The aim of this study was to assess differences in goal orientation between athletes practicing two different sports. These sports differ structurally in how they are performed and in regard to factors influencing goal orientation. The achievement goal theory (AGT) states that individuals’ motivational orientation is made up of two aspects, task oriented motivation and ego oriented motivation. These two goal orientations are independent of one another and are affected by several factors. The effect on goal orientation by factors influenced by coaches, parents and peers is well documented. The two hypotheses were that climbers would be more task-oriented than squash players and secondly that squash players would be more ego-oriented than climbers. The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental between group comparison. 81 sport practitioners, 43 rock climbers and 38 squash players, took the Task and Ego in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) in connection with performing their sport. Independent t-tests of both sub scales showed a difference in ego-motivation between groups, but not in task-motivation. / Syftet med den här studien var fastställa skillnader i målorientering mellan idrottare som utför olika sporter. Dessa sporter skiljer sig strukturellt i utförande och i avseende av faktorer som påverkar målorientering. Målorienteringsteorin (AGT) säger att individers målorientering består av två aspekter, uppgiftsorienterad motivation och egoorienterad motivation. Dessa två orienteringar är oberoende av varandra och påverkas av flera olika faktorer. Effekten på målorientering av faktorer som påverkas av tränare, föräldrar och kamrater är väldokumenterad. Den första hypotesen var att klättrare är mer uppgifts-orienterade än vad squashspelare är och den andra att squashspelare är mer egoorienterade än vad klättrare är. Studien utfördes som en kvasiexperimentell mellangruppsjämförelse. 81 idrottare, 43 klättrare och 38 squashspelare fyllde i formuläret Task and Ego in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) i samband med sin träning. Oberoende t-test visade en skillnad i ego-motivation, men inte i uppgifts-motivation mellan grupperna.

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verkennende studie is onderneem om die rol van fisiese welstand rakende algehele geestesgesondheid te ondersoek. Die hoofdoelstelling is om vas te stel of daar verskille is tussen die selfkonsep en veerkragtigheid van ‘n groep individue wat kompeterend aan muurbal deelneem (vir ten minste die afgelope 12 maande) en ‘n ander groep wat geensins aan enige fisiese oefening deelneem nie (ook vir die afgelope 12 maande). Beide die groepe behoort tot die ouderdomsgroep van 50- tot 60 jariges. Hierdie navorsing is aangepak binne die positiewe paradigma van sielkunde as die wetenskaplike bestudering van die oorspronge, die prosesse en meganismes rakende optimale vlakke van menslike funksionering. Binne die kwantitatiewe benadering is ‘n vergelykende navorsingstipe gebruik. Sestig deelnemers is vir die doel van die studie gebruik. Die deelnemende groep (n=30) neem op ʼn gereelde basis aktief deel aan georganiseerde muurbal in die Meestersliga van die Westelike Provinsie se Muurbalunie. Die nie-deelnemende groep (n=30) het bestaan uit dertig individue wat glad nie aan enige fisiese oefening deelneem nie. Drie meetinstrumente is deur al die respondente voltooi, naamlik die Demografiese Vraelys, die Rosenberg Selfkonsepvraelys en die Veerkragtigheidsvraelys. Statisties beduidende verskille is gevind tussen die selfkonsep en veerkragtigheid van die deelnemende groep en nie-deelnemende groep. Die deelnemende groep het ʼn hoër selfkonseptelling en veerkragtigheidstelling as die nie-deelnemende groep getoon. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This explorative study was undertaken to investigate the role of physical well-being regarding mental wellness. The main objective was to establish whether there is a difference in the self-concept and resilience of a group of individuals who participate in squash on a competitive level (for at least the past 12 months) and an age equivalent that does not take part in any physical exercise (for also at least the past 12 months). Both these group’s members belong to the age group of 50 to 60 year olds. This research was located in the paradigm of positive psychology as the scientific study of the origins, processes and mechanisms regarding the levels of optimal human functioning. In this quantitative approach a comparative research method was used. Sixty persons were included in the sample of the study. Members of the participating group (n=30) take part in organised squash actively in the Masters League of the Western Province Squash Union on a regular basis. The non-participating group (n=30) consisted of individuals that do not take part in any physical exercise. Three measuring instruments were completed by all the respondents, namely the Demographic Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Resilience Questionnaire. Significant statistical differences were found in measures of the self-concept and resilience between the participating group and the non-participating group. The participating group showed a higher self-concept score and resilience score than the non-participating group.

This study examines Haudenosaunee foodways in the Great Lakes Region between the early seventeenth century and the mid to late eighteenth century. The study is divided into two parts. First, the Creation Story is explored as it transmits the origin of the Three Sisters, a cropping system of inter-planted corn, beans and squash. The teachings of the Three Sisters highlights the importance of polyculture and sustainability. Conversely, a Westerners’ scientific account of how the Three Sisters came to be farmed together is studied. The independent pathways of the corn, beans and squash is examined as they arrived in New York State from the Mexico highlands. Recent findings show the Three Sisters were adopted independently in eastern North America beginning around A.D. 1300. They were grown together in some locations on a regular basis. The adoption of the polycultural complex of the Three Sisters was gradual and took place approximately 700 years ago as each of the crops adjusted to the climate and new surroundings. Secondly, the relationship between food, specifically the Three Sisters and acculturative change are examined pre-and-post contact. Acculturative change occurs when two independent cultures comes into contact with one another. The degree of influence is not equal as one culture can be absorbed, shaped or influenced more strongly by the other culture. The Haudenosaunee culture underwent acculturative change because the fur trade economy affected their foodways due to the influx of European goods such as the brass kettle and encroachment on their land and hunting grounds. The Haudenosaunee retained the core of their cultural beliefs and cultural practices because they made decisions, specifically their selection of goods and agricultural practices, as an extension of their cultural beliefs. Acculturative change resulted in a more monocropped and creolized agricultural system, usage of draft animals, fruit orchards and the plow. This study lies at the intersection of ethnohistory and food history. This study will serve as a tool to analyze and understand Haudenosaunee historical experiences from a First Nations cultural perspective. / Graduate / 2017-08-21

As cucurbitáceas no Brasil podem ser infectadas por diferentes vírus, tais como o Papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W); o Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) e o Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Os dois primeiros pertencem ao gênero Potyvirus e no geral ocorrem com maior freqüência do que o CMV, que é uma espécie do gênero Cucumovirus. Os dois potyvirus e o cucumovirus são transmitidos por afídeos de maneira não persistente. O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi o de obter subsídios que possam explicar a menor incidência do CMV em espécies de cucurbitáceas, estudando: (a) a interferência dos potyvirus PRSV-W e ZYMV na transmissão do CMV por Aphis gossypii e Myzus persicae para plantas de abobrinha de moita (Cucurbita pepo ‘Caserta’) e (b) o efeito de isolados do CMV provenientes de maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), de pimentão (Capsicum annuum), de pepineiro (Cucumis sativus), de meloeiro (Cucumis melo) e de trapoeraba (Commelina virginica) na infectividade de plantas de abobrinha de moita por meio da transmissão por afídeos. Para avaliar a possível interferência dos potyvirus na transmissão do CMV, as plantas de abobrinha de moita foram inoculadas com afídeos que adquiriram cada um dos vírus isoladamente; o CMV simultaneamente com cada um dos potyvirus; um dos potyvirus seguido pelo CMV e vice-versa. Os resultados mostraram, na maioria das vezes, que a transmissão dos vírus isoladamente foi mais eficiente do que em mistura, tanto através de aquisição simultânea como seqüencial. Os potyvirus no geral foram mais eficientemente transmitidos por ambas espécies de afídeos. Quando em mistura (aquisição simultânea ou sequencial), de uma maneira geral, houve uma redução na taxa de transmissão do CMV e do potyvirus presente na mistura. As avaliações sobre o efeito da origem dos isolados do CMV na infectividade de abobrinha de moita mostraram que apenas o isolado de pimentão não infectou plantas de abobrinha de moita quando transmitido por meio dos afídeos A. gossypii e M. persicae. Também não houve infecção quando inoculado mecanicamente. Os demais isolados infectaram abobrinha de moita através da transmissão por ambas espécies de afídeos. Análise da proteína capsidial dos diferentes isolados do CMV indicaram que todas apresentaram a mesma mobilidade em gel de SDS-PAGE. A origem do isolado o CMV, a eficiência da espécie de afídeo na sua transmissão e a interferência dos potyvirus PRSV-W e ZYMV podem explicar em parte a menor incidência desse cucumovirus em cucurbitáceas no país. / The cucurbits in Brazil can be infected by different viruses, such as Papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W); Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The first two belong to the genus Potyvirus and in general they occur more frequently than CMV, which is a species of the genus Cucumovirus. The two potyviruses and the cucumovirus are transmitted by means of aphids in a non persistent way. The main objective of this work was to obtain subsidies that can explain the lower incidence of CMV in cucurbit species, studying: (a) the interference of the potyviruses PRSV-W and ZYMV in the transmission of CMV by means of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae to zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo 'Caserta') and (b) the effect of isolates of CMV from passion flower (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo) and Commelina virginica in the infectividade of zucchini squash plants through the transmission by aphids. To evaluate the possible interference of the potyvirus in the transmission of CMV, zucchini squash plants were inoculated with aphids that acquired each one of the viruses separately; CMV simultaneously with each one of the potyvirus; one of the potyvirus follow by CMV and vice-versa. The results showed that the transmission of PRSV-W, ZYMV and CMV separately was more efficient than in mixture. The potyviruses in general were more efficiently transmitted by both species of aphids than CMV. When in mixture (simultaneous or sequential acquisition), there was a reduction in the rate of transmission of CMV as well as that of the potyvirus present in the mixture. The evaluation on the effect of the origin of the isolate of CMV in the infectivity of zucchini squash showed that only the isolate from bell pepper did not infected the plants when inoculated by means of A. gossypii and M. persicae. This isolate also did not infecte zucchini squash when inoculated mechanically. The others isolate infected zucchini squash when transmitted by both species of aphids. Analysis of the capsidial protein of the different isolates of CMV indicated that all presented the same mobility in SDS-PAGE. The origin of the isolate of CMV, the efficiency of the species of aphid and the interference of the potyviruses PRSV-W and ZYMV on its transmission can partly explain the lower incidence of this cucumovirus in cucurbits species in Brazil.

No presente trabalho são apresentados os resultados da seleção de estirpes fracas do vírus do mosaico amarelo da abobrinha (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus - ZYMV) e a sua eficiência para o controle do mosaico amarelo em abobrinha-de-moita (Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta), através da premunização. Mostram também os resultados da eficiência da dupla premunização, com a estirpe fraca do ZYMV e uma estirpe fraca do Papaya ringspot virus - type Watermelon, denominada PRSV-W-1, no controle dos mosaico amarelo e comum e na produção das plantas de abobrinha-de-moita, em condições de campo. A procura de estirpes fracas do ZYMV foi realizada através das seguintes abordagens: a) a partir de lesões locais em plantas indicadoras mantidas em casa-de-vegetação; b) a partir de lesões locais em plantas indicadoras mantidas a 15 °C e c) a partir de lesões locais em plantas indicadoras inoculadas com suspensão parcialmente purificada do vírus, exposta à luz ultravioleta. Apenas uma estirpe fraca ("Mild") do vírus, denominada ZYMV-M, foi obtida em abobrinha-de-moita diretamente inoculada com suspensão parcialmente purificada do vírus, exposta à luz ultravioleta, durante 30 minutos. Essa estirpe fraca mostrou-se altamente estável, com base na sintomatologia, após 12 transferências sucessivas em plantas de abobrinha-de-moita, durante 15 meses. Plantas de abobrinha-de-moita premunizadas com a estirpe ZYMV-M e superinoculadas (desafiadas) com estirpes severas originárias de Atibaia, SP (ZYMV-AT), de Iacri, SP (ZYMV-IA) e de Vargem Paulista, SP (ZYMV-VP), não exibiram sintomas severos da doença em testes em casa-de-vegetação. A mesma proteção foi observada em plantas duplamente premunizadas com as estirpes ZYMV-M e PRSV-W-1 e desafiadas com uma mistura de estirpes severas desses dois vírus, em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Teste de proteção em campo, com plantas de abobrinha-de-moita premunizadas apenas com a estirpe ZYMV-M, ou duplamente premunizadas com as estirpes ZYMV-M e PRSV-W-1, também mostraram a eficiência dessa tecnologia para o controle dos mosaicos amarelo e comum, com ganhos significativos na produção de frutos comerciais. As plantas premunizadas apenas com a estirpe ZYMV-M, e duplamente premunizadas, tiveram médias de produções de semelhante, com média de 1,85 kg e 1,70 kg de frutos comercias/planta, respectivamente. Os ganhos de produções dessas plantas, em relação às plantas inoculadas com as estirpes severas desses vírus foram de 101 % e 85 %, respectivamente. Diante desses resultados, tornam-se necessários estudos para avaliar a eficiência da dupla premunização para o controle dos mosaicos amarelo e comum, em outras espécies de cucurbitáceas suscetíveis ao ZYMV e PRSV-W. / Due to the present high incidence of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and the damage it causes to cucurbit crops, studies were carried out to select mild strains of the virus and evaluate their efficiency for the control of the disease by cross protection in zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Caserta). Studies were also done to evaluate the efficiency of double cross protection for the control of ZYMV and Papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W) in zucchini squash under greenhouse and field conditions. Searching for mild strains was carried out as follows: a) from local lesions caused by ZYMV on indicator hosts maintained under green house conditions; b) from local lesions caused on indicator hosts maintained at 15 °C; and c) from local lesions caused on indicator hosts inoculated with suspension of purified ZYMV, exposed to ultra-violet light. Only one very mild strain of the virus, named ZYMV-M, was obtained in zucchini squash plant directly inoculated with suspension of purified ZYMV exposed to ultra-violet light for 30 minutes. This mild strain remained stable for a period of 15 months, after 12 successive transfers in zucchini squash plants. Experiments carried out under greenhouse showed that zucchini squash plants protected with ZYMV-M, at the cotyledonal stage, did not show severe symptoms of the disease after double challenge inoculation with severe strains of the virus, obtained from three regions of the State of São Paulo. Plants inoculated with the mild strain ZYMV-M and a mild strain of PRSV-W, named PRSV-W-1, were also protected against superinfection with severe strains of both viruses. Field test carried out with zucchini squash protected with ZYMV-M and doubly protected with ZYMV-M and PRSV-W-1, showed that this technology was effective for the control of the mosaic diseases caused by severe strains of these viruses. The yield of marketable fruits from plants protected with ZYMV-M, or doubly protected, were 1.85 kg and 1.70 kg of fruits/plant, respectively. These yields were, respectively, 101 % and 85 % higher than the yield of marketable fruits from plants inoculated with a mixture of severe strains of both viruses. Studies are necessary to evaluate the efficiency of double cross protection for the control of ZYMV and PRSV-W in other cucurbit species susceptible to these viruses.

Entre as hospedeiras de invasão sistêmica do vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro - estirpe mamoeiro (Papaya ringspot virus type P; PRSV-P) encontram-se espécies de cucurbitáceas, cuja suscetibilidade à transmissão experimental, mecânica e com afídeos, é variável. A literatura nacional e internacional apresenta resultados distintos quanto à recuperação desse vírus a partir de cucurbitáceas presentes próximas ou no interior de plantios de mamoeiros infectados com esse vírus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em casa de vegetação a suscetibilidade de quatro espécies de cucurbitáceas a cinco isolados do PRSV-P obtidos de diferentes regiões do Brasil e inoculados de forma mecânica. Visou também estudar a infecção natural de cucurbitáceas cultivadas nas entrelinhas ou próximas de mamoeiros com mosaico. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho em casa-de-vegetação os isolados do PRSV-P mantidos em mamoeiros, foram inoculados nos cotilédones de abobrinha de moita cv. Caserta, moranga cv. Exposição, pepino híbrido Primepack Plus e melancia cv. Crimson Sweet. As plantas foram avaliadas com base nos sintomas e indexadas por PTA-ELISA, e recuperação biológica do biótipo P do PRSV através de inoculações em mamoeiro. A confirmação da infecção dos mamoeiros foi realizada da mesma forma, por sintomatologia e indexação por PTA-ELISA. A abobrinha de moita foi a espécie mais suscetível aos cinco isolados do PRSV-P, seguida da melancia e do pepino. Não foi possível transmitir o vírus a moranga cv. Exposição. Para estudar a infecção natural realizou-se um ensaio com plantas de abobrinha de moita em Linhares-ES, três ensaios independentes em Rinópolis-SP e quatro em Piracicaba-SP, incluindo-se nessa última localidade a melancia e o pepino. Depois de aproximadamente 40 a 60 dias de exposição em campo coletaram-se amostras individuais ou compostas (de 3 a 5 plantas) das folhas dos ponteiros das plantas para realizar a recuperação biológica do PRSV-P para mamoeiros em casa de vegetação. A presença de afídeos foi monitorada em Piracicaba durante a execução dos experimentos no campo. No único teste de exposição em Linhares, nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico mostrou-se infectada com esse vírus. O PRSV-P foi recuperado da abobrinha de moita em proporções variáveis em 2 dos 3 testes realizados em Rinópolis, e em 3 dos 4 testes realizados em Piracicaba. Nenhuma planta de melancia e pepino cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico foi infectada com o PRSV-P. Não foi possível recuperar o PRSV-P de nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre 5 e 80 metros de distância dos mamoeiros com mosaico em Piracicaba. Foram capturados afídeos vetores do PRSV-P e foi possível detectar plantas infectadas com os potyvirus PRSV-W e ZYMV, o que demonstra a presença e atividade dos vetores de vírus. Os resultados confirmaram a suscetibilidade variável das espécies de cucurbitáceas ao PRSV-P. Embora a abobrinha de moita fosse a única espécie encontrada naturalmente infectada pelo PRSV-P quando cultivada entre linhas de mamoeiro com mosaico, a presença de cucurbitáceas nos campos de produção de mamoeiro, especialmente quando o controle do mosaico do mamoeiro é feito através do roguing, não é recomendada. / Besides Carica papaya, Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P) infects systemically only species belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Their susceptibility varies according to the species/cultivar, virus isolate and the method of inoculation. Attempts to recovery PRSV-P from naturally infected cucurbit plants grown near to or among diseased papaya trees have shown distinct results worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta, Cucurbita maxima cv. Exposiçao, Cucumis sativus hybrid Primepack Plus, and Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet to five isolates of PRSV-P obtained from different regions of Brazil. It was also evaluated the natural infection of cucurbit plants grown between rows and in the vicinity of papaya trees infected with PRSV-P. The five PRSV-P isolates were maintained in papaya plants. Cucurbit plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were mechanically inoculated with each isolate at the cotiledonary stage. The plants were assessed based on symptoms and infection was confirmed by PTA-ELISA using extracts from the inoculated cotyledons and upper leaves. The same extracts were also mechanically inoculated on papaya plants in order to recover the virus isolate. Inoculated papaya plants were also tested by PTA-ELISA. Zucchini squash was the most susceptible species to PRSV-P, followed by watermelon and cucumber. Pumpkin cv. Exposição was not infected. To study the natural infection of zucchini squash cv. Caserta by PRSV-P, a trial was carried out in Linhares, State of Espírito Santo; three independent trials were carried out in Rinópolis; and four trials were carried out in Piracicaba, both regions located in the State of São Paulo. Watermelon and cucurbit were also included in some trials in Piracicaba. After approximately 40 to 70 days, leaf samples were collected and tested individually or in groups of three to five plants for the presence of PRSV-P by mechanical inoculation on papaya plants under greenhouse conditions. None of the zucchini squash plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Linhares was found infected by PRSV-P based on the virus recovery test to papaya plants. The virus was also not recovered from watermelon and cucurbit plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Piracicaba. On the other hand, PRSV-P was recovery from zucchini squash plants grown intercalated with diseased papayas in Rinópolis and Piracicaba. The number of infected plants varied among the trial. Several attempts to recover PRSV-P from innumerous zucchini squash plants grown approximately five to 80 meters from diseased papaya trees in Piracicaba failed. Alates of several species of aphids were captured in the field at Piracicaba. Also, innumerous cucurbit plants were found infected by the potyviruses Papaya ringspot virus type W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, suggesting aphids activity in the area. The results confirmed the variable susceptibility of cucurbit species to infection with PRSV-P. Although natural infection with PRSV-P was restricted to zucchini squash cv. Caserta grown among infected papaya trees, the presence of cucurbit plants in the vicinity of papaya orchards, especially where disease control is done by systematic rouging of diseased plants, should not be allowed.

Memorial apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências Agrônomicas, UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu, para fins de concurso público para obtenção do título de Livre-Docente na disciplina "Hortaliças de Frutos" junto ao Departamento de Produção Vegetal / Resumo: Seleção recorrente é um dos métodos mais eficientes para o melhoramento de espécies alógamas, especialmente quando progênies S1 são utilizadas. Considerando-se que abobrinha geralmente não apresenta perda de vigor pela endogamia, este método pode ser adequado para o melhoramento desta espécie. Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da seleção recorrente em abobrinha 'Piramoita'. Foram realizados três ciclos de seleção recorrente a partir da cultivar Piramoita (população P0), com avaliação e seleção de progênies S1. Novas populações foram obtidas com a recombinação de plantas das progênies selecionadas, utilizando-se sementes remanescentes. No primeiro ciclo foram avaliadas 74 progênies e selecionadas 14, no segundo foram avaliadas 60 e selecionadas 10 progênies e no terceiro ciclo foram avaliadas 77 e selecionadas 12 progênies. Foram obtidas populações melhoradas após um (PI), dois (PII) e três (PIII) ciclos de seleção recorrente. Quatro populações (P0, PI, PII e PIII) foram avaliadas em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com oito repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. Em todos os experimentos foram avaliadas as seguintes características: número de frutos total e comercial por planta, % de frutos comerciais, produção, em massa, de frutos total e comercial por planta e a massa média de fruto comercial. Foram observados aumentos de produção lineares significativos ao longo dos ciclos de seleção. Para número de frutos total e comercial e produção, em massa, total e comercial foram obtidos aumentos com a população PIII, comparativamente a população inicial, de 32, 63, 24 e 57%, respectivamente. A massa média de fruto comercial não foi afetada pela seleção recorrente. Conclui-se que a seleção recorrente foi eficiente para melhorar a abobrinha 'Piramoita'... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Recurrent selection is one of the most efficient methods to improve alogamous crops, especially when S1 progenies are utilized. Since squash usually does not have inbreeding depression, this method may be adequate for squash improvement. In this study, experiments were set up to evaluate recurrent selection efficiency in 'Piramoita' squash. Three cycles were made from cultivar Piramoita (population P0), with evaluation and selection of S1 progenies and recombination of plants from selected progenies, using remained seeds. In the first cycle, 74 progenies were evaluated and 14 were selected, in the second 60 progenies were evaluated and 10 were selected and in the third cycle 77 progenies were evaluated and 12 were selected. Improved populations were obtained after one (PI), two (PII) and three (PIII) cycles of recurrent selection. Four populations (P0, PI, PII and PIII) were evaluated in a randomized block design, with eight replicates and five plants per plot. In all experiments the following characteristics were evaluated: total and commercial number of fruits per plant, total and commercial fruit yield, percentage of commercial fruit and commercial average fruit weight. Linear regressions of yield, number and weight of fruits over selection cycles were obtained. Total and commercial number and weight of fruits per plant were improved from P0 to PIII by 32, 63, 24 and 57%, respectively. Commercial average fruit weight was not affected by selection cycles. It is concluded that recurrent selection was efficient to improve 'Piramoita' squash, regarding to total fruit yield and, mainly, to commercial fruit yield. S1 progenies obtained from improved population were also superior to progenies obtained from the original one.

A técnica de aplicação de dióxido de carbono na água de irrigação é recente no Brasil, apresentando-se como alternativa promissora para o aumento da produtividade e para a otimização dos equipamentos de irrigação já instalados. Aliado a isso, o uso da cobertura plástica sobre o solo aumenta a temperatura deste e o mantém com umidade elevada por mais tempo, o que pode contribuir para a melhoria na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos. A cultura da abobrinha de moita (Cucurbita pepo L.) constitui uma opção de pla ntio para os produtores de olerícolas, por possuir boa aceitação no mercado e poder ser cultivada o ano todo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de quatro doses de dióxido de carbono, dissolvido na água de irrigação, e do uso, ou não, da cobertura plástica do solo, sobre o desempenho da cultura da abobrinha. Dois experimentos de campo foram instalados durante o ano de 2000, um com cultivo de maio a julho e outro, de setembro a dezembro na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/ USP em Piracicaba, Brasil. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos basearam-se na combinação de quatro doses de água carbonatada (parcelas), com e sem cobertura plástica de polietileno preto sobre o solo (subparcelas). Para o primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas as seguintes doses: 0, 59, 148, 274 kg ha -1 de CO2, enquanto, para o segundo, foram utilizados: 0, 71, 199, 365 kg ha -1 de CO2, aplicados via água de irrigação. No primeiro experimento, com temperaturas médias doar mais amenas, a área foliar, a massa de material seco da parte aérea e das raízes foram influenciadas tanto pelas doses de CO2, quanto pela cobertura plástica do solo. Isso proporcionou incrementos no número de frutos e na produção de abobrinha, sendo ajustados ao fenômeno modelos quadráticos. O maior rendimento foi de 15.435 kg ha -1 , com o uso de 58,4 kg ha -1 de CO2 , associado à cobertura plástica do solo, sendo 65% superior ao do tratamento-testemunha, que foi de 9.328 kg ha -1 . No segundo experimento, com temperaturas médias do ar mais elevadas, o rendimento e o número de frutos também foram influenciados tanto pela cobertura plástica, quanto pelas doses de CO2 adicionada à água de irrigação. O maior rendimento foi de 47.098 kg ha -1 , com uma dosagem de 100 kg ha -1 de CO2 para o solo nu. O conteúdo de nutrientes no fruto apresentou variação de acordo com a idade, sendo que as primeiras colheitas apresentaram teores mais elevados, o que, contudo, não tem relação com a água carbonatada e/ou com a cobertura plástica do solo. Os nutrientes presentes nos frutos em quantidades decrescentes, independente dos tratamentos, foram: K>N>P>Ca> Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>B. Analisado aos 76 dias após o transplantio, o conteúdo de nutrientes em toda a planta foi influenciado pela água carbonatada e pela cobertura do solo. / The technique of carbonated water is recent in Brazil. It is coming as a promising alternative to optimization irrigation equipments already installed. The use of plastic mulch increases soil temperature and soil moisture levels. Both techniques can contribute to improve fruit yield and its quality. Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a good option for horticulturists because of its good market acceptance and it can be cultivated all year. Two experiments were conducted under field conditions to determine the effects of fo ur carbon dioxide levels, dissolved in irrigation water, and plastic mulch on summer squash performance. The experiments were installed during the year of 2000, one with cultivation from May to August and other, from September to December in the experimental area at Agricultural Engineering Department of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/ USP, in Piracicaba, Brazil. All plots were arranged in a randomized complete blocks in a split plot design with three replications. The treatments were based on the combination of four levels of CO2 in the irrigation water with and without plastic mulch. In the first experiment, the levels of carbonated water used were: 0, 59, 148, 274 kg ha -1 of CO2. For the second experiment, it was used: 0, 71, 199, 365 kg ha -1 of CO2. In the first experiment, the leaf area, the dry matter above ground and roots were influenced by levels of CO2 applied in the water and plasticmulch. They influenced the summer squash fruits number and fruit yield. Quadratic models were fitted to the phenomenon. The highest yield was 15,435 kg ha -1 applying 58 kg ha -1 of CO2 associated with plastic mulch. In this case, the yield was 65% greater than control treatment. In the second experiment, the fruits number and the fruit yield were both influenced by levels of carbonated water and plastic mulch. However, the highest fruit yield was 47,098 kg ha -1 , and it was obtained applying 100 kg ha -1 of CO2 in a bare soil. The nutrients concentration in the fruits varied according to the age, without any relationship with the treatments. The nutrients order in the fruits was the following: K>N>P>Ca>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>B. At 76 days after transplant, the nutrients content in the plant was influenced by carbonated water and plastic mulch.

Name: Level of Aspiration and psychomotor speed of squash players Aims: The aim of this thesis is to find out the differences between professional and performance squash players in the area of aspirations, psychomotor speed and resistance to stress. Further, to verify the hypothesis that professional players have a higher level of all these categories than performance players Methods: The thesis uses the quantitative questionnaire TATSO (2017), which is supplemented with a qualitative interview with trainers of squash professional players. Data are evaluated by statistical functions of Microsoft Excel and verified by f-test and T-test at 5% and 1% level of significance. Results: Research reveal statistically significant differences between professional and performance players at psychomotor speed and aspirations, while professional players showed significantly higher values, the results of this group proved above average even compared to the current test standards. The results of both groups were above average when tested for resistance to stress, but there was no significant difference between the selected test groups. Key words: Personality test, speed diagnostics, squash, Czech Republic, psychological training

The incidence of sudden death during or after squash play has become a source of concern. In order to screen for coronary artery disease, exercise stress testing has been advocated, by the American College of Sports Medicine (1986), for those at or above the age of 45 already exercising or before embarking on exercise. Eighteen veteran squash players (mean age 49 ± 3 yr) took part in the study. Heart rate response was monitored throughout a squash match and for an hour after play. ECG changes were monitored for one hour after squash play. Mean heart rate, throughout playing time was 148 ± 16 beats per minute (range 118 - 168 bpm), representing 86.7% of Predicted Maximum Heart Rate (PMHR). Mean maximal heart rate was 169 ± 14 bpm (range 141 - 186 bpm), representing 98.8% of PMHR. Thus squash represents a very high intensity activity for these players. On subsequent ECG monitoring, no abnormalities were detected. The results of this study confirm that squash is an extremely high intensity sport and that even veteran players play at a level close to their maximal. This level of play did not provoke subsequent cardiac arrhythmias in this small group of players, contrary to an earlier study that reported arrhythmias in one third of a group of younger players in the post match period. / Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1997.