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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
311

Aplicação de ensaio imunoenzimático para detecção de anticorpos contra o vírus respiratório sincicial em repectores de transplante de células tronco-hematopoéticas / Enzime-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus antibodies in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Paz Junior, José de Paula 18 August 2008 (has links)
O vírus respiratório sincicial (RSV) é responsável por importante morbidade em receptores de transplante de células tronco-hematopoéticas (TCTH), especialmente no período que antecede a enxertia. A imunidade induzida pela infecção pelo RSV é transitória e as reinfecções são freqüentes. O comportamento e papel dos anticorpos anti-RSV em receptores de TCTH é desconhecido. Em amostras de soro estocadas, ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) foi aplicado para detecção de anticorpos anti-RSV para avaliar a dinâmica desses anticorpos antes e após o TCTH, em pacientes com e sem infecção pelo RSV, bem como a resposta de anticorpos específicos nos pacientes com infecção pelo RSV diagnosticada por imunofluorescência direta. A mediana do tempo de coleta das amostras pré-TCTH foi de -35 e -44 dias nos casos e controles, respectivamente, com média de títulos de anticorpos anti-RSV de 2490 UA/mL e 2872 UA/mL, respectivamente. Após o transplante, as medianas de tempo das 3 amostras analisadas dos pacientes com infecção pelo RSV foram d+14, d+52 e d+89 e os respectivos títulos de anticorpos foram 2457 UA/mL, 2715 UA/mL e 2950 UA/mL. Nos pacientes sem infecção pelo RSV (controles), as medianas de tempo das 3 amostras analisadas foram d+9, d+69 e d+93 e os respectivos títulos de anticorpos foram 2738 UA/mL, 2794 UA/mL e 2642 UA/mL. Não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos. Nenhum dos pacientes com infecção pelo RSV apresentou elevação de quatro vezes nos títulos de anticorpos / Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause significant morbidity and mortality in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, especially when upper respiratory tract infection (RTI) progresses to lower RTI, which is expected to occur in more than 50% of the patients. The humoral immunity induced by RSV infection is transient and reinfections are frequent. The dynamics and role of anti-RSV antibodies in HSCT recipients are unknown. In stored serum samples, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) was applied to evaluate the dynamics of anti-RSV antibodies in HSCT recipients with and without RSV infection, as well as the specific humoral response in HSCT recipients with RSV infection diagnosed by direct immunofluorescent assay in nasal wash samples. Pre-transplant samples were selected at a median time of 35 and 44 days and the mean concentration of RSV antibodies were 2490 AU/mL and 2872 AU/mL, in cases and controls, respectively. After HSCT, serum samples from patients with RSV infection (cases) were evaluated at median time of 14, 52 and 89 days, and the respective mean concentrations of anti- RSV antibodies were 2457 AU/mL, 2715 AU/mL and 2950 AU/mL. In patients without RSV (controls), serum samples were evaluated at median time of 9, 69 and 93 days, and the respective mean concentrations of anti-RSV antibodies were 2738 AU/mL, 2794 AU/mL e 2642 AU/mL. Difference was not statistically significant. No patient developed a four-fold rise in RSV antibody titers
312

Avaliação da função tímica em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 submetidos ao transplante autólogo de células-tronco hematopoéticas / Evaluation of thymic function in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Azevedo, Júlia Teixeira Cottas de 19 August 2013 (has links)
O diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM-1) é uma doença autoimune órgão-específica caracterizada pela destruição seletiva das células pancreáticas produtoras de insulina. A imunossupressão em altas doses seguida do transplante autólogo de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TACTH) constitui uma alternativa terapêutica recente e promissora para o DM-1 recém-diagnosticado, impedindo a progressão da destruição das células pancreáticas produtoras de insulina e induzindo independência insulínica por um período prolongado na maioria dos pacientes. O princípio dessa terapia baseia-se na eliminação das células autorreativas pela imunossupressão intensa e na reconstituição de um sistema imunológico novo e tolerante após o transplante. Com o objetivo de avaliar a função do timo e sua contribuição na geração do repertório de células T nos pacientes com DM-1 após o TACTH, nesse trabalho foram avaliados os níveis de T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) em células T do sangue periférico e a diversidade do repertório de células T dos pacientes com DM-1 (n=23) antes e em diversos períodos após o transplante. A quantificação absoluta dos níveis de TRECs (número de moléculas de TRECs/100g de DNA) foi realizada pela técnica de PCR em tempo real e a avaliação do repertório de células T foi realizada pela técnica de TCRBV CDR3 Spectratyping. Dentre os vinte e três pacientes, vinte alcançaram a independência insulínica por períodos variáveis de tempo e três não responderam ao tratamento. Não foi observada a restrição do repertório de células T nos pacientes com DM-1 no período pré-transplante, ou seja, quando recém-diagnosticados. Foram identificadas cinco famílias V (7, 18, 19, 20 e 22) em expansão clonal nos pacientes com DM-1. As famílias V 7, 18, 19, 20 apresentaram-se em expansão clonal antes do transplante e se mantiveram com frequência elevada após o transplante, enquanto a família V 22 apresentou aumento da frequência somente nos períodos mais tardios após o transplante. Nos primeiros meses após o transplante, houve redução do número de moléculas de TRECs e restrição do repertório de células T. Contudo, um ano após o transplante, o número de moléculas de TRECs atingiram valores normais e o repertório de células T apresentou-se com ampla diversidade. Nossos resultados mostraram que o TACTH foi capaz de induzir mudanças na composição do repertório de células T dos pacientes com DM-1 após a terapia de IAD/TACTH, evidenciadas por alterações qualitativas e quantitativas dos picos de CDR3 do TCR, sugerindo a reconstituição de um repertório de células T diverso até dois anos pós-transplante. Embora tenha ocorrido reativação da função tímica após o transplante, evidenciada pelo aumento dos níveis de TRECs de um ano e meio a cinco anos pós-transplante, a diversidade do repertório das células T diminuiu a partir de dois anos e meio pós-transplante, sugerindo uma reconstituição tímica de novo de células T naive que expressam preferencialmente algumas cadeias V. Estas evidências imunológicas poderiam explicar a melhora clínica (independência insulínica) temporária observada na maioria dos pacientes após a terapia de IAD/TACTH. / Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by insulin-producing pancreatic cell destruction. High-dose immunosuppression followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a recent and promising therapeutic approach for treatment of T1D, preventing the progress of destruction of pancreatic cells and inducing insulin independence for a prolonged period in most patients. The rationale of the AHSCT is based on the elimination of autoreactive cells by the intense immunosuppression and on the reconstitution of a new and tolerant immune system after transplantation. Aiming at assessing the thymic role in the production of new T cell repertoire in T1D patients after AHSCT, in this study was evaluated the levels of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in T cells of peripheral blood as well as the clonality and diversity of T cell repertoire in T1D patients (n=23) before and several periods after transplantation. The absolute quantification of TRECs levels (number of molecules of TRECs/100ng of DNA) was performed by real-time PCR and the analysis of T cell repertoire was performed by TCRBV CDR3 Spectratyping. Among the twenty-three patients, twenty achieved insulin independence for variable periods and three did not respond to the treatment. The T cell repertoire in T1D patients was not restricted in pre-transplantation, i.e., when newly diagnosed. It was identified five V families (7, 18, 19, 20 e 22) in the clonal expansion in T1D patients. The V families 7, 18, 19, 20 were in clonal expansion before transplantation and maintained with high frequency after transplantation, whereas the V 22 family increased its frequency only in the later periods after transplantation. It was observed that the numbers of molecules of TRECs decreased and the T cell repertoire was restricted in the early months after transplantation. However, the levels of TRECs were normalized and the T cell repertoire showed diversity one year after transplantation. Our results indicate that AHSCT was able to induce changes in the composition of the T cell repertoire of patients after AHSCT, evidenced by qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of T-cell receptor -chain CDR3 peaks, suggesting the reconstitution of diverse T cell repertoire up to two years after transplantation. Although there was reactivation of thymic function after transplantation, as evidenced by increased levels of TRECs from one and a half year to five years after transplantation, the diversity of the T cells repertoire decreased from two and a half years after transplantation, suggesting a reconstruction of new naive T cells that preferentially express some V chains. These immunological evidences could explain the temporary clinical improvement (insulin independence) observed in most patients after IAD / AHSCT therapy.
313

Alterações bucais em pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas: estudo longitudinal / Oral complications in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a longitudinal study

Luiz, Ana Cláudia 03 May 2012 (has links)
A boca é local de frequentes complicações relacionadas ao transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) tais como xerostomia, disgeusia, disfagia, mucosite, infecções oportunistas e doença do enxerto contra hospedeiro (DECH). Sabe-se que estas complicações podem comprometer a qualidade de vida do paciente e interferir na morbidade pós-TCTH. O dentista é o profissional da saúde que deverá intervir no momento correto para tratar e minimizar esses efeitos secundários do TCTH. Para tanto é importante conhecermos o momento em que cada complicação ocorre para que a intervenção seja pronta e eficiente. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar as alterações bucais em indivíduos submetidos ao TCTH em cinco momentos consecutivos desde antes do início do condicionamento pré-TCTH até o dia 100 pós-TCTH. Como objetivos secundários buscamos investigar possíveis relações entre a severidade da mucosite oral e a manifestação da DECH com dados demograficos (sexo, idade), com o status de saude bucal (por meio dos índices IHO-S, CPOD, número de dentes cariados) e com a realização de adequação bucal pré-TCTH, e ainda, somente para a DECH, também foi investigada a possível relação entre esta doença com infecção sistêmica por citomegalovírus e com a manifestação de mucosite oral severa. Foram incluídos no estudo 27 indivíduos com doenças hematológicas do Serviço de Transplante de Medula Óssea do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), com idade 12 anos que receberam TCTH alogênico. Os indivíduos foram examinados em cinco momentos consecutivos. No primeiro momento, pré-TCTH, foi realizada a coleta de índices de saúde bucal e aplicação de questionário sobre o histórico de tratamentos odontológico prévios. Nos momentos de 10, 20, 60 e 100 dias pós-TCTH foram avaliadas as manifestações bucais presentes. A incidência de mucosite oral foi de 82,6% considerando todos os momentos avaliados. Mucosite oral severa, ou seja, graus 3 e 4 (OMS) foi observada em 57,9% dos pacientes avaliados nos momentos 2 e 3. Dez (37%) pacientes apresentaram GVHD em algum órgão, e destes, 8 (80%) apresentaram GVHD de boca. Infecção sistêmica por CMV foi diagnosticada em 6 (22,2%) pacientes. Concluímos que entre as queixas levantadas, dor bucal e disfagia foram as mais referidas. O período de maior incidência das complicações bucais foi nos segundo e terceiro momentos, ou seja, D+10 e D+20, representando deste forma, o período de maior morbidade do tratamento. Não houve associação entre a severidade de mucosite oral e idade, sexo, fonte de células, regime de condicionamento, número de dentes cariados, IHO-S, CPOD e preparo bucal pré-TCTH. Para a DECH a única relação encontrada foi para fonte de células, tendo sido observada menor chance de ocorrer DECH quando a fonte de células foi o sangue periférico. / The mouth is a well-known site of complications of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) such as dry mouth, dysgeusia, dysphagia, mucositis, opportunistic infections and graft versus host disease (GVDH). It is known that these complications can compromise the patients quality of life and morbidity post-HSCT. The dentist is the health professional who should interfere at the right time to treat and minimize these side effects of HSCT. Thus, it is important to know the time at which each complication occurs to be dynamic and efficient. The main objective of this study was to identify and quantify the oral complications in patients treated with HSCT in five consecutive moments starting before conditioning chemotherapy until day 100 post-HSTC. As secondary objectives we seek to investigate possible relationships between the severity of oral mucositis and the manifestation of GVHD with demographic data (gender, age), with the oral health status (IHO-S, CPOD, number of decayed teeth) and dental treatment previously HSCT, and, only for GVHD, was also investigated the possible relationship between this disease with systemic cytomegalovirus infection and the manifestation of severe oral mucositis. It was included in the study 27 patients with hematologic diseases who were admitted in the Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hospital of Clinics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), 12 years old whom received allogeneic HSCT. The subjects were examined in five consecutive moments. At the first moment, before HSCT, the oral health índex evaluation and a questionnaire about history of previous dental treatments were performed. Besides that, 10, 20, 60 and 100 days after HSCT they were evaluated for oral manifestations. Oral mucositis incidence was 82,6% and 57,9% of these patients presented severe mucositis. Ten (37%) patients had GVHD in any organ, and of these, 8 (80%) had oral GVHD. Infection by CMV was diagnosed in 6 (22.2%) patients. We conclude that among the complaints raised, mouth pain and dysphagia were the most mentioned. The period of increased incidence of oral complications was the second and third times (D +10 and +20), representing the increased morbidity period. There was no association between the severity of oral mucositis and age, sex, cell source, conditioning regimen, number of decayed teeth, IHO-S, CPOD and dental treatment pre-HSCT. For GVHD the only relation found was with source of cells, in which, GVHD was less likely to occur when the source of cells was peripheral blood.
314

Stellenwert der nichtmyeloablativen Stammzelltransplantation und adoptiven Immuntherapie bei akuten Leukämien und refraktären Nierenzellkarzinomen

Massenkeil, Gero 01 December 2004 (has links)
Unsere Untersuchungen belegen, dass nichtmyeloablative Stammzelltransplantationen (NST) bei Patienten mit Hochrisiko-ALL oder -AML eine neue therapeutische Option darstellen. Die NST ermöglichte eine allogene Stammzelltransplantation bei Transplantationskandidaten mit Kontraindikationen gegen eine hochdosierte Strahlen- und Chemotherapie (Standardtransplantation). Nach NST kam es häufig zur Entwicklung von Infektionen und einer spät auftretenden akuten Transplantat-gegen-Wirt Reaktion (GvHD), diese waren aber mit einer geringeren Mortalität verbunden. Das erkrankungsfreie Überleben und das Gesamt-Überleben nach NST und nach Standardtransplantation waren fast gleich. Der höheren Rezidivrate nach NST stand eine höhere transplantationsassoziierte Mortalität nach Standardtransplantation gegenüber. Das Konditionierungsregime selber war ohne Einfluss auf das Überleben der Patienten. Sequenzielle Chimärismusuntersuchungen von Leukozytensubpopulationen erlaubten eine frühe Diagnose eines gemischten Chimärismus, der einen prädiktiven Wert für das Auftreten eines Rezidivs hatte. Ein stabiler gemischter Chimärismus wurde nicht beobachtet. Durch eine adoptive Immuntherapie mit Spenderlymphozyten (DLI) konnte bei der Mehrzahl der transplantierten Patienten mit gemischtem Chimärismus eine Chimärismuskonversion und eine lang anhaltende komplette Remission induziert werden, ein wichtiger Hinweis auf einen Transplantat-gegen-Leukämie Effekt (GvL) der Spenderzellen. Durch die NST rückt der immunologische Effekt der Transplantation gegenüber der Zytoreduktion bei der Standardtransplantation stärker in den Vordergrund. Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen für die Wirksamkeit eines GvL-Effektes bei akuten Leukämien auch nach NST. Die Erfahrungen mit der NST bei akuten Leukämien haben zu einer Anwendung bei refraktären Nierenzellkarzinomen geführt. Eine Tumorregression wurde erst nach Chimärismuskonversion und/oder Entwicklung einer GvHD beobachtet; diese Befunde sind vereinbar mit einem Transplantat-gegen-Tumor Effekt (GvT). Die transplantationsassoziierte Morbidität war allerdings bei diesen meist älteren Patienten erheblich. Die Therapie sollte ausschließlich im Rahmen klinischer Studien erfolgen, da es sich nach wie vor um ein experimentelles Therapieverfahren handelt. Die Analyse minimal residueller Erkrankung und der Einsatz hochauflösender Chimärismusuntersuchungen von Leukozytensubpopulationen sollte die Bedeutung des gemischten Chimärismus weiter klären und zu einem gezielteren Einsatz von DLI führen. Prospektive vergleichende Studien müssen in naher Zukunft den Stellenwert der NST untersuchen. / Our clinical investigations demonstrate, that nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) is a novel therapeutic option in patients with high-risk ALL or AML. NST can be administered to patients eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation with contraindications against high-dose radio- and chemotherapy (standard SCT). After NST, infections and late onset acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) frequently occurred, but transplant-related mortality was low in contrast to standard SCT. Leukemia-free survival and overall survival were similar after NST and standard SCT. A higher relapse rate after NST was balanced by a higher transplant-related mortality after standard SCT. The conditioning regimen itself had no relevant impact on survival. Sequential chimerism analyses of leukocyte subpopulations resulted in early diagnosis of mixed chimerism, which proved to be predictive for later relapses. Stable mixed chimerism was not established in these patients. Adoptive immunotherapy in patients, who were in hematologic remission but had mixed chimerism after transplantation, induced conversion to complete donor chimerism and long-lasting complete remissions in the majority of patients, a strong hint to a graft-versus-leukemia-effect (GvL) of donor T-lymphocyte infusions. A change in the character of stem cell transplantation was achieved by NST with a shift from the predominantly cytoreductive effect of standard SCT towards an emphasis on the immunologic GvL-effect. Our results demonstrated the efficacy of a GvL-effect in acute leukemias after NST. The experiences with NST in acute leukemias have prompted studies in patients with refractory advanced renal cell cancer. Tumor regressions were observed only after chimerism conversion and / or development of GvHD, these results being compatible with a graft-versus-tumor effect (GvT). However, transplant-related morbidity was substantial in these mostly elderly patients. Therapy within clinical studies is mandatory, because allogeneic stem cell transplantation still has to be regarded an experimental procedure in these patients. The analysis of minimal residual disease and application of high-resolution chimerism analysis of leukocyte subpopulations by microarrays could lead to a more profound understanding of mixed chimerism and to a more rational use of DLI in the near future. Prospective randomized trials should be conducted to evaluate the role of NST.
315

IInfluência do Pegivirus humano (HPgV) na medula óssea: impacto clínico e tropismo viral / Human Pegivirus (HPgV) influence on bone marrow: clinical impact and viral tropism

Dias, Juliana Zanatta de Carvalho 01 February 2019 (has links)
O HPgV (Pegivirus Humano), conhecido anteriormente por GBV-C, causa infecção assintomática, persistente e com alta carga viral. Sendo o vírus de RNA sem patologia associada mais prevalente no mundo até os dias de hoje, os estudos in vitro ainda não foram capazes de mimetizar a replicação in vivo, permanecendo pouco esclarecidos vários aspectos de sua biologia. Estudos em macacos mostraram que os órgãos responsáveis pela maior replicação viral são o baço e a medula óssea, no entanto as células específicas permissíveis à infecção ainda não foram determinadas. Na década de 90, o HPgV ganhou notoriedade por diminuir os efeitos patológicos do HIV e aumentar a sobrevida de pacientes coinfectados HIV/HPgV, através da diminuição da ativação do sistema imune. Devido a essa característica, diversos estudos tentaram associar a presença de viremia a doenças hematológicas e um deles mostrou que a viremia de HPgV parece estar associada com o desenvolvimento de linfoma não- Hodgkin, porém muitas variáveis de confusão parecem influenciar esse resultado. Em conjunto, os dados mostram que o HPgV pode ter influência sobre a maturação e liberação de células progenitoras da medula óssea e, portanto, tornou-se primordial avaliar o impacto da viremia em pacientes com doenças hematológicas e definir o tropismo viral. Para tanto, o presente trabalho analisou a dinâmica de exposição à viremia de HPgV em pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (HSCT), em cadáveres autopsiados pelo Sistema de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital de São Paulo (SVOC-SP) e em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de artroplastia pelo Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT) do HCSP. A carga viral de HPgV foi mensurada por qRT-PCR em Tempo Real levando em consideração valores adquiridos com um curva padrão desenvolvida para este trabalho. Para os pacientes HSCT, o efeito da presença de viremia antes e após o procedimento foi avaliada quanto aos principais desfechos do transplante: doença enxerto-hospedeiro aguda (aGVHD), recaída da doença hematológica primária e mortalidade. Para amostras SVOC e IOT, células específicas dos tecidos (cérebro, fígado, baço, linfonodo, medula óssea e sangue) foram avaliadas quanto à quantidade de RNA viral de polaridade positiva e negativa, a fim de quantificar a replicação e definir o tropismo do vírus. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de HPgV encontrada nos pacientes HSCT foi maior do que em estudos similares: 42% para as amostra pré- HSCT e 31% para as amostras pós-HSCT; porém, para as amostras SVOC, a prevalência foi menor do que o esperado: 1,2%. A presença de alta carga viral de HPgV em pacientes HSCT foi associada com aumento da taxa de incidência de aGVHD (95% CI 1,05-5,37, p=0,038). Dada a alta prevalência de HPgV na população brasileira, é essencial confirmar esse achado em outras coortes, de modo a determinar se o monitoramento do HPgV pode beneficiar o cuidado a esses pacientes. Nas amostras SVOC e IOT, a medula óssea apresentou maior número de populações celulares com replicação viral, com destaque para as células B progenitoras e para as células dendríticas. Porém, devido às condições da coleta e do processamento das amostras, o tipo celular permissível à infecção não pôde ser identificado com clareza, portanto fazendo-se necessária a coleta de um número maior de amostras SVOC / HPgV (Human Pegivirus), previously known as GBV-C, causes asymptomatic, persistent and high viral load infection. To date, it is the most prevalent RNA virus without associated pathologies in the world, yet in vitro studies have not yet been able to mimic the in vivo replication, consequently many aspects of its biology remaining unclear. Studies in non-humam primatas have shown that the organs responsible for the greatest viral replication are spleen and bone marrow, however the specific cells permissible for infection have not yet been determined. In the 1990s, HPgV gained notoriety by decreasing the pathological effects of HIV and increasing the survival of coinfected HIV/HPgV patients, by decreasing the activation of the immune system. Because of this characteristic, several studies have attempted to associate the presence of viremia with haematological diseases, and one has shown that HPgV appears to be associated with the development of non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma, but many confounding variables still seems to influence this outcome. Together, the data show that HPgV may influence the maturation and release of bone marrow progenitor cells and therefore it has become crucial to evaluate the impact of HPgV viremia in patients with haematological diseases and to define viral tropism. Therefore, the present study analyzed the dynamics of HPgV viremia exposure in patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), in cadavers autopsied by the São Paulo City Death Verification System (SVOC-SP) and in patients submitted to arthroplasty surgery by the Orthopedics and Traumatology Institute (IOT) of the Clinics Hospital of Sao Paulo. The HPgV was identified by real-time qRT-PCR and the viral load quantification was estimated by a standard curve developed for this work. For HSCT patients, the effect of viremia before and after the procedure was evaluated for the main transplant outcomes: acute graft vs host disease (aGVHD), relapse of primary haematological disease and mortality. For SVOC and IOT samples, tissue-specific cells (brain, liver, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow and blood) were evaluated for the amount of viral positive and negative RNA strains, in order to quantify replication and define virus tropism. The results showed that the prevalence of HPgV found in HSCT patients was higher than in similar studies: 42% for pre-HSCT samples and 31% for post-HSCT samples; however, for SVOC samples, the prevalence was lower than expected: 1.2%. The presence of high viral load of HPgV in HSCT patients was associated with an increase in the incidence rate of aGVHD (95% CI 1.05-5.37, p = 0.038). Given the high prevalence of HPgV in the Brazilian population, it is essential to confirm this finding in other cohorts, in order to determine if HPgV monitoring can improve the care of these patients. In the SVOC and IOT samples, the bone marrow presented a higher number of cell populations with viral replication, especially the progenitor B cells and the dendritic cells. However, due to the conditions of specimen collection and processing, the major permissible cell could not be clearly identified, thus making it necessary to collect a larger number of SVOC samples
316

Reconstitution immunitaire et immunothérapie adoptive anti-virales après allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoiétiques / Anti-viral immune reconstitution and adoptive immunotherapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Rothé, Lamia 23 July 2010 (has links)
L’allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) est un traitement efficace des Hémopathies malignes. Cependant, les complications des allogreffes parmi lesquelles les infections virales sont associées parfois à une morbidité et une mortalité importantes. Ces infections surviennent en l’absence de reconstitution immunitaire. Un monitoring régulier de la charge virale des principaux agents infectieux impliqués est réalisé mais amène parfois à la mise en oeuvre abusive de traitements anti-viraux qui ne sont pas dénués de toxicité.Dans ce travail, nous proposons d’associer à ce monitoring un suivi régulier de la reconstitution immunitaire spécifique afin de cibler parmi les patients présentant une réactivation ceux qui nécessitent un traitement curatif de ceux qui pourront maîtriser l’infection par leur système immunitaire. Nous illustrons ce propos avec le virus d’Epstein Barr (EBV) et avons en cours une étude sur l’Adénovirus (ADV).Dans certains cas parfaitement ciblés, les traitements anti-viraux s’avèrent inefficaces. C’est pourquoi dans ce travail, nous présentons la mise au point d’une technique de grade clinique de production de lymphocytes T cytotoxiques anti-ADV (CTL anti-ADV) en condition GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice), grâce au système CliniMACS et au Cytokine Capture System de Miltenyi, afin de proposer une immunothérapie adoptive.Nous décrivons par la suite trois expériences cliniques de traitement compassionnel d’une infection ADV post-allogreffe de CSH. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats préliminaires de la production de CTL bispécifique anti-ADV et CMV / Hematopoietic stem cells Transplantation (HSCT) is a well recognized strategy for treatment of haematological malignancies. However, HSCT complications among which the viral infections a reassociated with high morbidity and mortality. These infections arise in the absence of immune reconstitution. Monitoring of viral reactivations after allogeneic HSCT is necessary, to identify patients at risk of viral infections, but not sufficient, as patients may be abusively treated. In this work we propose to combine viral DNA load assessment with specific immune monitoring to target patients who need to be treated. We report a retrospective study investigating EBV infection and EBV-specific immune recovery using the functional IFN Elispot assay in 40 allogeneic HSCT patients. We initiated a similar study with ADV which is pending. However, although patients are correctly targeted, anti-viral treatment is sometimes not effective. We present a study on the development of a complete clinical grade generation of Human anti-Adenovirus cytotoxic T cells in GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) conditions, thanks to the system CliniMACS and the Cytokine Capture System, to propose an adoptive immunotherapy to the recipient.We describe afterwards three clinical experiments of treatment of an ADV infection after HSCT.Finally, we present the preliminary results of the anti-ADV and -CMV bi-specific CTL production.
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Immunothérapie adoptive pour le traitement des infections à Adénovirus réfractaires après allogreffes de Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques : de la recherche fondamentale à la recherche clinique / Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy for the treatment of refractory Adenovirus infections after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation : From bench to bedside

Qian, Chongsheng 14 June 2017 (has links)
L’allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) est un des seuls traitements curatifs des hémopathies bénignes ou malignes et des déficits immunitaires primitifs. Cependant, les infections notamment virales ainsi que la réaction du greffon contre l’hôte comptent parmi les complications les plus fréquentes des allogreffes associées à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées. Les infections virales surviennent souvent en l’absence de reconstitution immunitaire spécifique dans un contexte d’immunosuppression liée à la GVHD elle-même ou à la prophylaxie ou au traitement de la GVHD. Les traitements médicamenteux anti-viraux préconisés présentent une efficacité inconstante dans ce contexte d’immunodéficience et ne sont pas dénués de toxicité. L’alternative thérapeutique prometteuse est l’immunothérapie adoptive cellulaire notamment celle qui consiste en l’injection de lymphocytes T spécifiques anti-viraux isolés par technique immunomagnétique (VSTs). Cependant, ces lymphocytes T peuvent être la cible des traitements immunosuppresseurs administrés pour la GVHD mais également par eux-mêmes être potentiellement la cause de la survenue ou de la réactivation d’une GVHD. Nous avons montré dans ce travail que l’efficacité des VSTs, qui repose sur leur expansion in vivo lors de la rencontre avec le virus circulant, est principalement permise par les sous-populations lymphocytaires les plus immatures, même si elles ne sont présentes qu’en faible proportion. Nous défendons dans ce travail le fait que l’efficacité des VST ainsi que leur persistance repose prioritairement sur la présence des sous-populations lymphocytaires T les plus immatures et ce quel que soit le degré de compatibilité HLA entre les VSTs et le receveur. De plus, leur sensibilité modérée aux corticoïdes, que nous avons étudiée in vitro, ne justifie pas la modulation de l’immunosuppression lors de l’injection des ADV-VSTs, comme observé in vivo dans le protocole clinique multicentrique de phase I/II que nous avons mené entre 2012 et 2015. En effet, ce protocole clinique ne rapporte aucune GVHD de novo après injection d’ADV-VSTs ; en revanche, la modulation de l’immunosuppression peut potentiellement être incriminée dans la réactivation de GVHD dans les semaines suivant l’injection des ADV-VSTs. La réalisation d’un essai comparatif de phase II permettra de prouver très clairement le rôle des VSTs dans la réactivation de GVHD. / Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is one of the only curative treatments for benign or malignant hematological diseases and primary immune deficiencies. However, viral infections and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are among the most frequent complications after HSCT associated with high morbidity and mortality. Viral infections often occur in the absence of specific immune reconstitution in the context of immunosuppression related to GVHD itself or to the prophylaxis or treatment of GVHD. The recommended anti-viral drug treatments have an inconsistent efficacy in this context of immunodeficiency and are not devoid of toxicity. The promising therapeutic alternative is adoptive immunotherapy, in particular the infusion of specific anti-viral T lymphocytes isolated by immunomagnetic technique (VSTs). However, these T lymphocytes may be targeted by immunosuppressive treatments administered for GVHD, but also may be the cause of the onset or reactivation of GVHD. We have shown in this work that the efficacy of VSTs, which is based on their in vivo expansion when they encounter the circulating virus, is mainly allowed by the most immature lymphocyte subpopulations, even in a small proportion. We argue in this work that the efficacy of VSTs and their persistence is mainly based on the presence of the most immature T lymphocyte subpopulations and this regardless of the degree of HLA compatibility between the VSTs and the recipient. Moreover, their moderate sensitivity to corticosteroids, which we have studied in vitro, does not justify the modulation of immunosuppression at the time of infusion of ADV-VSTs, as observed in vivo in the multicenter phase I / II clinical trial we conducted between 2012 and 2015. Indeed, this clinical trial does not report any de novo GVHD after ADV-VSTs infusion. On the other hand, modulation of immunosuppression may potentially be incriminated in the reactivation of GVHD within weeks of ADV-VST infusion. A Phase II comparative trial will bring the evidence of efficacy and will clearly determine the role of VSTs in the reactivation of GVHD
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Reconstrução de defeitos ósseos cranianos em ratos com células-tronco de polpa dentária humana: estudo experimental de neoformação óssea / Reconstruction of cranial defects in rats with human dental pulp stem cells: experimental design of bone regeneration

Costa, André de Mendonça 15 December 2009 (has links)
Os defeitos da calota craniana causados por traumas severos, neoplasias, cirurgias ou deformidades congênitas representam um grande desafio para os cirurgiões. O uso de enxertia óssea autóloga continua sendo o método de tratamento padrão ouro, embora apresente morbidade na área doadora e seja considerado insuficiente para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Recentemente, com o advento da bioengenharia tecidual, novas expectativas surgiram na regeneração óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo experimental em ratos para o estudo de deformidades craniofaciais e verificar se as células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos seriam capazes de regenerar defeitos críticos em calota craniana de ratos não imunossuprimidos. Foram realizados dois defeitos ósseos de espessura total com diâmetro de 5 x 8 mm na região biparietal. O lado esquerdo foi preenchido com membrana de colágeno, enquanto o lado direito com membrana de colágeno associada a células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos. Essas células foram caracterizadas previamente in vitro como células mesenquimais. A eutanásia dos animais foi realizada no 7º, 21º, 30º e 60º dia de pós-operatório e amostras de tecido ósseo foram extraídas para realização da análise histológica. A análise da presença de células humanas no novo osso formado foi confirmada através do estudo molecular. A linhagem de células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos foi positiva para células-tronco mesenquimais e sua diferenciação em tecido ósseo também foi evidenciada in vitro. Foi observada a formação óssea após 21 dias de cirurgia nos dois lados, sendo o lado direito um osso mais maduro. A reação da cadeia de polimerase para DNA humano foi amplificada apenas no lado direito demonstrando que existiam células humanas nesse novo osso formado. O uso de células-tronco de dentes decíduos humanas em ratos não imunossuprimidos não evidenciou rejeição durante o período estudado. Os achados sugerem que o modelo experimental descrito poderá ser utilizado para o estudo dos defeitos ósseos cranianos em cirurgia craniofacial e que o uso de células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos associado à membrana de colágeno parece representar uma importante estratégia para a reconstrução de tecidos ósseos e seu uso pode ser considerado uma opção para o reparo de grandes defeitos ósseos cranianos. / Repair of bone defects caused by severe trauma, resection of tumors, and congenital deformity remains a big challenge to surgeons. As a gold standard for the treatment of bone defects in clinic, autologous bone grafts are usually limited by considerable donor site mobility and available supply of tissue that can be harvested. Recently, tissue engineering has become a promising approach for bone regeneration. The main aim of this study is to create an experimental surgical protocol and evaluate the capacity of human dental pulp stem cells isolated from deciduous teeth, to reconstruct critical size cranial bone defects in nonimmunosuppressed rats. Bilateral 5 x 8 mm cranial full-thickness defects of parietal bone were created. The left side was supplied with collagen membrane only and the right side with collagen membrane and human dental pulp stem cells. Cells were used after in vitro characterization as mesenchymal cells. Animals were euthanized at 7, 21, 30 and 60 days postoperatively and cranial tissue samples were taken from the defects for histologic analysis. Analysis of the presence of human cells in the new bone was confirmed by molecular analysis. The human dental pulp stem cells lineage was positive for the four mesenchymal cell markers tested and showed osteogenic in vitro differentiation. The bone formation was observed 21 days after surgery on both sides, but a more mature bone was present in the right side. Human DNA was polymerase chain reaction-amplified only at the right side, indicating that this new bone had human cells. The use of human dental pulp stem cells in nonimmunosuppressed rats did not cause any graft rejection during this period. Our findings suggest that surgical protocol created may ultimately be used in experimental studies of cranial bone defects in craniofacial surgery and the use of human dental pulp stem cells together with collagen membrane seems to be a promising strategy for in vivo bone tissue reconstruction and their use might provide an option to repair human large cranial bone defects.
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Medidas utilizadas na prevenção de infecções em transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas: evidências para a prática / Infection prevention measures used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: evidences for practice

Garbin, Livia Maria 30 June 2010 (has links)
O transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) consiste em um procedimento complexo e relacionado à ocorrência de diversas complicações, dentre elas os processos infecciosos decorrentes do longo período de imunossupressão vivenciado após a instituição do regime de condicionamento. Inúmeras medidas têm sido empregadas visando à prevenção e controle de infecções, porém, observam-se divergências em relação à utilização das mesmas; sendo que o emprego da prática baseada em evidências possibilita ao profissional tomar decisões em relação à sua prática fundamentadas em resultados de pesquisas científicas atuais. Esta revisão integrativa da literatura teve como objetivo identificar e avaliar as evidências disponíveis na literatura e publicadas nos últimos 20 anos em relação ao uso de três medidas de prevenção de infecção em pacientes submetidos ao TCTH durante o período de internação: uso de filtros de ar de alta eficiência, isolamento protetor e máscaras. Para a seleção dos artigos foram utilizadas as bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL, EMBASE e a Biblioteca Cochrane. A amostra foi composta por 15 estudos, sendo que apenas um apresentou nível de evidência forte (nível I), dois apresentaram nível de evidência moderado (nível IV e V) e doze consistiram em estudos com evidências fracas (nível VI e VII). Dez estudos abordaram a utilização dos filtros HEPA, sendo recomendado seu emprego para pacientes submetidos ao transplante alogênico durante o período de neutropenia. A necessidade de seu uso para pacientes submetidos ao transplante autólogo ainda é controversa. Nove trabalhos abordaram o uso do isolamento protetor e, embora alguns autores relatem que o emprego do mesmo parece apresentar benefícios quando não se dispõe de filtros HEPA, a utilização desta medida já não é mais indicada tanto pelos Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) quanto pela maioria dos estudos analisados. Em relação à utilização de máscaras por pacientes, profissionais de saúde ou visitantes dentro das unidades de internação para TCTH, não foram encontrados estudos com evidências fortes que justifiquem o seu uso. No entanto, recomenda-se que sejam seguidas as diretrizes dos CDC quanto ao uso de respiradores especiais (como as máscaras N95) pelos pacientes imunocomprometidos submetidos ao TCTH ao deixar a unidade de transplante provida de filtro HEPA quando próximo a ela houver áreas de construção/reforma ou atividades geradoras de poeira. Embora os dados evidenciados auxiliem na tomada de decisão para a implementação da assistência de enfermagem a estes pacientes, verificou-se a necessidade de realização de estudos com nível de evidência forte que comprovem ou refutem a efetividade destas medidas. / Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a complex procedure related to the occurrence of different complications, including infectious processes deriving from the long period of immunosuppression experienced after the establishment of the conditioning regimen. Countless measures have been used for infection prevention and control, but divergences are observed with regard to their use; evidence-based practice allows professionals to make decisions for practice based on current scientific research results. This integrative literature review aimed to identify and assess evidence available in literature and published in the last 20 years about the use of three infection prevention measures in patients submitted to HSCT during hospitalization: use of high-efficiency air filters, protective isolation and masks. LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were used to select the articles. The sample comprised 15 studies, only one of which presented strong evidence (level I), while two presented moderate evidence (levels IV and V) and twelve were studies with weak evidence (levels VI and VII). Ten studies discussed the use of HEPA filters, recommended for patients submitted to allogeneic transplantation during the neutropenia period. It remains controversial whether these filters need to be used for patients submitted to autologous transplant. Nine studies addressed the use of protective isolation and, although some authors report that using this measure can be beneficial when HEPA filters are unavailable, neither the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) nor by most of the studies under analysis indicate it any longer. With regard to the use of masks by patients, health professionals or visitors inside HSCT hospitalization units, no studies with strong evidence were found that justify its use. However, it is recommended that CDC recommendations be followed regarding the use of special respirators (like N95 masks) by immunocompromised patients submitted to HSCT when they leave the transplantation unit with a HEPA filter in case of nearby construction/reform areas or activities that generate dust. Although the evidenced data support decision making with a view to nursing care delivery to these patients, research with strong evidence is needed to prove or reject the efficacy of these measures.
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Efeito das células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPS) no tratamento da insuficiência renal crônica experimental

Dias, Cinthia 25 August 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2016-06-21T17:12:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cinthiadias_dissert.pdf: 1995817 bytes, checksum: 27317444195c0604e0ed14f9ac182ee5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T17:12:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cinthiadias_dissert.pdf: 1995817 bytes, checksum: 27317444195c0604e0ed14f9ac182ee5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP / Introduction: Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy to repair or delay the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) can be a therapeutic alternative due to their differentiation potential. Objectives: 1- To modify genetically stem cells from mice´s fibroblasts with lentiviral vectors containing transcription factors, transforming differentiated cells into iPS; 2- To evaluate the effect of iPS in the experimental IRC progression of IRC induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (CRF-5/6). Materials and Methods: The animals were divided according to the type of cell therapy received from extracted mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow (MSC) or iPS and compared with CRF group 5/6 without treatment. Assessment of renal function was carried out during baseline and after 60 days. Additionally expression of genes, VEGF, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-10 were quantified in the kidney tissue, and also the analysis of implanted cell migration through the SRY gene. Immunohistochemical study evaluated the expression of CD68, α-SMA, TGF-β, PCNA and VEGF markers. Results: A significant decrease was observed in creatinine variation (p<0.05) and plasma urea (p<0.01) in animals treated with MSC and a 33%-decrease in plasma creatinine levels of animals treated with iPS cells, although non- significant when compared to the control group. The 24-hour proteinuria was significantly reduced only in the iPS group (p<0.0001). Significant improvement was observed in creatinine clearance in both treatments (p<0.04). Disease progression measured by the clearance decline rate was significantly lower only in the MSC group (p<0.05) and the urinary osmolality was similar in both treated groups. There was an increase in the expression of TGF- β gene in iPS group when compared to the control group (p<0.05) and VEGF expression in the groups treated with iPS and MSC (p<0.05). IL-6 and IL-10 showed similar expression levels in both treated groups (p=NS). Immunohistochemical analysis showed fewer macrophages and decreased cell proliferative activity (PCNA) in the iPS group p<0.05. Histological analysis showed a significant decrease in glomerulosclerosis in both treatment groups (p<0.01), tubular atrophy was similar in all groups . Leukocyte infiltration was reduced in both treatments when compared to CRF group. The SRY gene was detected in 5 out of 8 (62.5%) mice that were treated with iPS. After 60 days the tumor formations were observed in animals in which SRY gene was detected. Conclusions: MSC therapy is effective in delaying the progression of CKD. Treatment with iPS also improves some parameters of renal function but this assessment can be difficult since the onset of tumor formations; thus some care is necessary with this type of cells. / Introdução: A terapia com células-tronco (CT) é uma estratégia promissora para reparar ou retardar a progressão da insuficiência renal crônica (IRC). As células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPS) podem ser uma alternativa terapêutica, em virtude de seu potencial de diferenciação. Objetivos: 1) Modificar geneticamente células de fibroblastos de ratos com vetores lentivirais contendo fatores de transcrição, transformando essas células diferenciadas em iPS; 2) Avaliar o efeito das iPS e CTM na progressão da IRC experimental induzida pela nefrectomia 5/6 (CRF5/6). Materiais e Métodos: Os animais foram divididos conforme o tipo de terapia celular recebida (célula-tronco mesenquimal extraída da medula óssea (CTM) ou com iPS) e comparados com o grupo CRF5/6. A avaliação da função renal foi realizada no período basal e após 60 dias. Adicionalmente foi quantificada a expressão dos genes, VEGF, IL-6, TGF-β e IL-10 no tecido renal e estudada a migração das células implantadas contendo o gene SRY. O estudo imunohistoquímico avaliou a expressão de marcadores CD68, α-SMA, TGF-β, PCNA e VEGF. Resultados: Redução significativa foi observada na variação da creatinina (p<0,05) e ureia plasmática (p<0,01) dos animais tratados com CTM e uma diminuição de 33% dos níveis de creatinina plasmática nos animais tratados com células iPS, porém sem significância estatística quando comparada ao grupo controle. A proteinúria de 24 horas foi reduzida somente no grupo iPS (p=0,0001) e houve melhora significativa no clearance de creatinina com ambos tratamentos (p=0,04). A progressão da doença, medida pela taxa de declínio do clearance de creatinina, foi significativamente lentificada somente no grupo CTM (p=0,04) e a osmolalidade urinária foi similar em ambos os grupos tratados. Houve aumento na expressão do gene TGF-β no grupo iPS quando comparado ao grupo controle (p=0,01) e da expressão de VEGF nos grupos tratados com iPS e CTM (p=0,01). IL-6 e IL-10 mostraram níveis de expressão semelhantes em ambos os grupos tratados (p=NS). A análise imunohistoquímica demonstrou menor número de macrófagos e diminuição da atividade proliferativa celular (PCNA) no grupo iPS p<0,05. A analise histológica mostrou diminuição significativa da glomeruloesclerose em ambos grupos tratados (p<0,01), a atrofia tubular foi semelhante nos três grupos. A infiltração leucocitária foi reduzida em ambos os tratamentos, quando comparados ao grupo CRF. O gene SRY foi detectado em 5 de 8 (62,5%) ratos que receberam tratamento com iPS. Após 60 dias foram observadas as formações tumorais nos respectivos animais em que o gene SRY foi detectado. Conclusões: A terapia com CTM é eficiente para retardar a progressão da IRC. Tratamento com iPS também melhora alguns parâmetros da função renal, mas o aparecimento de formações tumorais dificulta essa avaliação e requer cuidados com esse tipo de célula.

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