No description available.

No description available.

Människan har tämjt och fött upp fåglar i 4000 år för att kunna äta deras kött. Idag förtärs broilerkyckling i hela världen och den har blivit ett lättillgängligt livsmedel. Konsumtionen av kyckling ökar och broilerkycklingens kött blir ett allt mer populärare matval. Forskare och producenter försöker upprätthålla den uppåtgående trenden och har därigenom utvecklat fodret, till exempel fiberrikt foder, för att kunna öka produktionen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om fiberrikt foder för broilerkyckling kan effektivisera dess tillväxt och därmed öka produktionen så att efterfrågan kan tillgodoses. För att undersöka hur fiberrikt foder påverkar broilerkycklingens tillväxt har en litteraturstudie gjorts. Denna studie visar att det har pågått forskning inom detta ämne sedan 1950-talet. Denna forskning har resulterat i att broilerkycklingens tillväxt ökat markant och därmed har tillgången till kött blivit större. Denna utveckling har skett bland annat på grund av att fodret utvecklats. Fibrer visar sig kunna öka en broilerkycklings tillväxt olika mycket, beroende på om det är lösliga eller olösliga fibrer som tillsätts i fodret. Med olösligt fiber tillsatt i kosten kan broilerkycklingen öka i kroppsvikt och i slutändan tillgodose den stigande konsumtionen med mer kött utvunnet från mindre mängd foder. / B-uppsatser

Retrograded starches are commonly found in foods due to the production and/or processing conditions they have received prior to consumption. These resistant starches escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented in the colon by the microflora present, to produce gases and SCFA in varying amounts. These are utilised by the host animal as an energy source, with a low gut pH being maintained by the production of SCFA. The fermentation of carbohydrates within the colon is beneficial to the health of the gut, as the beneficial bacterial species such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. are maintained, and a low pH reduces the activity of potentially harmful species such as the coliforms. The production of toxic metabolites from the breakdown of proteins will be reduced if these resistant starches persist further along the colon as a carbohydrate source. This is particularly important in the distal region of the colon, where the carbohydrate source usually becomes limited. The fermentation of both native and retrograded starches from various botanical sources containing varying amounts of the major components amylose and amylopectin, was examined. In particular, the effects on bacterial fermentation of variations in the ratios of amylose and amylopectin in starch, and of treatments such as retrogradation and/or pancreatin digestion was examined.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Yong-Cheng Shi / Jon M. Faubion / One long-term goal of cereal science research is to increase the shelf life of baked products and one approach to that goal has been the use of emulsifiers. Emulsifiers are surface-active agents, some of which improve specific properties of baked products. Two emulsifiers, sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and oleyl lactylic acid (OLA) are similar in structure, the difference being the acid moiety: stearic versus oleic acid. Widely researched, SSL has found many uses in baked products. However, how OLA interacts with starch/flour in baked products or how that interaction affects product quality is not well understood. The objective of this study was to understand the interactions between normal wheat starch and these emulsifiers, as well as the differences between SSL and OLA in those regards. The effects of the two emulsifiers on the pasting properties of wheat starch and wheat flour were determined using a MicroViscoAmylograph. Heating at 6oC/min with increased emulsifier concentration (0-2%) resulted in increased hot paste viscosity and apparent interaction of both emulsifiers with wheat starch. Solid content affected both maximum hot and final viscosity. OLA produced increased maximum hot and final viscosities with increased starch concentration and emulsifier concentrations. For wheat flour, higher concentrations of SSL reduced both maximum hot paste and final viscosities. OLA behaves differently with wheat flour. At lower flour concentrations, higher concentrations of OLA reduced maximum hot viscosity. The effects of SSL on starch were affected by an increased heating and cooling rate (10oC/min). Heating stage microscopic analysis revealed that the presence of emulsifiers inhibited granular swelling beyond the normal gelatinization temperature (65oC) in both starch and flour systems. OLA’s effect in this respect was greater than that of SSL. Complex formation between emulsifiers and wheat starch and wheat flour was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For isolated wheat starch and hard wheat flour, DSC and XRD indicated that OLA complexes to a greater extent than does SSL. For flour, XRD indicated no difference exhibited in the interaction of the emulsifiers with the flours. KEYWORDS: Emulsifiers, Starch, Wheat flour

Os filmes de quitosana/amido são utilizados para preparação de sistemas biocompatíveis de liberação controlada, materiais de revestimento e filmes comestíveis. As propriedades reológicas, térmicas, mecânicas, de taxa de transmissão de vapor de água (WVP) e solubilidade foram avaliadas em função das mudanças estruturais do amido (gelatinizado ou oxidado), da adição de polióis (etilenoglicol, glicerol e sorbitol) e da razão amilose/amilopectina (73% e 100% amilopectina). Os ensaios de reologia mostraram que as blendas formadas por quitosana e amido (100% amilopectina) tiveram interações mais fortes quando comparadas com as blendas de quitosana/amido (73% amilopectina), tanto na forma oxidada quanto na forma gelatinizada. Os polióis causam mudanças nas redes tridimensionais formadas entre a quitosana e o amido, tanto quando se usa amido gelatinizado como quando se usa o amido oxidado. Os valores de G´ encontrados para as blendas preparadas com amido oxidado foram em todos os casos menores em relação às blendas preparadas com amido gelatinizado, indicando diferenças na estrutura do gel formado e também na organização dos seus componentes. Essas mudanças foram resultantes da associação que ocorre entre a quitosana e o amido oxidado que é diferente daquela que ocorre entre quitosana e amido gelatinizado. A oxidação do amido A termogravimetria mostrou que a razão amilose/amilopectina não influencia o perfil de perda de massa e a oxidação amido aumenta a quantidade de água nos filmes e também diminui a estabilidade térmica observada por Tonset. O glicerol é o poliol que provoca maiores mudanças no comportamento de perda de massa dos filmes, pois é observada a decomposição de parte do glicerol que não está interagindo com a quitosana e o amido. O DSC mostrou que a presença de amilose nas blendas provoca uma interação mais forte da água com os polissacarídeos. Para todos os filmes com amido gelatinizado, a adição de polióis aumenta a temperatura de pico endotérmico e esta é quase sempre maior quando o glicerol é adicionado e que a oxidação do amido provoca um aumento nos valores de pico endotérmico, sugerindo que mais água está interagindo com os polímeros. A adição dos polióis aumenta os valores de espessura dos filmes, pelo aumento do volume livre do sistema, tanto nos filmes preparados com amido gelatinizado, quanto no oxidado. A presença de amilose nos filmes aumenta os valores de WVP e de solubilidade, provavelmente porque a presença de amilose auxilia no aumento da difusão de moléculas de água pelo e facilita a entrada de água e sua posterior solubilização. A adição dos polióis diminui os valores de WVP nos filmes de quitosana e amido gelatinizado. A oxidação do amido interfere mais nos valores de WVP para os filmes de quitosana/amido (100% amilopectina), sugerindo maior difusão das moléculas de água pelo filme. A oxidação aumenta os valores de solubilidade, pois as interações ocorrem em menor quantidade entre a quitosana e o amido, o que acaba facilitando o processo de solubilização. A adição dos polióis provoca um aumento na solubilidade de todos os filmes. Os ensaios preliminares de tração por DMA indicaram que os filmes de quitosana/amido gelatinizado e os filmes de quitosana/amido oxidado são rígidos e quebradiços e com a adição dos polióis ocorre um aumento na flexibilidade. Estudos preliminares destes filmes como suportes para liberação controlada de ciprofloxacina mostraram que estes são promissores para esta aplicação. / Chitosan/starch association represents an interesting alternative to the preparation of biocompatible drug delivery systems, packing materials and edible films. Changes in rheological, thermal and mechanical properties, water vapor permeability and solubility of chitosan/starch films were evaluated varying the starch structure form (gelatinized or oxidized), poliol addition (ethyleneglycol, glycerol and sorbitol) and amylose/amylopectin ratio (73% and 100% amylopectin). Rheological measurements showed that chitosan/starch (100% amylopectin) blends had stronger interaction compared to chitosan/starch (73% amylopectin) blends, both in gelatinized and oxidized starch form. Polyols cause changes in chitosan/starch three-dimensional networks due to reduction in polymer-polymer chain bonding that reflect in rheological properties. G´ modulus value decreases with starch oxidation, indicating variation in gel structure and also in organization of polymeric components, due to differences in association between chitosan and gelatinized or oxidized starch. Thermogravimetric curves showed that amylose/amylopectin ratio does not influence the weight loss behavior and starch oxidation increases the amount of water and decrease thermal stability of films, as observed by Tonset. Glycerol causes changes in weight loss behavior due to the presence of glycerol that not interact with chitosan and starch. DSC results suggest that amylose presence promotes a higher water interaction with polysaccharides. Polyol addition shift the endothermic peak associated to free water for higher temperatures, suggesting interaction between biopolymers and polyols. Also, polyol increases thickness values in all films as increase the free volume of the system. Amylose presence increases WVP and solubility values, suggesting the formation of low dense structure, which increases the water molecules diffusion and facilitates the dissolution of films in water. Polyols presence decrease WVP values in chitosan/gelatinized starch films. Starch oxidation affected the WVP values in chitosan/starch (100% amylopectin) films, suggesting low compact structure that allows the water molecule diffusion in the films. Starch oxidation increases solubility values as lower interaction between chitosan and oxidized starch, which facilitates the solubility process. Polyols addition causes an increase in solubility in all films. Preliminary mechanical tests performed by DMA indicated that chitosan/starch (gelatinized or oxidized) films are rigid and brittle and polyol addition increases the flexibility. In vitro ciprofloxacin drug delivery behavior showed that films are promising for this application.

Thesis (Masters Diploma (Food Technology))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1993 / This study is based on the Hazard Analysis in the Wet Milling of maize for the production of starch at the Bellville plant of African Products. Wet milling of maize is a highly specific and completely integrated system developed to separate the major components of the kernel as completely as possible. Many microbiological problems existed in the process at this plant which could not be solved over the years. Microbial analyses were done throughout the plant and high microbial counts were obtained at various sampling points. In applying HACCP, the following major hazards were identified: The presence of Faecal Streptococci, Sraphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Faecal coliforms, Fusarium, Dip/odia, Aspergillus, Penicillium and various Yeast strains. The follOWing Critical Control Points (CCP's) were identified in the wet milling process: Maize trucks, in-process water, steeping, storage tanks, Reineveld, wet mlxmg boxes, Laidlaw, drying and bagging off point. The follOWing were done as part of the HACCP plan: i) modifications of the plant were suggested, ii) different sanitation programmes were evaluated, iii) monitoring of cep's, and iv) training of personnel. In general, a regular sanitation programme need to be exercised in the wet-milling plant to prevent a build up of microbial populations at various sampling points. High S02 levels can be maintained throughout the plant to achieve this. The final starch will then be used for Industrial starch. Criteria to monitor the CCP's were suggested. Hazard Analysis is an effective method to improve the quality of the final product.

Foram realizados ensaios de curta e média duração em animais e humanos visando avaliar o aproveitamento do amido do feijão em relação a outras fontes de carboidratos complexos, de consumo habitual da população brasileira. Em animais, o aumento da glicose plasmática decorrente da ingestão de diferentes fontes de amido decresceu na seguinte ordem: polenta= arroz= pão= macarrão> canjica = farinha de mandioca> mandioca = feijão Carioca = feijão Fradinho. Em humanos, o feijão com casca ou sem casca produziu menores respostas plasmáticas de glicose que a polenta, arroz, arroz com feijão; as respostas de insulina plasmática foram reduzidas para todas as dietas que continham feijão e tanto a polenta como o feijão estimularam de forma semelhante a liberação do GLP-1 7-36. Pudemos evidenciar a persistência do reduzido aproveitamento do amido do feijão, em relação ao da polenta, apesar da adaptação dos animais a essas fontes de carboidratos por 13 dias. Observamos por microscopia óptica e ensaios \"in vivo\" que a parede celular íntegra e a organização física entre os grânulos de amido e proteína podem explicar, em parte, o reduzido aproveitamento do amido do feijão. / Short- and midle-term assays in animais and humans were carried out to determine the utilization of bean starch as compared to usual Brazilian starchy foods. The order of glycemic response was: polenta = rice = bread = macaroni > hominy = cassava flour > cassava = Carioca bean = Fradinho bean. Beans with ar without seed coat produced in human a glycemic response lower than polenta, rice and rice plus bean; the insulin response was reduced for all diets containing beans; the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36 was the same either for polenta ar bean diet. The reduced utilization of bean starch for polenta and bean diet was confirmed in midle-term assays (13 days). The optic microscopy and \"in vivo\" observations suggested that existence of whole cell walls and starch-protein associations may explain the lower blood response.

Orientador: Antonio de Queiroz Neto / Coorientador: Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz / Banca: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: Roberta Ariboni Brandi / Resumo: O glicogênio muscular é uma importante fonte de energia e uma fator potencialmente limitante do desempenho equino. Devido ao grande número de estudos usando concentrados de baixo amido e alta fibra e gordura para o manejo de distúrbios metabólicos, o uso de tais concentrados se tornou prática popular. Entretanto, há pouca evidência sobre a eficiência de tais concentrados sobre a manutenção e a reposição das concentrações de glicogênio muscular. Para avaliar o efeito de três dietas com conteúdo diferente de amido sobre a manutenção do glicogênio muscular durante um período de treinamento e sobre a repleção das reservas de glicogênio após exercício de alta intensidade, seis cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês previamente condicionados fisicamente foram usados em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 3x 3. Os cavalos receberam 1 kg/100 kg de PV/dia de um concentrado com conteúdo de amido alto (HS), moderado (MS) ou baixo (LS). A forragem foi fornecida a uma taxa de 1.25 kg/100 kg PV/dia em todos os tratamentos. Os cavalos foram treinados por 3 semanas e então foram submetidos a três dias de exercício intenso programado para depletar substancialmente as reservas de glicogênio, e foram subsequentemente observados durante 4 dias de recuperação. Biópsias musculares foram obtidas antes da depleção e O, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a depleção. O primeiro dia de depleção consistiu em um teste incremental (IET) e sangue foi amostrado a cada etapa de velocidade para análise de glicose e lactato. Durante o IET os cavalos usaram uma máscara para verificação do consumo de Oxigênio (V02), da produção de Dióxido de Carbono (VCO2) e do coeficiente respiratório (RER). Um teste submáximo de esforço foi realizado antes e depois da depleção das reservas de glicogênio para investigar alterações na utilização dos substratos energéticos em função da depleção. A glicose plasmática e o RER ... / Abstract: Muscle glycogen is an important energy substrate and a potentially limiting factor of performance in horses. Due to the large number of studies using low-starch, high-fat and fiber concentrates for the management of metabolic diseases, the use of such feeds has become widely popular. However, there is scarce evidence of the effectiveness of such feeds on glycogen maintenance and replenishment. To evaluate the effect of three diets varying in starch content on the maintenance of glycogen leveis during a training period and on repletion of glycogen stores after high-intensity exercise, six previously conditioned Thoroughbred horses were used in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design. Horses were fed (at 1 kg/100kg BW/day) either a high-starch (HS), a moderately starch-rich, high-fat concentrate (MS) or a low-starch, high-fat and fiber concentrate (LS). Forage was fed at 1.25 kg/100 kg BW/day in ali treatments. Horses were trained for three weeks and then underwent three days of strenuous exercise designed to substantially deplete glycogen reserves, and were subsequently observed over four days of recovery. Muscle biopsies were obtained before depletion and at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-depletion. Day one of depletion was an incremental exercise test (IET) and blood was sampled at each speed step for plasma glucose and lactate. During the IET horses wore a loose-fit mask for assessment of Oxygen consumption (V02), Carbon Dioxyde production (VCO2) and Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER). A submaximal exercise test was performed both before and after depletion of glycogen reserves to verify alterations in energy substrate utilization due to depletion. Plasma glucose, lactate and RER during the IET were not different among treatments. RER during the submaximal exercise test were lower for the LS treatment (P<0.05). Post-depletion RER for HS and MS were different from pre-depletion RER in the submaximal test ... / Mestre

Embalagens de plástico expandido são utilizados como embalagens de alimentos, entre eles o poliestireno expandido (EPS). Suas principais características são a leveza e sua não biodegradabilidade. Estas embalagens geralmente são descartadas logo após o uso e geram grandes quantidades de resíduos. Espumas feitas a base de amido termoplástico (TPS) podem substituir o EPS nestes casos, pois são feitas a partir de fontes renováveis e são materiais biodegradáveis. Entretanto, embalagens de espuma TPS possuem grande afinidade pela água e isso consequentemente afeta seu uso. Uma forma de resolver este problema é recobrir estas espumas TPS com um material mais hidrofóbico, dificultando o contato da água com o amido. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver espumas de TPS de diferentes amidos e revesti-las com quitosana e poliácido láctico (PLA), pois também são materiais biodegradáveis e são menos hidrofílicos do que o amido. Três fontes de amido (batata, mandioca e milho) foram analisadas conjuntamente para produzir espumas TPS com propriedades mais desejáveis para embalagens. As espumas foram produzidas a partir de amido, glicerol e água nas proporções mássicas de 62/5/33, respectivamente. Dentre os tipos de amido escolhidos, a espuma TPS de milho mostrou ser mais densa e rígida, apresentando maior densidade e maior módulo elástico (0,20 g/cm3 e 106 MPa, respectivamente) em comparação com espumas TPS de batata (0,11 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) e mandioca (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa). A espuma TPS de batata apresentou maior flexibilidade e resistência ao impacto, e devido a estas vantagens é a mais adequada ao uso em embalagens. Os recobrimentos de quitosana e PLA diminuíram a absorção de água da espuma TPS. Enquanto que a espuma sem recobrimento absorveu aproximadamente 280% do seu peso em água, espumas TPS com 6% m/v de quitosana absorveram 100% e espumas TPS com 6% m/v de PLA absorveram 50% em média. O PLA mostrou ser a melhor opção de recobrimento para as espumas pois apresentou os menores valores de absorção de água e aumentou as propriedades mecânicas da espuma. / The expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in a variety of food packaging, mainly in packages whose characteristics is the single use. These packages are usually discarded soon and generate large amounts of waste. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) foams can replace the EPS in these cases, because it comes from renewable and biodegradable sources. However, starch packaging has great affinity for water and it affects its use. One way to solve this problem is to cover the TPS foam with a more hydrophobic material, hindering the contact of water with starch. In this work, chitosan and polylactic acid (PLA) were used as coatings, as they are also biodegradable materials and are more hydrophobic than starch. Three sources of starch (potato, cassava and corn) were analyzed conjointly to produce TPS foams with more desirable properties for packaging. The foams were made from starch, glycerol and water in the proportion of 62/5/33 (% m/m) respectively. Among the starch types used, corn TPS foam presented higher density and higher stiffness (0,20 g/cm3 and 106 MPa, respectively) compared to potato (0,11 g/cm3 and 39 MPa) and cassava (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) TPS foams. The potato TPS foam showed greater flexibility and impact resistance, and due to these advantages is the most suitable for use in packaging. The chitosan and PLA coatings decreased the water absorption of the TPS foam. While the uncoated TPS foam absorbed approximately 280% of its weight in water, TPS foams with 6% w/v chitosan absorbed 100% and TPS foams with 6% m / v PLA absorbed 50% on average. The PLA was found to be the best option for coating the TPS foams because presented the lowest water absorption values and increased the mechanical properties of the foams.