The purpose of this study was to investigate what conditions and working methods that existed among assisted nurses in geriatric homes to promote physical activity in the elderly. The method used was a qualitative approach, using a thematic analysis to interpret the results. The following two categories emerged, prerequisites and work methods. The analysis also generated six subthemes. Material resources, staff availability, time, knowledge, encouragement and motivation and the pandemics impact. The results showed that time, staff, encouragement from the assisted nurses and knowledge about the subject played a big part in enabling physical activity amongst the elderly. It is vital that assisted nurses possess reassuring prerequisites and work methods in order to promote physical activity. / Syftet var att undersöka vilka förutsättningar och arbetssätt som finns hos undersköterskor på äldreboenden för att främja fysisk aktivitet hos äldre. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ metod och en tematisk analys användes för att tolka och analysera resultatet. Följande två kategorier uppstod, förutsättningar och arbetssätt. Analysen genererade i sex subteman. Tillgångar och förutsättningar till materiella resurser, personal, tid, kunskap samt vikten av uppmuntran och motivation och pandemins påverkan. Resultatet visade att förutsättningarna, personal och tid hade en betydande roll som saknades i främjandet av fysisk aktivitet hos de äldre. Resultatet visade att arbetssättet uppmuntran och motivation från undersköterskorna kring fysisk aktivitet spelade en betydande roll för att främja fysisk aktivitet hos äldre och hur arbetssätten och förutsättningarna under pågående Covid-19 pandemi påverkats negativt i arbetet mot fysisk aktivitet. Det är av stor vikt att undersköterskor har betryggande förutsättningar och arbetssätt för att kunna främja fysisk aktivitet.

This study is about sport club leaders’ experiences of the gap between sport science and sport practice. The purpose of this research was to answer four specific questions: a) Does it differentiate between coaches and organizational leaders in high performance sport, when it comes to using sport science? b) How do practitioners in sport perceive sport science research? c) In what way does practitioners in high performance sport obtain inspiration and new knowledge? d) What constrains a successful process of implementing scientific knowledge in sport practice? To answer these questions, semi-structured interviews were made with six participants, included three coaches and three organization leaders in Swedish high-performance sport. This study takes theoretical attachment in the way sport science play for having an evidence-based practice in sports. Among the participants there were a strong consensus that sport science makes or can do an important contribution to high-performance sport. An important finding was the difference between coaches and organizational leaders in perceived closeness to sport science, in relation to their own reality, which also related to difference in using sport science. Coaches perceived science being closer to their reality and also use sport science more than the organizational leaders do. Coaches are most likely to observe other coaches to get new ideas. Time and recourses were important constrains to use sport science. Organizational leaders perceive a longer process in integrate scientific findings than coaches do. Strategies to get sport science taking more place in sport practice can be to coordinate findings in channels where practitioners know to go, and to be announced in an consist and informal way, that makes taking part of it fun and interesting.

Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to measure the responses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients to an exercise programme in a South Africa setting. Nine subjects were evaluated before and after aerobic and resistance training three times a week for the total of 12 weeks. Each evaluation measured forced expiratory lung function; health-related quality of life; functional capacity; level of dyspnea; body composition; physician global evaluation; and the patient global evaluation. The exercise programme consisted of one-hour exercise sessions, three times a week for 12 weeks. The exercise sessions included elements of aerobic and resistance training of the upper and lower extremities. Functional capacity improved drastically (p < 0.01), as did the physician and the patient global evaluations (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Levels of dyspnea also improved (p < 0.01). Health-related quality of life improved marginally (p = 0.03). No significant change was noted in lung function and body composition. The study concluded that an exercise programme consisting of aerobic and resistance training improves chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' health-related quality of life, functional capacity and levels of dyspnea. Exercise also reduces the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as are perceived by the physician and patient alike. Exercise does not change lung function or body composition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Exercise in conjunction with appropriate medical treatment has the potential to benefit all chronic obstructive patients in South Africa. Keywords: COPD, quality oflife, functional capacity, rehabilitation, exercise. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die reaksies te meet van pasiënte met chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte op 'n oefenprogram in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Nege proefpersone is voor en na aërobiese en weerstandsoefening drie keer per week vir 'n totaal van 12 weke geëvalueer. Elke evaluering het die volgende gemeet: geforseerde ekspiratoriese longfunksie, gesondheidsverwante lewenskwalitiet, funksionele kapasiteit; dispneevlak, liggaamsamestelling; geneesheer algehele evaluering asook pasiënt algehele evaluering. Die oefenprogram het uit een-uur sessies bestaan, wat drie keer per week vir 12 weke plaasgevind het. Die oefensessies het elemente van aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge van die boonste en onderste ledemate ingesluit. Funksionele kapasiteit het drasties verbeter (p < 0.01), net so ook die geneesheer en pasiënt algehele evaluerings (p < 0.01 en p < 0.01, respektiewelik). Dispneevlakke het ook verbeter (p < 0.01). Gesondheidsverwante lewenskwaliteit het marginaal verbeter (p = 0.03). Geen beduidende veranderinge is in die longfunksie en liggaamsamestelling gevind nie. Die studie het bevind dat 'n oefenprogram wat uit aërobiese en weerstandsoefening bestaan gesondheidsverwante lewenskwaliteit, funksionele kapasiteit asook dispneevlakke van pasiënte met chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte verbeter. Oefening verminder ook die simptome van chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte soos waargeneem deur beide die geneesheer en pasiënt. Oefening verander ook nie longfunksie of liggaamsamestelling van pasiënte met chroniese obstruktiewe pulmonêre siekte nie. Oefening tesame met die geskikte mediese behandeling kan voordelig wees vir chronies obstruktiewe pasiënte in Suid- Afrika. Keywords: KOPS, lewenskwaliteit, funksionele kapasiteit, rehabilitasie, oefening.

In 2009, the Swedish Basketball Federation started a Region U15 development project in order to change the structure of the regional organization to get into a more transparent and similar operations throughout the country. My purpose is to study the attitudes to the change among the region leaders in the regional operations and evaluate the change from an organizational perspective. The study is primarily based on the following questions: What are the experiences of the change process among the region leaders in the regional organization? How involved have region leaders been in the changing process? Which are the positive and negative aspects with the regional operation today? What can be done further to develop the regional operation and to what extent do the organizational change follow general organizational theories? In my study, a qualitative method was used in terms of interviews with 8 regional leaders to understand their attitude to the project and the changing process. To analyze the results of the region leaders ‘responses, a transcription have been made. One of the main results of the study is that the organizational change to some extent mean bureaucratization and centralization, in order to structure the activities in the regions. One example is the development of a policy document for all regions to follow. The results also show that the attitudes to the change are overall very positive among the region leaders.

The organisation of elite sport systems has been the focus of a great variety of different investigations over the past ten years. In particular, many studies have compared the structure and organisation of different national elite sport systems on the macro and meso levels. A result of the existing investigations is a clear convergence of the service portfolio different elite sport systems offer their athletes and coaches. Despite this current trend to a homogeneous elite sport system design, medal tables of major sport events suggest that some nations are still more successful than others in specific sports. This suggests that more successful sport systems might have found better ways to implement the otherwise similar and conventional support portfolio. However, there is a lack of studies that focus on what practices successful elite sport systems apply in the actual delivery of the support services to their athletes and coaches; in how far these practices are related to the ,success of the sport systems; if these practices look similar across different successful sport systems; and if these practices provide useful lessons for other systems to learn from. The management tool benchmarking appears to be a useful framework to guide such comparisons at the operational level. Thus, this thesis evaluated the applicability of this management concept for furthering understanding of elite sport system management. In order to conduct this evaluation it was decided to analyse the operational processes and structures two successful elite sport systems apply for the delivery of five elements of the elite sport support portfolio. In specific, the investigation focused on the comparison of the design of the squad system, the hierarchy of coaches within the squad system, the organisation of the coach education, as well as the provision of sport science and lifestyle support, which were the Benchmarking Objects of this study. The Swedish athletics and the Norwegian cross-country skiing national team, and the general elite sport support institutions they cooperate with, were chosen as the Benchmarking Subjects, i.e. the comparison partners, for this investigation. This research was based on a series of semi-structured interviews which were conducted with about 50 key pOSition holders such as coaches, athletes, lifestyle support managers, or performance diagnosticians during two study visits to Norway and Sweden. This study concluded that benchmarking can lead to insights into the operational management of successful elite sport systems. It must however also be stressed that benchmarking is not a universal remedy for the problems managers of elite sport systems face today. As this research showed, the two Benchmarking Subjects applied unexpected solutions for the delivery of some of the chosen Benchmarking Objects - and some of these practices appeared to be heavily linked to the organisational and cultural context of the investigated sport systems. Thus, it must be carefully evaluated for each process or structure, which is identified during a bench marking exercise, if it constitutes a transferable best practice which is applicable outside the organisational context of the respective Benchmarking Subject.

Elite athletes of today use specialized, scientific training methods and the increasing role of science in sports is undeniable. Scientific methods and equipment has even found its way into the practice of everyday exercisers, a testament to the impact of sport science. From the experiential, personal training regimes of the first half of the 20th century to the scientific training theories of the 1970s, the ideas about training and the athletic body shifted. The rationalization process started in endurance sports in the 1940s. It was part of a struggle between two models of training; natural training and rational training. Physiologists wanted to rid training of individual and local variations and create a universal model of rational, scientific training. The rationalization of training and training landscapes is here understood as an aspect of sportification, a theory commonly used to describe similar developments in sports where increasing regimentation, specialization and rationalization are among the main criteria. This dissertation adds the concept of technologies of sportification to explain the role that micro-technologies and practices (such as training logs, training camps and scientific tests) have in the scientization of training. This thesis thus sets out to analyze the role that science has played in training during the 20th century. It is a history about the rationalization of training, but also about larger issues regarding the role of personal, experiential knowledge and scientific knowledge. The main conclusions are that the process of scientization never managed to rid training of components from natural, experiential training, and that the effort by Swedish physiologists to introduce rational training was part of the larger rationalization movement at the time. In the end, training knowledge was a co-production between practitioners and theoreticians, skiers and scientists. / <p>QC 20161114</p> / Rationell träning: vetenskapliggörandet äv träning för längdskidåkning

The application of sport science is crucial to athlete performance development. However, the frequent disconnection among sport scientists, coaches, and athletes often leads to miscommunication and increased potential for performance barriers. The creation of sport performance enhancement groups (SPEGs) can help with the professional integration and communication among all personnel involved in the training process. However, SPEG formation faces a number of barriers in the current coaching landscape. The application of a benefits-based programming (BBP) model may aid in the formation of an SPEG and the dissemination of education for coaches, athletes, and administrators. A field experience involving the BBP model and SPEG creation in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II school is presented with multiple model iterations

Schoolbag carriage represents a considerable daily occupational load for children (Negrini et al., 1999). Whittfield et al., (2001) and Puckree et al., (2004) have reported that the carriage of heavy schoolbags is a suspected aetiological factor of the daily physical stress of school pupils. Methods: One hundred and eighty-seven pupils voluntarily participated in a controlled, descriptive, epidemiological retrospective study. Subjects’ biographical, epidemiological, exercise history and lifestyle information was gathered by a self-report questionnaire (adapted from Puckree et al., 2004). Subjects’ body mass, stature and mass of their schoolbags were measured using a Detecto stadiometer scale. Digital images, electromyographical muscular activity and a posture profile assessments were captured in the frontal and sagittal planes whilst the pupils were in the loaded (carrying a schoolbag) and the unloaded phases (not carrying schoolbags). These images were analyzed using biomechanical software, Dartfish. The study being retrospective in nature recorded the prevalence of schoolbag carriage musculoskeletal pain over the last 12 months. Descriptive statistical tests such as mean, mode, frequency, percentages and inferential chi-square statistical test (set at a probability of 0.05) were employed to analyze the data. Results: The result indicated that 78.99% of the cohort experience musculoskeletal pain due to schoolbag carriage (p<0.0001). The most prevalent anatomical sites of pain were the shoulders (37.04%), neck (20.37%), lumbar (11.73%) and thorax (10.49%) (p<0.0001). The mean mass of the schoolbag carried by the cohort was 5.45kg which was approximately 11.5% of their body mass. The predisposing factors of the musculoskeletal pain were the methods employed to carry the schoolbag (single strap (20.21%) versus double straps (76.6%), altered posture due to excessive schoolbag mass together with a reduced craniovertebral angle (p<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: The excessive schoolbag mass carried by the pupils placed strain on the immature vertebral column of these pupils thus causing postural deviations which induced musculoskeletal pain and discomfort. / Thesis (M.Sport Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for youth sport performance appears to be increasing. Weightlifting for children and adolescents has been criticized in some circles and is a controversial aspect of resistance training for young people. Although injuries can occur during weightlifting and related activities, the incidence and rate of injury appear to be relatively low and severe injury is uncommon. A number of performance, physical, and physiological variables, such as body composition, strength, and power, are improved by weightlifting training in children, adolescents, and young athletes. Manipulating program variables, when appropriate, can have a substantial and profound influence on the psychological, physiological, physical, and performance aspects of weightlifters. An understanding of the sport, scientific training principles, and musculoskeletal growth development is necessary to properly construct a reasonable and appropriate training program. A scientific background aids in providing an evidenced basis and sound rationale in selecting appropriate methods and directing adaptations toward more specific goals and enables the coach to make choices about training and competition that might not otherwise be possible. If weightlifting training and competition are age group appropriate and are properly supervised, the sport can be substantially safe and efficacious.

Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global aging is occurring at an unprecedented rate. South Africa has the highest proportion of older adults in Southern Africa, with nearly 7% of the population over the age of 60 years in 1997. However, although people are living longer, statistics show that they are not necessarily living healthier. The majority of women who outlive men have to deal with more chronic diseases as well as a poorer functional status than the latter. The purpose of the present study was to implement a movement competence programme suited to the needs of South African older adult women; requiring inexpensive apparatus and that can be performed in any environment. A time-series design was used which included follow up testing 9 months after the cessation of the movement competence programme. The intervention group consisted out of 21 (76.14±5.44 years) older adult women, who were randomly selected from a retirement village. The movement competence programme was broad based in nature and was performed in two one hourly sessions a week for 12 weeks. After pre-tests of functional capacity, selfperception and resilience, the older adult women were tested using the Physical Self-Perception Profile (Fox & Corbin, 1989) and the Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003) respectively. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were observed in the Berg Balance Scale, 8-Foot Up-and-Go and the Physical Self-Perception’s results of the older adult women. No significant (p>0.05) difference was noted in the Barthel Index and Resilience Scale after the 12-week movement competence programme. Follow up testing indicated a significant improvement in the resilience of the older adult women who continued to exercise, compared to those that chose a sedentary lifestyle after the movement competence programme. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Globale veroudering vind teen ’n ongekende tempo plaas. Suid-Afrika beskik oor die hoogste verhouding ouer volwassenes in Suidelike Afrika met amper 7% van die populasie in 1997 ouer as 60 jaar. Hoewel mense egter langer lewe toon statistiek dat hulle nie noodwendig gesonder lewe nie. Die meerderheid dames wat langer lewe as mans het te kampe met meer chroniese siektes asook ’n swakker funksionele status as dié van laasgenoemde. Die doel van die huidige studie was om ’n bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram te implementeer wat aan die behoeftes van ouer Suid-Afrikaanse volwasse dames voldoen, waar goedkoop toerusting benodig word en in enige omgewing uitgevoer kan word. ’n “time-series” ontwerp was gebruik wat opvolgtoetse ingesluit het nege maande ná die beëindiging van die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram. Die intervensiegroep het bestaan uit 21 (76.14±5.44 jaar) ouer volwasse dames wat lukraak geselekteer is by ’n aftree-oord. Die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram was breed in fokus en was uitgevoer in twee eenuurlikse sessies per week vir 12 weke. Ná voortoetse oor funksionele kapasiteit, selfpersepsie en veerkrag, is die ouer volwasse dames getoets deur respektiewelik gebruik te maak van die Fisieke Selfpersepsie Profiel (Fox & Corbin, 1989) en die Veerkragskaal (Connor & Davidson, 2003). Beduidende verbeterings (p<0.05) van die ouer volwasse dames is waargeneem in die Berg Balansskaal, “8-Foot Up-and-Go” en die resultate op die Fisieke Selfpersepsie. Geen beduidende (p>0.05) verskil is waargeneem in die Barthel Indeks en Veerkragskaal ná die 12 weke aanbieding van die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram nie. Opvolgtoetse het ’n beduidende verbetering aangedui in die veerkrag van die ouer volwasse dames wat aangehou het met oefening in teenstelling met dié wat gekies het om ’n sedentêre leefstyl te volg nadat die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram voltooi is.