This study investigates the effect of leverage on stock returns on Swedishlisted firms (Large and Mid-cap). Stock returns have been calculated, andleverage ratios have been collected through Datastream. The results contradictfundamental theories on capital structure. According to the fundamentaltheories there should be a positive relationship, but the result of this studysuggests that the relationship is negative.

No description available.

Bakgrund: På senare år har Pilotskolan blivit ett hett samtalsämne inom aktieanalys. Pilotskolan definieras av att ledande befattningshavare äger en betydande del av aktierna i bolaget, således bidrar ledningen med ett ekonomiskt engagemang och anses vara ett incitament för värdemaximering för bolagets aktieägare. Tidigare forskning är oense om större insiderägande har en positiv eller negativ effekt på avkastning Däremot råder det en avsaknad av tidigare forskning kring fenomenet i en svensk kontext. Därför är det av stort intresse att undersöka hur sambandet mellan VD-ägande och historisk avkastning faktiskt ser ut. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan insiderägande i form av VD-ägande och historisk avkastning för bolag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen (OMXSPI) under tidsperioden 2016-12-31 – 2021-12-31. Metod: Studien har använt sig av en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats. Det slutgiltiga urvalet analyserades med hjälp av variabler som har sin grund i teoretiskt etablerad effekt på aktieavkastning. Studien använde sig av balanserade paneldata och resultatet har producerats med hjälp av panelregressioner. Resultat: Studiens slutgiltiga panelregression visade på ett starkt positivt signifikant samband mellan VD-ägande och avkastning. Vidare visade resultatet på att det positiva sambandet bara gäller upp till en viss nivå för att sedan ha en signifikant negativ påverkan på avkastningen. Resultatet är i linje med en del tidigare forskning inom ämnet som har gjorts på andra marknader. Författarna kunde därför utifrån resultatet fastställa att VD- ägande påverkar avkastningen i en svensk kontext och utvärdering av ägarstruktur bör därför vara en parameter vid bolagsanalyser. / Background: Pilot-school as a phenomenon has become a hot topic in stock analysis as of late. The Pilot-school is defined as senior executives owning a considerable amount of the shares in their company, where the management contributes with a financial commitment and is considered an incentive for maximizing shareholder value. Previous studies disagree on whether insider-ownership has a positive or negative effect on stock- returns. However, there is a lack of research within the field in a Swedish context. Accordingly, it is of great interest to examine the actual relationship between CEO- ownership and historical stock-returns. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine if there exists a relationship between insider- ownership in form of CEO-ownership and historical stock-returns on companies listed on the OMXSPI during the period 2016-12-31 – 2021-12-31. Methodology: The study has utilized a quantitative research strategy with a deductive approach. The final selection was analyzed using variables with theoretically established effects on stock-returns. The study used balanced panel data and the result was produced with the aid of multiple panel regression. Results: The final panel regression model exhibited a strong positive significant relationship between CEO-ownership and stock-returns. Additionally, the results showed that the positive relationship is applicable only up to a certain level and after that level CEO-ownership has a significant negative relationship with stock-returns. The results are in line with some previous studies within the field. The authors could therefore establish that CEO-ownership affects stock-returns and an evaluation of ownership structure should be a parameter when performing a company analysis.

No description available.

Nowadays, the value creation and measurement of the economic performances have changed from traditional ways of maximizing shareholder’s wealth to maximizing stakeholder’s wealth. Companies are responsible for creating value not only for their organizationsbut also for the society as a whole because CSR issues attract a global attention and most countries are urging the companies to follow sustainable ways. In Nordic countries, Sweden is well known as a pioneer for sustainability and all the CSR activities aredisclosed in Sustainability or CSR reports. Although there are many researches related to the impacts of sustainability reporting and CSR performance on firm’s growth or financial performance, a research examining the relationship between CSR performance and stock price volatility of the companies cannot be found. Therefore, we aim to investigate the impact of the residual sustainability which is one of the dimensions to measure sustainability, on stock behaviorsand formulated the research question:What is the impact of Residual Sustainability on stock behaviors?The purpose of the thesis is to find out how residual sustainability is allocated in terms of monetary value, and whether this allocation of resources creates value for the shareholders or not. This leads to investigate the stock price volatility against the size of residual sustainability of the companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. In adopting research methodology, we followed functionalist paradigm through the assumptions: regulatory side undersociology, objectivism under ontology, positivism under epistemology, and positivism under axiologybecause we consider that companies are rational entities and aim to provide rational explanation of whether residual sustainability haspossible impacts to stock behaviors or not. We answered the research question by adopting deductive approach. Based on exploratory and explanatory research, we designed archival research method to perform quantitative analysis in a cross-sectional study. We developed our theoretical framework based on Sustainable Enterprise Theory, Legitimacy Theory, Shareholder Theory, Stakeholder Theory and Resource-based view Theory and the analysis was conducted and discussed by relating with those theories. We extracted the data from EikonDataStream for years 2015, 2016 and 2017. We used different statistical methods to test normality of our variables, and run the tests with multilinear regression model to address our research question. The result indicates that there is no statistically significant relationship between residual sustainability and stock behaviorswithin the specific time frame. The possible reason is that the stock price is well adjusted before creating stock volatility because the sustainability in Sweden is likely to be predicted for the future. Secondly, most of the Swedish companies are fully utilized the residual fund for innovation, talent retention, research and development and other purposes and thereby it may create delay adjustment on stock price until value creation for organizationis generated.

Le Bris a collecté environ 200 000 données sur les actions françaises entre 1854 et 1988 pour construire un indice de performances.Différents biais qui surestimaient la rentabilité dans les indices français existants sont identifiés. D’autres probables cas à l’étranger sont présentés.Sur le long terme, les actions offrent une meilleure rentabilité que les autres actifs mais sans prime particulière.Par rapport aux actions américaines, les françaises sous-performent y compris durant les périodes de paix.Le marché est très sensible aux changements de gouvernements et surperforme sous ceux de gauche.Une nouvelle méthode de détection des krachs est proposée. Elle identifie des krachs cohérents avec l’histoire.Les entreprises de services dominent la capitalisation boursière de manière quasi-continue depuis 1854.La rationalité des investissements en emprunts russes avant 1914 est démontrée grâce à une optimisation de portefeuille parmi les actifs français (action, obligation, rente) et huit emprunts d’Etats étrangers.Une nouvelle méthode de décomposition du bénéfice de diversification est proposée ; les investisseurs français étaient attirés par la faible corrélation plus que par les rentabilités étrangères supérieures avant 1914.Les actions françaises et américaines présentent une hausse de corrélation sur le long terme probablement suivant l’intégration des économies. Ainsi, l’incitation à diversifier internationalement a baissé.Le risque de marché enregistre une forte hausse durant l’entre-deux-guerres et le niveau pré-1914 n’est jamais retrouvé. Il semble lié à la fin du Gold Standard, à l’inflation et aux déficits publics.Conséquence de la hausse de ce risque commun, la corrélation entre actions françaises augmente, réduisant l’effet de diversification domestique ; a l’opposé un « super effet portefeuille » est identifiée avant 1914. / Le Bris, collecting about 200,000 data on French stocks from 1854 to 1988, builds a performance index. Several biases leading to overestimate the returns in prior French indices are demonstrated, as well as other probable examples across the globe.Over the long run, French stocks provide a better return than other assets, but without any excessive premium.Compared to US stocks, French stocks have underperformed since 1914, including during the periods of peace.The French stock market is highly sensitive to governmental changes, and overperforms under the left ones.A new method to identify market crashes is proposed. This method identifies crashes that are consistent withhistory.Firms from service industries have almost always dominated market capitalization since 1854.The rationality of the French investments in Russian bonds, before 1914, is demonstrated thanks to a portfoliooptimization among French assets (stock, bonds and corporate bonds) and eight international state bonds.A new method to decompose the benefit of diversification is proposed; before 1914, French investors wereclearly attracted by low foreign correlation rather than higher foreign returns.French and US stocks present a long-term rise in correlation, probably following the economic integration.Thus, the incentive to diversify through international markets has decreased.The market risk exhibits a significant rise during the interwar-period, and the pre-1914 level is never reachedagain. This risk appears to be linked to the end of the Gold Standard, the inflation rate and the public deficits.The consequence of the rise of this common risk is that the correlation among French stocks trend upwards, andthen, reduce the domestic portfolio effect; reversely, before 1914, a “super portfolio effect” is identified.

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of implementing the static and dynamic volatility interruption rule on idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns in Nasdaq Stockholm. Using EGARCH and GARCH models to estimate the conditional idiosyncratic volatility, we find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns increase as stock prices hit the upper static or dynamic volatility interruption limits. Conversely, we find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns decrease as stock prices hit the lower static or dynamic volatility interruption limit. We also find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility is higher when stock prices reach the upper dynamic limit than when they reach the upper static limit. Furthermore, we compare the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns on the limit hit days to the day before and after the limit hit events and find that the conditional idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns are more volatile on the limits hit days. To test the volatility spill-over hypothesis, we set a range of a two-day window after limit hit events and find no evidence for volatility spill-over one or two days after the limit hit event, indicating that the static and dynamic volatility interruption rule is effective in curbing the volatility. Finally, we sort stocks by their size and find that small market cap stocks gain higher returns than larger market cap stocks upon reaching the upper limits, both static and dynamic.

本文嘗試放寬 Black-Scholes 模型中對股價分配所做的假設，並利用風險中立評價法的觀念，推導出另一具有封閉解的評價公式。不同於以往的是，本文並不採取以過去的股票價格來做為模型中參數估計的依據，而是直接使用認購權證的市場價格去估計模型參數，希冀從權證價格中淬取出投資人心中所認為的股價分配，並進一步做為預測以後權證價格的資訊。 經過本文分別採取個股型的認購權證--大華 01 與類股型的認購權證-寶來 02 做為實證的資料，以評估新模型與 Black-Scholes 模型的表現後發現新模型在認購權證價格的解釋與預測上均有優於 Black-Sholes 模型的表現；且以大華 01 與寶來 02 的標的股票而言，其機率分配應該不符合對數常態分配的假設，在右尾處有胖尾的現象；以及將新模型使用在類股型的認購權證比將其使用在個股型認購權證於認購權證的價格解釋與預測尚可獲得較大的改善。 / The study tries to release the stock price distribution in Black-Scholes model, and use the risk-neutral valuation technique to construct another pricing formula which also has closed form. Then we use the warrants' market price to estimate the parameters in order to recovering the information contained in warrant price about market participant's perceptions of the distribution of the underlying asset. We choose two warrants' data to gauge our model. One is cathay01, another is polaris 02. In the application to the warrant market, we find that the new formula has a better performance than the Black-Scholes model, and the price distributions of the two warrants' underlining assets are not log-normal distribution, they both have a flat right-tail. We also find that using the new formula in polaris02 can have a better improvement in interpretation or forecasting warrants' price than using in chthay01.

<p>Bakgrund: Redovisningsinformation är en informationskälla för främst aktieägare och långivare. Investerare använder informationen för att kunna göra prognoser för framtida kassaflöden och därigenom prissätta aktier i syfte att uppnå lönsamma, långsiktiga placeringar på aktiemarknaden. Kan en investerare få hjälp av företagens redovisning för att öka värdet på sin placering?</p><p>Syfte: Att undersöka sambandet mellan räntabilitet på eget kapital och aktiers effektiva avkastning</p><p>Avgränsningar: Studien omfattar tiden 1997 till 2004 och baseras på företag tillhörande branschen Konsumentvaror, enligt tidningen Affärsvärldens branschindelning.</p><p>Genomförande: Sambandet mellan parametrarna utvärderas med hjälp av regressionsanalys. För varje år utförs regressioner för att fastställa förklaringsgrad, lutningskoefficient samt regressionens signifikans. Eftersom undersökningsperioden sammanfaller med den kraftiga börsnedgången på aktiemarknaden studeras dess påverkan på prognostillförlitligheten. Detta undersöks genom att dela in undersökningsperioden i tre tidsperioder, före under och efter nedgången.</p><p>Slutsats: Det som kan sägas är att räntabilitetsprognoserna, under vår undersökningsperiod, inte var ett bra mått att se till för att förutsäga aktiers verkliga avkastning. Orsakerna till den negativa kopplingen mellan aktiemarknaden och redovisningen kan endast spekuleras i och kan bero på psykologiska fenomen, investerarnas försummelse av räntabilitetsprognoserna eller att prognoserna redan vid publiceringstillfället var diskonterade i aktiekurserna.</p> / <p>Background: Accounting is a source of information mainly aimed for shareholders and lenders. Investors use the information to create forecasts for future cash flows and in that way to price shares in purpose to achieve profitable, long-term investments on the stock market. Is it possible for an investor to get help from the accounting to increase the value of their investment?</p><p>Purpose: To examine the relation between return on owners’ equity and stock return.</p><p>Limitation: The examined period is between 1997 and 2004 and comprises the companies that according to the magazine Affärsvärlden belong to the branch Consumer goods.</p><p>Realization: The relation between parameters is evaluated by regression analysis. The regressions are performed for each examined year to get explanatory power, regression coefficient and significance. Because the examined period coincident with the stock market decline, we have studied this influence on the forecasts reliability. We have examined this by splitting the examine period into three parts: before, during and after the stock market decline.</p><p>Results: The forecasts of return on equity were not a good measure to predict the stock return. The causes to the negative connection between the stock market and accounting can just be speculated. It can depend on the psychological phenomenon, the ignorance of the forecasts by the investors or because that forecasts at the moment they are published already were included in the stock prices.</p>

Portfolio optimisation has a number of constraints resulting from some practical matters and regulations. The closed-form mathematical solution of portfolio optimisation problems usually cannot include these constraints. Exhaustive search to reach the exact solution can take prohibitive amount of computational time. Portfolio optimisation models are also usually impaired by the estimation error problem caused by lack of ability to predict the future accurately. A number of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms are proposed to solve the problem with two objectives subject to cardinality constraints, floor constraints and round-lot constraints. Fuzzy logic is incorporated into the Vector Evaluated Genetic Algorithm (VEGA) to but solutions tend to cluster around a few points. Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) gives solutions which are evenly distributed portfolio along the effective front while MOGA is more time efficient. An Evolutionary Artificial Neural Network (EANN) is proposed. It automatically evolves the ANN's initial values and structures hidden nodes and layers. The EANN gives a better performance in stock return forecasts in comparison with those of Ordinary Least Square Estimation and of Back Propagation and Elman Recurrent ANNs. Adaptation algorithms for selecting a pair of forecasting models, which are based on fuzzy logic-like rules, are proposed to select best models given an economic scenario. Their predictive performances are better than those of the comparing forecasting models. MOGA and SPEA2 are modified to include a third objective to handle model risk and are evaluated and tested for their performances. The result shows that they perform better than those without the third objective.