O veneno de aranhas Loxosceles consiste em uma mistura de proteínas com atividade enzimática ou tóxica, incluindo as esfingomielinases D (SMases D), consideradas como os principais componentes tóxicos do veneno, responsáveis pelo estabelecimento dos efeitos locais e sistêmicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial inibitório de moléculas selecionadas por docking molecular sobre as propriedades tóxicas das SMases D. Os dados obtidos mostram que as moléculas selecionadas foram capazes de inibir a atividade hidrolítica da toxina, o mecanismo de hemólise dependente de complemento e eficazes no controle da progressão das lesões dermonecróticas em coelhos. Estes resultados indicam que inibidores específicos para as SMases D são capazes de controlar as reações locais e sistêmicas induzidas pelo veneno de Loxosceles. Estas são ferramentas promissoras para estudos de estrutura/função e para o desenvolvimento de novas intervenções terapêuticas para o loxoscelismo. / Loxosceles spider venom is a mixture of proteins with enzymatic or toxic activity, including sphingomyelinases D (SMases D), considered as the main toxic components of the venom responsible for the establishment of local and systemic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory potential of molecules selected by molecular docking on the toxic properties of SMases D. The results demonstrated that selected molecules were able to inhibit the hydrolytic activity of the toxin, the mechanism of complement-dependent hemolysis and effective in reducing the progression of the dermonecrotic lesion in rabbits. These results indicate that specific inhibitors for SMases D are capable of controlling local and systemic reactions induced by Loxosceles venom. These are promising tools for function/structure studies and for developing new therapeutic interventions for the loxoscelism.

A esquistossomose representa um grande problema de saúde pública em regiões tropicais, negligenciado pelas empresas farmacêuticas. Três genes foram selecionados a partir do transcriptoma do S. mansoni para serem caracterizados molecularmente e testados como vacinas. O gene da Carboxipeptidase apresentou altos níveis de transcrição no estágio de cercária e uma variável expressão protéica nos estágios intra-hospedeiros. A proteína recombinante renaturada apresentou baixa atividade. O gene da Esfingomielinase apresentou alto nível transcricional em ovos, sendo expresso em todos os estágios exceto em esquistossômulos de 7 dias e fêmeas. O gene da Fosfatase Alcalina apresentou elevada transcrição em cercária, mas a expressão da proteína se eleva somente no estágio de esquistossômulo. A imunização de camundongos com cada uma das três proteínas recombinantes expressas em E. coli não levou à redução da carga parasitária após desafio. Estes resultados demonstram que diversas características de um antígeno são necessárias para que este seja um bom candidato vacinal. / Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem in tropical areas and neglected by most of the pharmaceutical companies. Three genes were selected from S. mansoni transcriptome to be molecularly characterized and tested as vaccines. The Carboxypeptidase gene showed high transcription levels in cercariae stage and a variable protein expression in intra-host stages. The refolded recombinant protein showed limited activity. The Sphingomyelinase gene showed the highest level of transcriptional activity in the egg stage and the protein is expressed in all stages but 7-day old schistosomula and females. The Alkaline Phosphatase gene showed a high transcriptional activity in cercariae stage with most of the mRNA being translated into protein as soon as it penetrates its definitive host. Immunization of mice with each of the three proteins did not show reduction in worm burden recovery after challenge. These results demonstrate that several characteristics of an antigen are important for it to be considered a good vaccine candidate.

O veneno de aranhas Loxosceles consiste em uma mistura de proteínas com atividade enzimática ou tóxica, incluindo as esfingomielinases D (SMases D), consideradas como os principais componentes tóxicos do veneno, responsáveis pelo estabelecimento dos efeitos locais e sistêmicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial inibitório de moléculas selecionadas por docking molecular sobre as propriedades tóxicas das SMases D. Os dados obtidos mostram que as moléculas selecionadas foram capazes de inibir a atividade hidrolítica da toxina, o mecanismo de hemólise dependente de complemento e eficazes no controle da progressão das lesões dermonecróticas em coelhos. Estes resultados indicam que inibidores específicos para as SMases D são capazes de controlar as reações locais e sistêmicas induzidas pelo veneno de Loxosceles. Estas são ferramentas promissoras para estudos de estrutura/função e para o desenvolvimento de novas intervenções terapêuticas para o loxoscelismo. / Loxosceles spider venom is a mixture of proteins with enzymatic or toxic activity, including sphingomyelinases D (SMases D), considered as the main toxic components of the venom responsible for the establishment of local and systemic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory potential of molecules selected by molecular docking on the toxic properties of SMases D. The results demonstrated that selected molecules were able to inhibit the hydrolytic activity of the toxin, the mechanism of complement-dependent hemolysis and effective in reducing the progression of the dermonecrotic lesion in rabbits. These results indicate that specific inhibitors for SMases D are capable of controlling local and systemic reactions induced by Loxosceles venom. These are promising tools for function/structure studies and for developing new therapeutic interventions for the loxoscelism.

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Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung neuer chemischer Sonden zur Überwachung der Aktivität von ASM sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo. Darüber hinaus wurde auch die Optimierung der angegebenen Sonden (besser: bereits publizierter Sonden) durchgeführt. Im ersten Teil dieser Studie wurden zwei Eu-Komplexe ausgehend von handelsüblicher Chelidaminsäure synthetisiert und führten zu einer guten Ausbeute mit hoher Reinheit. Die synthetisierten Sonden 4-D+ und 5-D+ wurden zum Nachweis verschiedener Phosphate und Carboxylatspezies verwendet. Sie wurden zur Überwachung der ASM-Aktivität durch den Nachweis des enzymatisch freigesetzten Phosphorylcholins (PC) eingesetzt. Trotz der vielversprechenden Abnahme der Lumineszenz von 4-D+ als Reaktion auf das anorganische PC zusätzlich zur Simulationsreaktion zur Änderung des SM / PC-Verhältnisses wurde in allen enzymatischen homogenen und heterogenen Experimenten ein allgemeiner Löscheffekt beobachtet. Der 5-D+ Komplex könnte zur Überwachung des ATP-hydrolysierenden Apyrase-Enzyms in Echtzeit verwendet werden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Studie wurden verschiedene FRET- und monomarkierte ASM-Sonden entworfen und synthetisiert. Eine neuartige FRET-Sonde mit einem besseren 2P-anregbaren Cumarinderivat zeigte eine etwa 20% Steigerung der Cumarinintensität im Vergleich zum alten Cumarinderivat. Eine neue Generation von ASM-Sonden mit einer quaternären Ammoniumgruppe, die das natürliche Substrat nachahmt, wurde ebenfalls entworfen und synthetisiert. Alle neuen quaternären Sonden wurden als ASM-Substrate nachgewiesen und zeigten unterschiedliche kinetische Parameter. Sie zeigten höhere Umsatz-Kcat-Werte im Vergleich zur nicht quaternären Sonde. Die meisten neuen Sonden zeigten auch höhere Spezifitätskonstanten gegenüber dem ASM-Enzym. / Sphingolipids are a family of bioactive signalling molecules. Besides their role in cellular structure, sphingolipids act as key regulators of many cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) catalyses the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide, a metabolic hub of sphingolipid metabolism, and phosphoryl choline. Due to the lack of biochemical analytical tools, the molecular details of acid sphingomyelinase activity are still not fully discovered, and the development of pharmacological inhibitors is also hampered. The scope of this work is to develop new chemical probes for monitoring the activity of ASM both in vitro and in vivo.

Sphingolipide sind eine wichtige Klasse von Lipiden, die nicht nur als Strukturmoleküle von Bedeutung sind sondern auch in Signaltransduktionsprozessen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Insbesondere die Sphingolipidmetaboliten Ceramid, Sphingosin und Sphingosin-1-phosphat sind an zellulären Prozessen wie Differenzierung, Apoptose, Proliferation und Inflammation beteiligt. Sphingomyelinasen üben daher als katabole Enzyme des Sphingolipidstoffwechsels eine wichtige Funktion aus. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Expression und Reinigung der rekombinanten humanen sauren Sphingomyelinase sowie ausgewählter varianter Formen des Enzyms, die verschiedene Subtypen der Niemann-Pick-Erkrankung widerspiegeln. Die Kinetiken und weitere Parameter der erhaltenen Enzyme wurden nach Michaelis-Menten bestimmt. Durch Gabe der rekombinanten Enzyme zu metabolisch radiomarkierten (NPA -/-) Fibroblasten wurde die Stimulation des Sphingolipidmetabolismus nachverfolgt. Mittels FT-IR Spektroskopie gelang die Bestimmung und Quantifizierung von Sekundärstrukturelementen im Wildtypenzym und den varianten Formen. Darüber hinaus wurde in SPR-Messungen die biomolekulare Interaktion der sauren Sphingomyelinase mit dem Krebstherapeutikum Siramesin untersucht. Siramesin, welches als Inhibitor der sauren Sphingomyelinase wirkt, induziert selektiv in Krebszellen den lysosmalen Zelltod. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde die saure Sphingomyelinase als potentielles Zielmolekül für Krebstherapien identifiziert. / Sphingolipids are an important class of lipid molecules. Beyond their structural role, they also serve as bioactive signalling entities. Sphingolipid metabolites like ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in many cellular processes including differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation and intracellular trafficking. In this context, sphingomyelinases are of special interest. The present work focuses on the expression and purification of recombinant human acid sphingomyelinase and selectively chosen variant forms of the enzyme, representing prominent Niemann-Pick disease types. Subsequently the biochemical parameters of all obtained enzymes were determined by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In order to asses the stimulation of sphingolipid metabolism metabolically radiolabeled (NPA -/-) cells were treated with the recombinant enzymes. Based on FT-IR spectroscopy, structural components of the acid sphingomyelinase and its variants, were determined and quantified. Furthermore SPR-experiments were performed to analyse the biomolecular interaction of immobilized acid sphingomyelinase and the anticancer agent siramesine. Siramesine acts as an inhibitor on acid sphingomyelinase, thereby triggering cancer-specific lysosomal cell death. In this context the human acid sphingomyelinase was identfied as a target for cancer therapy.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類:博士（医療技術学）（課程） 学位授与年月日:平成20年3月25日

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