a quantum phase transition. By substituting Si by Ge atoms in CeCu_2Si_2 magnetic order is stabilised and superconductivity successively suppressed. Neutron scattering experiments demonstrate that 2 % Ge substitution leads to magnetic order being displaced by superconductivity on decreasing temperature, whereas both coexist microscopically in the case of 10 % Ge substitution.

In recent years there has been significant work aimed at understanding what effect the variation of electronic doping has on material properties. In the high transition-temperature (high-T$_c$) cuprate superconductors hole doping has an impact on the superconducting transition temperature. In the underdoped regime, the cuprates exhibit anomalous properties due to a pseudogap which forms and is thought to be related to Mott insulating physics. While there is no general consensus as to the mechanism underlying high temperature superconductivity, the resonating valence bond (RVB) theory proposed by Anderson in 1987 with a Gutzwiller projected d-wave BCS wave function could give a first picture of the high-T$_c$ cuprates. We have calculated properties of the cuprates using the assumption that the pseudogap state acts as a normal state to an otherwise standard BCS mean field theory. We find that the phenomenological RVB spin liquid model proposed by Yang, Rice and Zhang (YRZ) is highly successful at describing the doping dependent features of the cuprates. Through application of the YRZ model and the tools of many-body theory we present results on anomalous properties observed in: electronic specific heat; Raman and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) data; effective mass renormalization; and thermal broadening seen in ARPES. We verify that the YRZ ansatz qualitatively describes these anomalies along with their doping dependent variations. We conclude from this work that the physics underlying the pseudogap, while distinct in origin from superconductivity, is likely to arise from an RVB wavefunction that is closely related to the BCS state. In graphene, variation in doping modifies the polarization function which describes a screened electron-electron interaction. This leads to additional features in the spectral function which are due to electron-plasmon coupling. In this work, we calculated the electronic density of states including this interaction along with its doping dependence with and without an electron-phonon interaction. We find clear features of electron-electron interactions in the density of states. These features are related to the energies of plasmaron bands in the spectral function and can be modified through doping so as to be distinct from the phonon energy scales.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-13T13:06:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO TAVARES NUNES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 11091920 bytes, checksum: d63185b45641e3f0c461d42c911f608b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T13:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO TAVARES NUNES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 11091920 bytes, checksum: d63185b45641e3f0c461d42c911f608b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09 / Com o intuito de aproveitar o fruto do mandacaru produzido na região semiárida do Nordeste visando à produção de polpas e sucos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as principais propriedades termofísicas, massa específica, condutividade térmica, difusividade térmica e calor específico, além do comportamento reológico das polpas integral e concentradas do fruto do mandacaru até os teores de 35 e 56 °Brix. A massa específica foi determinada pelo método picnométrico; para a difusividade térmica utilizou-se o método do cilindro infinito de Dickerson; o valor do calor específico foi obtido usando através do método das misturas e a condutividade térmica foi calculada por método indireto. Equações propostas em literatura também foram utilizadas para estimar as propriedades termofísicas. Os dados reológicos foram determinados utilizando-se um viscosímetro Brookfield e os modelos de Casson, Ostwald-de-Waelle e Herschel-Bulkley, ajustados aos dados experimentais, ressaltando-se que o último modelo foi o que proporcionou os melhores ajustes. As polpas com a concentração de 12 °Brix apresentaram comportamento não-newtoniano do tipo dilatante; no entanto, as polpas com concentrações de 35 e 56 °Brix apresentaram comportamento não newtoniano do tipo pseudoplástico. A viscosidade foi influenciada pela concentração e temperatura. A polpa integral do fruto do mandacaru foi considerada um alimento ácido, com baixo conteúdo mineral, alto teor de umidade e de atividade de água, com predominância da intensidade de amarelo. As propriedades termofísicas se mantiveram em faixa esperada para polpas de frutas. A massa específica aumentou com o aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis totais e o calor específico e a difusividade térmica diminuíram com o aumento da concentração. Das equações utilizadas para estimar a massa específica, calor específico, difusividade térmica e condutividade térmica, apenas as referentes a massa específica podem ser consideradas razoáveis para todas as amostras, com erros abaixo de 20%. / In order to make better use of mandacaru fruit grown in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil for pulp and fruit production, this study sought to determine the main thermophysical properties, density, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, in addition to rheological behavior of whole and concentrated mandacaru fruit pulp up to a content of 35 and 56 °Brix. Density was determined by the pycnometric method; the Dickerson infinite cylinder method was used for thermal diffusivity; the heat capacity value was obtained by the method of mixtures and thermal conductivity by the indirect method. Equations proposed in the literature were also applied to estimate thermophysical properties. Rheological data were determined using a Brookfield viscometer and Casson, Ostwald-de-Waelle and Herschel-Bulkley models, fit to experimental data, with the last model exhibiting best fit. Pulps with a concentration of 12 °Brix showed dilatant non- Newtonian behavior; however, those with concentrations of 35 and 56 °Brix displayed pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior. Viscosity was influenced by concentration and temperature. Mandacaru whole fruit pulp, predominantly yellow, was considered acidic, with low mineral content, high moisture content and water activity. Thermophysical properties were in the expected range for fruit pulp. Density increased with a rise in soluble solid content, while heat capacity and thermal diffusivity decreased with increased concentrations. Of the equations used to estimate density, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, only those related to density are adequate for ali samples, with an error of less than 20%.

The Heavy fermion URu2Si2 compound have attracted much interest in the last decades due to its unusual behaviors and still an unsolved problem in Condensed Matter Physics. Specific heat measurements in URu2Si2 compounds show that when the temperature is decreased the system undergoes a phase transition at 17,5K and another phase transition at 1,5K. The phase transition at 1,5K leads the system to a superconducting state. On the other hand, the phase transition at 17,5K leads the system to a unclear order known as Hidden Order. In the last three decades, URu2Si2 the system has been intensively experimental and theoretical investigated, nevertheless, the nature of the hidden order is still unclear. In presence of an external magnetic field Hz, the URu2Si2 system presents a interesting behavior. In particular, there are experimental results for the specific heat showing that above 25T, the specific heat anomaly becomes very sharp and narrow and loses its second-order character.Recentily proposed a theory based in the underscreened Anderson Lattice Model. Such theory has been also used to study a minimal model proposed to describe the hidden order in the URu2Si2 system. In the present work, the effects of an external magnetic field Hz on the specific heat of a minimal model are investigated. The specific heat has been calculated from the second-derivative of the Helmholtz Free-energy with respect to the temperature. For magnetic fields below approximately 28T, the present results show a second order character for the specific heat. However, for magnetic fields above 28T, the specific heat becomes very sharp and narrow indicating that the system reached a region of first-order transition. It is also important to note that these results are, at least, in qualitatively agreement with experimental results. / O composto férmion pesado URu2Si2 tem atraído muito interesse nas últimas décadas devido ao seu comportamento incomun, sendo ainda um problema não resolvido em Física da Matéria Condensada. Medidas de calor específico em compostos URu2Si2 mostram que, quando a temperatura é diminuída, o sistema sofre uma transição de fase a 17,5K e outra transição de fase a 1,5K. A transição de fase a 1,5 K leva o sistema para um estado supercondutor. Por outro lado, a transição de fase a 17,5 K leva o sistema para um estado conhecido como Ordem Oculta. Nas últimas três décadas, o sistema URu2Si2 tem sido intensamente investigado tanto experimental, como teoricamente, no entanto, a natureza da Ordem Oculta ainda não é clara. Na presença de um campo magnético externo Hz, o sistema URu2Si2 apresenta um comportamento interessante. Em particular, existem resultados experimentais para o calor específico, mostrando que, acima de 25T, o pico do calor específico torna-se muito intenso e estreito, perdendo o seu carácter de segunda ordem. Recentemente foi proposta uma teoria baseada no Modelo de Anderson Underscreened . Tal teoria foi também utilizada para estudar um modelo mínimo proposto para descrever a Ordem Oculta no sistema URu2Si2. No presente trabalho, os efeitos de um campo magnético externo, Hz, no calor específico de um modelo mínimo, são investigados. O calor específico foi calculado a partir da derivada segunda da energia livre de Helmholtz em relação à temperatura. Para campos magnéticos abaixo de aproximadamente 28T, os presentes resultados mostram uma característica de segunda ordem para o calor específico. No entanto, para campos magnéticos acima de 28T, o pico do calor específico torna-se muito intenso e estreito, o que indica que o sistema atingiu uma região de transição de primeira ordem. É importante ressaltar que estes resultados estão, pelo menos, qualitativamente de acordo com os resultados experimentais.

Orientadores: Elizabete Jordão, Vanderley de Vasconcelos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T15:54:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_MarcioSoares_D.pdf: 4467183 bytes, checksum: 0454257feb5bb8587142baa338c5666a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A dependência com a temperatura das propriedades térmicas dos materiais faz com que a análise do transiente térmico em varetas combustíveis de reatores nucleares seja não-linear. Tradicionalmente, métodos de diferenças finitas ou de elementos finitos são utilizados para resolver este problema. A remoção efetiva do calor gerado nas varetas combustíveis constitui uma das considerações primárias no projeto de reatores nucleares. Os fabricantes de combustíveis nucleares e as geradoras de energia elétrica de fonte nuclear devem demonstrar a segurança do reator através da análise dos resultados de situações transientes diversas. Estes transientes podem ocorrer tanto em operação normal, quanto em situações de acidentes e devem ser analisados para assegurar que a vareta combustível manterá sua integridade para todas estas condições. A equação de transferência de calor para o combustível é não-linear. Esta equação não-linear de diferenciais parciais pode ser convertida em uma forma linear por meio da transformação baseada nas propriedades térmicas. Este trabalho apresenta a análise teórica aplicada no desenvolvimento de um modelo analítico, aqui chamado de variacionais relativos e direcionado para a modelagem de propriedades térmicas de materiais cerâmicos de aplicação nuclear, em particular o dióxido de urânio, UO2, e o óxido de alumínio, Al2O3. As propriedades térmicas modeladas são aquelas envolvidas no processo de condução de calor em materiais cristalinos: expansão térmica, calor específico, condutividade térmica e as suas formas integrais. No processo de avaliação de dados foram utilizados cerca de 5500 medidas de propriedades físicas e térmicas disponíveis na literatura aberta. Com base neste desenvolvimento é estabelecida a relação linear entre a variação de entalpia e a integral de condutividade térmica do UO2. Esta relação permite resolver, analiticamente, as distribuições espacial e temporal de temperaturas no combustível nuclear para as condições de estado estacionário e de transiente. A solução encontrada aplica-se igualmente outros sistemas onde o balanço de energia seja determinado pelo equilíbrio entre calor armazenado e calor transportado. A modelagem analítica desenvolvida amplia as possibilidades de avaliação crítica da consistência de propriedades térmicas e físicas dos materiais / Abstract: The temperature dependence of the material thermal properties makes the transient thermal analysis of reactor fuel pins to be non-linear. Traditionally, finite difference or finite element methods have been used to solve this problem. Effective heat removal from the fuel pins of a nuclear reactor poses one of the primary considerations in reactor design. Nuclear fuel vendors and nuclear electricity utilities must demonstrate the safety of the reactor by thorough examination of the outcome of various transient situations. These transient effects may occur in normal operation as well as in accident situations and must be analysed to insure the fuel pin maintains its integrity. The governing heat transfer equation for the fuel is non-linear. This non-linear, partial differential equation can be recast into a linear form by introducing a transformation based on material property. This work presents the theoretical analyses to develop a analytical model, here named model of relative variationals, for modelling of thermal properties of nuclear ceramic materials, in matter uranium dioxide, UO2, and aluminium oxide, Al2O3. The modeled thermal properties are those involved in the process of heat transport in crystalline materials: thermal expansion, specific heat, thermal conductivity and their integral forms. In the data evaluation process were used about 5500 measures of physical and thermal properties available in the open literature. Based on this development, the linear relationship has been established between the UO2 enthalpy and thermal conductivity integral. This relationship enables the heat conduction equation to be solved analytically for steady state and transient conditions. The solution is also applied in other systems where the balance of energy is determined by the equilibrium between stored heat and transported heat. The developed analytical modelling enlarges the possibilities for critical evaluation of the thermal and physical properties of the materials / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The specific heat and the condensation energy of a two-dimensional Hubbard model, suitable to discuss high Tc superconductors (HTSTC), is studied taking into account hopping to first (t) and second (t2) nearest neighbors. Results for the Hubbard model show that the specific heat as a function of the temperature C(T) presents a two peaks structure (DUFFY; MOREO, 1997). The low temperature peak has been associated with spin fluctuation while the high temperature peak is related to charge fluctuation. Experimental results for the specific heat of HTSC s (LORAM et al., 2001), for instance, the YBCO and LSCO, indicate a close relation between the pseudogap and the specific heat. In the present work, we investigate the specific heat by the Green s function method within the n-pole approximation proposed by L. Roth (ROTH, 1969). The specific heat is calculated on the pseudogap and on the superconducting regions. Superconductivity with dx2−y2- wave pairing is considered following the procedure proposed by Beenen and Edwards (BEENEN; EDWARDS, 1995). The analytical expressions for the specific heat and for the condensation energy have been obtained following the formalism presented in reference (KISHORE; JOSHI, 1971). In the present scenario, the pseudogap emerges when the antiferromagnetic (AF) fluctuations (present in the Roth s band shift) become strongly sufficient to push down the region of the nodal point (π,π) on the renormalized quasi-particle bands. We observed that above a given total occupation nT , the specific heat decreases signaling the pseudogap presence. The effects of the antiferromagnetic fluctuations on the condensation energy and on superconductivity are also investigated.x / No presente trabalho estuda-se o calor específico de um modelo de Hubbard considerado adequado para discutir supercondutores de altas temperaturas. Resultados para o modelo de Hubbard mostram que o calor específico em função da temperatura apresenta uma estrutura de dois picos (DUFFY; MOREO, 1997). O pico de baixa temperatura está associado às flutuações de spin, enquanto que o pico em alta temperatura está relacionado às flutuações de carga. Por outro lado, resultados experimentais do calor específico de supercondutores de altas temperaturas (LORAM et al., 2001), como por exemplo o Y BCO e o LSCO, indicam uma forte relação entre o calor específico e o pseudogap. Portanto, neste trabalho investiga-se a relação entre o pseudogap e o calor específico de um modelo de Hubbard usando a técnica das funções de Green em conjunto com a aproximação de n-pólos proposta por L. Roth (ROTH, 1969). O calor específico é calculado na região do pseudogap e da supercondutividade. Considera-se supercondutividade com simetria de onda dx2 − y2 e o parâmetro de ordem supercondutor é obtido seguindo-se o procedimento de fatorização proposto por Beenen e Edwards (BEENEN; EDWARDS, 1995). A expressão analítica do calor específico é obtida seguindo o formalismo proposto na referência (KISHORE; JOSHI, 1971). No cenário adotado, o pseudogap emerge quando flutuações antiferromagnéticas, as quais estão relacionadas a correlações antiferromagnéticas (presentes no deslocamento de banda da Roth), tornam-se fortes o suficiente para puxar as bandas renormalizadas para energias abaixo do potencial químico no ponto (π,π). Observou-se que acima de uma certa ocupação, o salto no calor específico decresce sinalizando a abertura do pseudogap. Os efeitos das flutuações antiferromagnéticas sobre a energia de condensação e sobre a supercondutividade também são investigados.