Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att undersöka hur skönlitteratur, i svenskämnet för gymnasiet, kan användas för att belysa (SSR) värdegrundsrelaterade frågor. Frågeställningarna som används handlar om hur sexualitet, samtycke och relationer belyses i skönlitteratur samt hur de kan användas i svenskämnesundervisning med hjälp av skönlitteratur. För att besvara syftet, med hjälp av frågeställningarna, analyseras sju vetenskapliga artiklar med hjälp av en latent innehållsanalys. Slutsatsen att den autonomi som lärare har vad det gäller att välja skönlitteratur innebär ett stort ansvar. Det är, enligt tidigare forskning och enligt denna studie, fullt möjligt att använda skönlitteratur till hjälp vid att belysa värdegrundsrelaterade begrepp. Det är dock tydligt att fenomenet samtycke är något som behöver belysas ytterligare ur skönlitterära perspektivfenomenen och för att ge yrkesverksamma lärare och personal i skolor mer information om de nya värdegrundsrelaterade begreppen sexualitet, samtycke och relationer.

The share of electricity generation in the power system being based on power electronics is increasing, which will impact the system in different ways, such as an increased risk for undesired interactions. An example is doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based windfarms which have been shown to present negative resistance in (parts of) the sub-synchronous range (i.e., below the system frequency of 50 or 60 Hz). If such a wind farm is radially connected (deliberately or not) to a series compensated line, undamped or poorly damped sub-synchronous oscillations could occur due to sub-synchronous resonance. One possible cause of such interactions is related to the wind farm control system, and in such cases, the interaction between the wind farm and system leading to sub-synchronous oscillations is referred to as sub-synchronous control interaction (SSCI). This thesis aims to describe different types of so-called sub-synchronous oscillations, with a focus on SSCI. An investigation is performed to find out under what circumstances there is a risk of SSCI, and how one can evaluate this risk. Different methods of obtaining the impedance of non-linear systems (e.g., a wind farm) are discussed, with the method used in this thesis being a dynamic impedance scan. The dynamic impedance scan is implemented in PSCAD and uses a voltage (or current) perturbation of one frequency at a time and measures the current (or voltage) response at that frequency, subsequently giving the impedance as the voltage/current ratio. Combined with the impedance of the grid, screening studies were performed to identify the risk of SSCI under different conditions. A 200 MW photovoltaic (PV) farm is designed and implemented in PSCAD. The PV farm is connected to the same bus as a 200 MW DFIG wind farm, resulting in a hybrid wind and PV farm. The hybrid wind and PV farm is in turn connected to a series compensated transmission system made to resemble a typical Swedish system. Functionality is added to the PV farm that enables it to act as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to damp sub-synchronous oscillations if needed. Simulations are performed in PSCAD showing that the PV farm is able to damp the sub-synchronous oscillations occurring when the wind farm is radially connected with the series compensated line due to a fault, thereby avoiding disconnection or damage to equipment. One of the main conclusions is that assessing the risk of SSCI (screening) is not an exact science, but a highly complex matter. This conclusion is drawn due to contradictory implications given when analysing the measured grid and wind farm impedances. For example, a series resonance point in the combined reactance (grid + wind farm) would suggest that there would be oscillations at this frequency during a fault, but this may not always be the case. The opposite also occurred, i.e., oscillations of a certain frequency occurred even though no series-resonance point was seen in the combined impedance. Nonetheless, the screening method did manage to identify risk cases based on a set of criteria listed in the thesis, although electromagnetic transient analysis (EMT) time-domain simulations should always be performed for verification. The other main conclusion is that a PV farm installed at the point of common coupling (PCC) of a wind farm, i.e., a hybrid wind and PV farm, is able to damp sub-synchronous oscillations by acting as a PV-STATCOM. The use of combined assets, such as utilizing a PV farm to counteract SSCI in a wind farm, means that additional investments, for example in the form of a STATCOM, for this purpose could be avoided.

No description available.

Panicum coloratum es una especie C4 perenne originaria del Sur de África, que fue introducida a nuestro país en la década del 90´a partir de pocos eventos no debidamente registrados. A pesar de sus buenos atributos como forrajera ha sido escasamente difundida en los sistemas ganaderos. Sin embargo, existe hoy una tendencia a aumentar su uso debido a su potencial y a su adaptación a condiciones marginales que es donde se sitúa predominantemente la actividad ganadera en la actualidad. En los últimos años se han dado a conocer varios trabajos que estudian diversos aspectos del crecimiento y de la adaptación de la especie a estreses abióticos, a la vez que se han instituido planes de mejoramiento con el fin de obtener nuevos cultivares para afrontar la creciente demanda de esta especie. P. coloratum está constituida principalmente por dos variedades botánicas, var. makarikariense y var. coloratum. En esta tesis en particular se describe detalladamente las características morfo-fisiológicas de la var. makarikariense de una colección del INTA EEA Rafaela, y se la compara con una accesión de la var. coloratum de la misma colección. Esta información sumada a la caracterización de la variación molecular presente en la colección son de suma importancia para la conservación de los recursos genéticos presentes en la colección a la vez que resultan muy informativos para el planteo de estrategias a seguir en el programa de mejoramiento que se está siguiendo en INTA. En el desarrollo de esta tesis se trabajó con cinco accesiones, 15 materiales clonales y un material comercial de la var. makarikariense y una accesión de la var. coloratum que se estudiaron utilizando descriptores fenotípicos asociados a producción de forraje y semillas y marcadores moleculares ISSR y SSR. Se identificaron accesiones superiores en cuanto a su potencial forrajero y de producción de semillas, con rendimientos en algunos casos por encima del material comercializado en el país. La variabilidad genética encontrada por medio del uso de marcadores ISSR y SSR tanto dentro como entre accesiones, se visualizó a través de bandas y alelos únicos por accesión. Con respecto al material actualmente comercializado en el país, la variabilidad genética existente, nos indicaría que se trata de una población estabilizada que no ha sido objeto de procesos de selección definidos. La accesión de la var. coloratum fue diferenciada morfológica y genéticamente de la var. makarikariense, detectándose loci y alelos que diferencian ambas variedades. La baja correlación entre la distancia morfológica y molecular indicaría que cada set de datos provee información diferente y complementaria para la caracterización y evaluación de los materiales. Dentro de la var. makarikariense, se encontraron accesiones que difieren entre sí y en sus niveles de diversidad, pudiéndose tratar de materiales que han sufrido algún proceso de diferenciación. La evaluación del número cromosómico y modo reproductivo de los materiales, mostró que se trataría de accesiones tetraploides. Por otra parte, la diferenciación en cuanto a la producción de mayor número de semillas llenas con respecto a vanas y la supervivencia diferencial de las plántulas cuando las semillas se obtienen bajo polinización libre en comparación a la autofecundación, asegura que se trata de una especie cuyo modo reproductivo preferencial es la alogamia. El análisis de test de progenie con marcadores SSR mostró que el 100% de la progenie presenta recombinación genética y el 83% presenta alelos paternos, lo que refuerza las evidencias sobre la naturaleza principalmente alógama de la especie. Las estimaciones de los componentes de varianza sobre familias de medias hermanas mostraron que más del 80% de la variación reside dentro de familias mientras que sólo una baja proporción de la variación estaría entre familias. Asimismo fue posible diferenciar entre familias de medias hermanas para varios de los caracteres evaluados. Se lograron hacer estimaciones de heredabilidad, aunque las mismas resultaron en general con valores moderados a bajos. Estas estimaciones se utilizaron para predecir ganancias genéticas a obtenerse después de un ciclo de selección con una presión del 15% en caracteres morfo-fisiológicos asociados a producción de forraje y semillas. Los métodos utilizados para estimar heredabilidad mostraron similar tendencia entre variables y una concordancia entre ellos, lo que nos indicaría que cualquiera de ellos sería un método apropiado para la estimación de estos parámetros. Se estudiaron relaciones entre caracteres, coheredabilidades y ganancias por selección indirecta entre rasgos relacionados que pudieran ser útiles en programas de selección. Estos resultados adicionan nuevos conocimientos sobre la diversidad genética, biología reproductiva y niveles de ploidía en materiales disponibles de P. coloratum, brindan información pertinente a la vez que abren nuevas perspectivas para el programa de mejoramiento de la especie lo que permitirá la planificación y desarrollo de metodologías de cruzamientos y de utilización de los materiales para ser manipulados de forma práctica y eficiente.

No description available.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) high oleic acid content lines differ from conventional sunflower by an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content of more than 60%. The current sunflower cultivars under production in South Africa are standard sunflower with high levels of linoleic acid (C18:2). The aim of this study was to improve the quality of oil produced by local sunflower germplasm with respect to oleic acid through employing a marker-assisted breeding technique to facilitate and speed up the recovery of the high oleic acid allele into the background of the recurrent parent genome. Eleven sunflower breeding genotypes with high and low oleic acid traits were obtained from the Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI) in Potchefstroom. The breeding genotypes were phenotypically characterised based on their oleic and linoleic acid levels using gas chromatography. Results demonstrated that the average mean of oleic and linoleic acid contents in high oleic acid genotypes were 72% and 17% respectively, while the average mean of oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in wild type lines were 33.5 % and 54 % respectively. These results indicated a perfect negative correlation between the amount of oleic and linoleic acids possessed in high and low oleic acid genotypes (R2 = -99.16%). Sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers were tested to ascertain if any of the ten available dominant FAD2-1 markers was segregating with the high oleic acid allele. Four dominant SCAR markers (FAD2-1F4/R1; FAD2-1F4/R2; FAD2-1F13/R1; FAD2-1F14/R2) were strongly associated with the high oleic acid trait (P< 0.001). With regard to the inheritance of the high oleic acid trait, 143 plants of the F2 segregating population derived from a cross between the high oleic acid parent (AP901-95-3-4-1) and low oleic acid parent (H55-9-2-1-1) were genotyped with the four SCAR markers to determine the genetic state concerning the high oleic acid gene (Ol). Results from a Chi square analysis of the observed frequencies of each dominant FAD2-1 marker locus in 143 F2 individuals indicated that the deviation from the expected ratio of 3:1 (high to low oleic acid) was not statistically significant (P< 0.95) from the observed segregation ratio. These results were consistent with the previous finding that an incomplete dominant gene governs sunflower high oleic acid. A multiplex assay of 78 Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was optimised and evaluated on 143 plants of the F2 population to determine suitable SSR markers that can be used in a marker-assisted background selection. Only 14 markers were suitable for marker-assisted background selection based on their high polymorphic information content, allele frequency and maximum allele numbers. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of using SSR and SCAR marker systems as a breeding tool to characterise and speed up the selection process in marker-assisted backcross breeding. / Thesis (MSc (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) high oleic acid content lines differ from conventional sunflower by an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content of more than 60%. The current sunflower cultivars under production in South Africa are standard sunflower with high levels of linoleic acid (C18:2). The aim of this study was to improve the quality of oil produced by local sunflower germplasm with respect to oleic acid through employing a marker-assisted breeding technique to facilitate and speed up the recovery of the high oleic acid allele into the background of the recurrent parent genome. Eleven sunflower breeding genotypes with high and low oleic acid traits were obtained from the Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI) in Potchefstroom. The breeding genotypes were phenotypically characterised based on their oleic and linoleic acid levels using gas chromatography. Results demonstrated that the average mean of oleic and linoleic acid contents in high oleic acid genotypes were 72% and 17% respectively, while the average mean of oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in wild type lines were 33.5 % and 54 % respectively. These results indicated a perfect negative correlation between the amount of oleic and linoleic acids possessed in high and low oleic acid genotypes (R2 = -99.16%). Sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers were tested to ascertain if any of the ten available dominant FAD2-1 markers was segregating with the high oleic acid allele. Four dominant SCAR markers (FAD2-1F4/R1; FAD2-1F4/R2; FAD2-1F13/R1; FAD2-1F14/R2) were strongly associated with the high oleic acid trait (P< 0.001). With regard to the inheritance of the high oleic acid trait, 143 plants of the F2 segregating population derived from a cross between the high oleic acid parent (AP901-95-3-4-1) and low oleic acid parent (H55-9-2-1-1) were genotyped with the four SCAR markers to determine the genetic state concerning the high oleic acid gene (Ol). Results from a Chi square analysis of the observed frequencies of each dominant FAD2-1 marker locus in 143 F2 individuals indicated that the deviation from the expected ratio of 3:1 (high to low oleic acid) was not statistically significant (P< 0.95) from the observed segregation ratio. These results were consistent with the previous finding that an incomplete dominant gene governs sunflower high oleic acid. A multiplex assay of 78 Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was optimised and evaluated on 143 plants of the F2 population to determine suitable SSR markers that can be used in a marker-assisted background selection. Only 14 markers were suitable for marker-assisted background selection based on their high polymorphic information content, allele frequency and maximum allele numbers. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of using SSR and SCAR marker systems as a breeding tool to characterise and speed up the selection process in marker-assisted backcross breeding. / Thesis (MSc (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-07T12:34:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ferreira, D.M.C.-DELIMITAÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES E FILOGEOGRAFIA DO COMPLEXO Cryptanthus zonatus (Vis.) Vis. (BROMELIACEAE).pdf: 2597427 bytes, checksum: 104e86eeb5b9dc72d1a7d96ef9fa743f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-07T12:34:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ferreira, D.M.C.-DELIMITAÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES E FILOGEOGRAFIA DO COMPLEXO Cryptanthus zonatus (Vis.) Vis. (BROMELIACEAE).pdf: 2597427 bytes, checksum: 104e86eeb5b9dc72d1a7d96ef9fa743f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CAPES / Cryptanthus Otto & A.Dietr. (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae) é um gênero endêmico do Brasil. Cryptanthus burle-marxii Leme e C. zonatus (Vis.) Vis. são restritas ao norte da Floresta Atlântica nordestina e não apresentam delimitação taxonômica bem definida, pois muitos de seus caracteres morfológicos se sobrepõem. Ambas as espécies compõem o complexo C. zonatus (Vis.) Vis.. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a delimitação de espécies e descrever os padrões filogeográficos do complexo C. zonatus, utilizando dados morfológicos, moleculares e de modelagem de nicho ecológico. Para o estudo foram feitos testes de amplificação heteróloga em C. burle-marxii e C. zonatus, utilizando 38 locos de microssatélites nucleares de cinco espécies de Bromeliaceae. Dos 38 locos testados, 24 apresentaram amplificação positiva e 13 foram polimórficos. Dez locos polimórficos foram selecionados para serem amplificados e genotipados em 147 indivíduos de oito populações do complexo C. zonatus. O resultado da análise morfológica e de estrutura genética mostrou que C. burle-marxii e C. zonatus são dois nomes dados à mesma espécie. A análise filogeográfica mostrou que a distribuição geográfica e estrutura genética do complexo C. zonatus pode ter sofrido modificações no quaternário. No último máximo glacial a distribuição geográfica potencial do complexo era contínua e maior em algumas áreas que atualmente é mar, o que deve ter ocorrido provavelmente devido à regressão marinha neste local. No Holoceno médio houve a potencial separação da distribuição possivelmente devido a uma barreira ecológica que perdurou até o presente formando dois grupos geneticamente estruturados, um ao norte e outro ao sul. Para a conservação da espécie foram indicadas populações prioritárias para o estabelecimento de unidades de conservação. / Cryptanthus Otto & A.Dietr. (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae) is an endemic genus from Brazil. Cryptanthus burle-marxii Leme and C. zonatus (Vis.) Vis. are species restricted to the north of the northeastern Atlantic Forest and have no well-defined taxonomic delimitation due to overlaping of some morphological characters. Both species are included in the Cryptanthus zonatus complex. The main goal of this study was to delimit species boudaries and to describe the phylogeographic patterns of the complex C. zonatus using morphological, molecular and ecological niche modeling data. For this study were carried out cross-amplification tests in C. burle-marxii and C. zonatus using 38 loci of nuclear microsatellite of five species of Bromeliaceae. Of the 38 loci tested, 24 showed positive amplification and 13 were polymorphic. Ten polymorphic loci were selected to be amplified and genotypes in 147 individuals from eight populations of the complex C. zonatus. The results of the morphological and genetic structure analyses showed that C. burle-marxii and C. zonatus are two names given to the same species. The phylogeographic analysis showed that the geographic distribution and genetic structure of the complex C. zonatus may have been modified in the Quaternary. The potential geographic distribution of the complex in the last glacial maximum was continuous and larger in some areas which are sea in present, what have probably occurred due to marine regression at this location. In the middle Holocene, there was the potential separation of distribution, possibly due to an ecological barrier that lasted until the present, forming two genetically structured groups, one in the north and other in the south. For conservation of the species priority populations were indicated for the establishment of protected areas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sara Coser Morra.pdf: 1157047 bytes, checksum: ca26cc99cfaca69da596f91375dc0dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-12 / A goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) é uma das fruteiras de maior importância econômica da família Myrtaceae. O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de goiaba do mundo, sendo esta uma cultura potencial em expansão e rentabilidade. A polinização cruzada da espécie e a existência de pomares heterogêneos de propagação seminal resultam em variabilidade, permitindo a seleção de genótipos para o melhoramento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a diversidade genética em genótipos de P. guajava selecionados em pomar de origem seminal e cultivares por características morfológicas e químicas de qualidade de fruto, também associar dados de conteúdo de DNA nuclear (2C), cariótipo, morfológicos e de marcadores moleculares microssatélites. Verificou-se a existência de divergência entre as Cortibel com relação às características de fruto, com genótipos apresentando performance superior e genótipos com desempenho semelhante à cultivares, potenciais para uso em hibridações ou como cultivares. As análises cariotípica e de conteúdo de DNA nuclear (2C) mostraram que os genótipos possuem um genoma estável, pequeno e diplóide e características cariotípicas relacionadas a grupos ancestrais de angiospermas. O dendrograma UPGMA baseado em dados morfológicos e SSR evidenciaram diversidade entre os genótipos, com melhor discriminação pelos dados de SSR. Como a maioria dos genótipos mostraram similaridade morfológica para as características de frutos, aliada a dissimilaridade molecular, estes se mostraram interessantes para o uso em hibridações em programas de melhoramento. O conjunto de dados gerados contribuiu para expandir o conhecimento sobre o genoma e a diversidade genética em P. guajava. Também é importante na estruturação de programas de melhoramento para a cultura, além de contribuir para estudos evolutivos / Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is one of the most economically important fruit crop from Myrtaceae family. Brazil is one of the largest producers of guava in the world, which is a potential crop in growth and profitability. Cross-pollination of the species and the existence of heterogeneous seminal propagation orchards result in variability, allowing the selection of genotypes for crop improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity between P. guajava L genotypes selected from seminal origin orchard and cultivars, by morphological and fruit quality chemical characteristics, also associate data from nuclear 2C-value, karyotypic, morphological and simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker. There were divergences between Cortibel selections by fruit characteristics, with genotypes showing superior and similar performance when compared with cultivated genotypes, potential for use in hibridation and as cultivars. Karyotype and nuclear 2C-value analyses showed that all genotypes have a stable and very small diploid genome (2n = 2X = 22; 2C = 0.95 pg), and karyotypic characteristics related to ancestral angiosperm groups. UPGMA dendrogram based on morphological and SSR data evidenced diversity among the genotypes, with better discrimination by SSR data. Since most genotypes showed morphological similarity for fruit characteristics, combined with molecular dissimilarity, the use of these genotypes in hybridation breeding programs could be of interest. The obtained data set contributed to expand the knowledge about genome and genetic diversity of P. guajava. Also are important to structure crop improvement programs and contribute to evolutionary approaches

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T13:14:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Cláudio Roberto Cardoso de Godoi - 2014.pdf: 1446327 bytes, checksum: 78154341b9ccb5964b8508984eea19e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T13:48:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Cláudio Roberto Cardoso de Godoi - 2014.pdf: 1446327 bytes, checksum: 78154341b9ccb5964b8508984eea19e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T13:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Cláudio Roberto Cardoso de Godoi - 2014.pdf: 1446327 bytes, checksum: 78154341b9ccb5964b8508984eea19e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-07 / Soybean breeding programs practice selection of high genetic value genotypes with two main objectives: a) to use them as parents in the hybridization process (first stage of the program), and b) to indicate them as new cultivars (final stage of the program). In this context, a first study used microsatellite markers (SSR) to assess the genetic diversity of soybean germplasm adapted to the Brazilian conditions. The experimental material consisted of 192 accessions, which included both introductions and Brazilian germplasm. The genetic divergence was assessed by descriptive analysis and the Rogers-W genetic distance. A total of 222 alleles were identified in the 37 genotyped loci, with an average of six alleles and a range of 2 to 14 alleles per locus. The genotypes were clustered according to the origin of the germplasm, and resulted in two groups: one group formed by introductions and other by Brazilian genotypes. Eighty five percent of the genetic distances estimates were above 0.70, suggesting that the assessed germplasm has good potential for hybridization in soybean breeding programs. It was concluded that the SSR markers are useful to identify divergent genotypic groups, as well as genotypic combinations with high genetic variability. It also became clear that the use of introduced germplasm ensures the incorporation of alleles necessary to increase the genetic base of soybeans and, consequently, the variability needed for the selective process. In a second study, the mixed model approach was used to assess some strategies of estimation and prediction of genotypic values for grain yield in the soybean regional yield trials. A total of 111 genotypes classified into three maturity groups were sown in up to 23 experiments in Central Brazil. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block designs, with three replications. The biometrical analyses followed the fixed model and mixed model approaches, in the latter case assuming the genotypic effects as random. In the mixed model approach, analyses were made with or without information from the relationship estimates obtained either by genealogy or SSR markers, arranged in a genotypic covariance matrix (G). Also, in a context of spatial analysis, different structures were used in the residual covariance matrix (R) for each mixed model adjusted. The following conclusions were obtained: i) the fixed model analysis is adequate to estimate genotypic values in soybean trials with balanced data and orthogonal design; ii) under such conditions and intermediate to low heritability, the inclusion of relationship information associated to G matrix, although does not ensure the best fit models, improves the precision in predicting genotypic values; iii) the use of spatial structures associated to R matrix, in presence of the residual autocorrelation, improves the goodness of model fit to the data; and, iv) the choice of model for the analysis does not change the ranking of the genotypes in high heritability situations and, therefore, does not impact significantly on the selection of superior genotypes. / Os programas de melhoramento de soja visam à seleção de genótipos de alto valor genético, com a finalidade de uso principalmente em duas de suas etapas: a) como genitores no processo de hibridação (fase inicial); e, b) para indicação como nova cultivar (fase final). Nesse contexto, num primeiro estudo avaliou-se, por meio de marcadores microssatélites (SSR), a diversidade genética em germoplasma de soja adaptado às condições brasileiras. O material experimental constituiu-se de 192 acessos, entre introduções e germoplasma de origem nacional. Na avaliação da divergência genética, considerou-se a análise descritiva e a distância genética de Rogers-W. Nos 37 locos genotipados, identificaram-se 222 alelos, com média de seis alelos por loco e variação de 2 a 14 alelos. O agrupamento dos genótipos mostrou-se associado à origem do germoplasma, resultando em dois grupos: um introduzido e outro brasileiro. Das estimativas de distâncias genéticas obtidas, 85% foram superiores a 0,70, indicando bom potencial do germoplasma para hibridações em programas de melhoramento da soja. Concluiu-se que os marcadores SSR são úteis na identificação de grupos genotípicos divergentes, bem como de combinações de alta variabilidade genética. Ademais, o uso de germoplasma introduzido garante a incorporação de alelos necessários à ampliação da base genética da espécie e, consequentemente, da variabilidade necessária para uso no processo seletivo. Num segundo estudo, no contexto da análise de modelos mistos, avaliaram-se estratégias de estimação e predição de valores genotípicos para produtividade de grãos, a partir de ensaios de competição final de linhagens de soja. Os genótipos, em número de 111 e classificados em três grupos de maturação, foram semeados em até 23 experimentos conduzidos na região central do Brasil. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições. Nas análises biométricas adotaram-se as abordagens de modelo fixo e de modelo misto, neste caso, assumindo-se efeitos genotípicos como aleatórios. Na última abordagem, consideraram-se ainda análises com ou sem uso da informação de parentesco genético, obtida a partir de genealogias ou por marcadores SSR, e associada à matriz de covariâncias dos efeitos aleatórios (G). Para cada modelo, num contexto de análise espacial, adotaram-se também distintas estruturas para a matriz de covariâncias residuais (R). Concluiu-se, então, que: i) a análise com modelo fixo é adequada para estimar efeitos genotípicos em soja, sob condições de balanceamento dos dados e ortogonalidade do delineamento; ii) sob tais condições, a inclusão da informação de parentesco associada à matriz G, embora não garanta melhor ajuste aos modelos, sob herdabilidade moderada ou baixa, melhora a precisão das predições de valores genotípicos; iii) o uso de estruturas espaciais associadas à matriz R, na presença de autocorrelação residual, melhora o ajuste estatístico dos modelos; e, iv) corrobora-se a tese de que, sob alta herdabilidade, a escolha do modelo de análise não altera o posicionamento relativo dos genótipos, e, portanto, não impacta significativamente na seleção de genótipos superiores.