Big-box Urban Mixed-use Developments (BUMDs) are mixed-use developments with a consistent typology that incorporate big-box retailers in a central role. They are also becoming popular in the Atlanta region. While BUMDs serve an important economic role, they also cause issues with stormwater. This study explores integrating a on-site approach to stormwater management into the design of BUMDs. These new designs not only significantly lower the amount of stormwater run-off, but also have potential for better, more attractive, developments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissATH.pdf: 18368287 bytes, checksum: b45251643897100029d341df26cf3598 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-31 / The current projects of rainwater plumbing systems are extremely simple and present only one exclusive concern: to divert the rainfall from the place where it occurs to the drainage public system. In general, it s possible to verify that they do not attend even the word semantic meaning. The no existence of a coordinated set of action aiming at ampler results makes rainwater plumbing system unconcerned with the surrounding area, not composing harmonically with the urban site in particular, and the environment as a general form. Generally, designers expect only rainwater goes toward out of the site, and that is a good result of a good system. Due the lack of attention to the impact that generates and does harm to society, they ignore its potential as instrument of water building conservation. They do not assess correctly its capacity as a source of supply of so expensive and scarce water, according with its necessities, conveniences or limitations that can exist. Therefore, the goal of this study is to propose a new function for the rainwater plumbing system, in special for Ribeirão Preto municipal school buildings, becoming it from a passive to an active system of environment protection. With a proper and molded conception for this new proposal, the system must contemplate the aspects related to the reduction of the impacts caused by the civil construction activities on urban sites, its preservation and providing environment education for people and also, as an worthy water building management tool. / Os atuais projetos dos sistemas prediais de água pluvial são em sua grande maioria, extremamente simples, apresentando uma única e exclusiva preocupação: a transferência da precipitação do local onde ocorre para o sistema público de drenagem, constituído por sarjetas, galerias e por fim, os córregos e rios. Verifica-se que, em geral, não atendem nem ao sentido semântico da palavra sistema. A inexistência de um conjunto coordenado de ações visando um resultado mais amplo faz com que o sistema predial de água pluvial se dissocie de seu entorno, sem se compor harmônicamente com o meio urbano em particular, e o meio natural de uma forma geral. Na concepção atual de seus projetistas, o simples encaminhamento destas águas para fora da edificação é o resultado esperado de um bom sistema. Alheios ao impacto que gera e que penaliza a socidade, passam ao largo de seu potencial como instrumento de conservação de água nas edificações. Ignoram sua capacidade de suprir as mesmas com tão caro e cada vez mais escasso recurso, de acordo com as necessidades, conveniências ou limitações que possam existir. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste na proposição de uma nova função para o sistema predial de água pluvial, em especial nas escolas muncipais de Ribeirão Preto, transformando-o de um sistema passivo de captação e drenagem em um sistema ativo de conservação ambiental. Com uma concepção própria e moldada para esta nova proposta, o sistema deve contemplar os aspectos relacionados à redução dos impactos causados pela ocupação do solo no meio urbano, à preservação e educação ambiental e também, à gestão da oferta de água nas edificações.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-27T14:52:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Danniel_Araujo_Versão_Final_CORRIGIDA_19_12.pdf: 7286311 bytes, checksum: 340b8aee0cbc2095c53a285cd4de9012 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T14:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Danniel_Araujo_Versão_Final_CORRIGIDA_19_12.pdf: 7286311 bytes, checksum: 340b8aee0cbc2095c53a285cd4de9012 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / CAPES / CNPQ / A urbanização altera significativamente os processos de escoamento natural da bacia hidrográfica, com aumento do volume das águas pluviais escoadas superficialmente, incremento das vazões de pico dos corpos hídricos, degradação da qualidade da água e geração de sedimentos. Neste contexto, a gestão das águas pluviais surge como uma alternativa para resolução de conflitos relativos a quantidade/qualidade destes recursos (conflitos de primeira ordem). No entanto, devido essa gestão exigir a participação de vários setores da sociedade, pode vir a gerar conflitos devido à falta/inadequação do arranjo institucional responsável por essa gestão (conflitos de segunda ordem). Diante desta problemática, é possível observar a importância exercida pelo contexto legal, institucional e socioeconômico e da visão global do sistema envolvido para a tomada de decisão. Esta tese, portanto, concebe uma metodologia para apoio à decisão na gestão das águas pluviais urbanas combinando métodos multicriterial e multidecisor, a qual se constitui em quatro etapas: (i) investigação dos parâmetros iniciais; (ii) avaliação dos métodos multicriteriais AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) e o PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations) (iv) avaliação do método multidecisor COPELAND simulando a gestão participativa com a implantação do comitê de rio urbano; (iv) obtenção do subconjunto de alternativas potenciais como resultado final da aplicação do modelo. A metodologia foi aplicada na sub-bacia do canal da Sanbra, que é um dos contribuintes do rio Jiquiá situado em Recife-PE. Nesse sentido, foi avaliado a seleção da melhor técnica compensatória para este riacho considerando aspectos ambientais, sociais, econômicos e hidráulicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a metodologia desenvolvida pode apoiar a tomada de decisão na gestão das águas pluviais, de modo a consubstanciar resultados mais satisfatórios dessa realidade, seja através do entendimento e ampliação da gestão participativa, quanto no aperfeiçoamento técnico dos tomadores de decisão. / Urbanization significantly alters the processes of natural drainage of the river basin, increasing the volume of rainwater drained superficially, increasing peak flows of water bodies, degradation of water quality and sediment generation. In this context, rainwater management appears as an alternative for resolving conflicts regarding the quantity / quality of these resources (first order conflicts). However, because this management requires the participation of several sectors of society, it can generate conflicts due to the lack / inadequacy of the institutional arrangement responsible for this management (second order conflicts). Faced with this problem, it is possible to observe the importance exerted by the legal, institutional and socioeconomic context and the global vision of the system involved for the decision making.This thesis, therefore, devises a methodology for decision support in urban stormwater management combining multicriterial and multidecisor methods, which consists of four steps: (i) investigation of the initial parameters; (Ii) evaluation of the multi-criteria methods AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations) (iv) evaluation of the COPELAND multidecisor method simulating participatory management with the implementation of the urban river committee; (Iv) obtaining the subset of potential alternatives as a final result of the application of the model. The methodology was applied in the sub-basin of the Sanbra channel, which is one of the contributors of the Jiquiá river situated in Recife-PE. In this sense, it was evaluated the selection of the best compensatory technique for this stream considering environmental, social, economic and hydraulic aspects. The obtained results demonstrated that the developed methodology can support the decision making in rainwater management, in order to substantiate more satisfactory results of this reality, be it through the understanding and expansion of the participatory management, as well as in the technical improvement of the decision makers.

Förtätning av stadsmiljöer bidrar till hårdläggning och borttagande av gröna ytor i naturliga och redan exploaterade områden. Detta minskar möjlighet till infiltration och evapotranspiration av vatten, vilket ökar ytavrinning av regn- och smältvatten. Regn- och smältvatten i urbana miljöer, även kallat dagvatten, har traditionellt hanterats genom snabb avledning till VA-verk eller närmaste recipient. Idag går utvecklingen mot att hantera dagvattnet lokalt och nära källan till vattnet genom att efterlikna den naturliga vattencykeln. Den största utmaningen iatt hantera dagvatten lokalt anses inte bero på avsaknad av rätt teknik utan ett kommunikativt problem mellan berörda parter. För att främja en långsiktig och hållbar dagvattenhantering krävs en gemensam vision vid upphandlingen, vilket kräver nya forum att diskutera hur hanteringen bör gå till. En förvaltningsövergripande planering mot gemensammamål kan minimera risken att valet av system vid upphandlingfrämst styrs av ekonomi och tidigare erfarenheter. Istället kan fokus läggas på vilka lösningar som är mest hållbara i det specifika området. Att belysa detta tidigt i upphandlingsskedet skapar goda förutsättningar för genomförande. Syftet med detta examensarbete varatt ta fram ett beslutsstöd som dels underlättar den förvaltningsövergripande planeringen vid upphandling av dagvattensystem och dels främjar en hållbar hantering av dagvatten. Beslutsstödet möjliggör att hänsyn tas till det specifika områdets samhälleliga och naturgivna förutsättningar. Metoden bygger på multikriterieanalys ochstödet har designats så att det enkelt går att ta fram grundförutsättningar för jämförelsen tidigt i planeringsskedet, vilket sedan analyseras och justeras tillsammans med de parter som berörs av dagvattenhanteringen för det specifika området. Till exempel kommunala förvaltningar inom stadsplanering, miljöoch VA. Designen bygger på etablerade metoder gällande fördröjningskrav, föroreningsbelastning och dimensionering av system för dagvattenhantering. För att testa beslutsstödets relevans har en fallstudie av ett område under upphandling för exploatering i Uppsala kommun genomförts. Det framtagna beslutsstödet utgörs av fyra delar; systemalternativ, multikriterieanalys, fördröjningskrav och föroreningsbelastning. Systemalternativ ger förslag till tekniker som kan utgöra system för dagvattenhantering. Multikriterieanalys innefattar en systemanalytisk jämförelse där systemför dagvattenhanteringutvärderas och viktas enligt 21 kriterium relaterade till hållbar dagvattenhantering. Fördröjningskrav och föroreningsbelastning beräknar mängdvatten som bör fördröjas efter exploatering respektive reningseffekt på förorenat dagvatten beroende på systemalternativ. I fallstudien jämförs fyra systemalternativ frånvälgrundade utvärderingar av varje kriterium, vilket ger en hög trovärdigheti studiens utfall. Utfallet från fallstudien visar attsystem som innefattar öppenhantering av dagvatten är lämpligt i det undersökta området.Utvärderingavbeslutsstödetpekar på att stödet kanbidra till en förbättradkommunikation mellan berörda parter inom en upphandlingoch att utvalda kriterierna har potential attbidra till en hållbar dagvattenhantering under planeringsprocessen. / The ongoing urbanization contributes to decreaseinfiltration and evaporation of water, compared to natural environments. This affect the natural water cycle, leading to an increased surface runoff of rain and melt water, also known as stormwater. Stormwater has by tradition been managed by diverting it to wastewater treatment plants or to the closest receiving waters. Today, it isconsidered to be more sustainable and modern managing the stormwater locally, close to the source by imitating a natural water cycle. The problem of realizing this modern management is not caused by inadequate modern techniques, but a communicative problem between the concerned parties. To promote a long term and sustainable management, a commonvision is required. This demands new forums for discussion. All concerned partiesshould pursue a common goal to minimize the risk of the system being chosen based on economy and previous experience. Focus should be pointed to solutions that are sustainable in the specific area. This should be elucidated in the procurement stage to create good conditions for implementation. The objective with this thesis wasto elaborate a decision supportmethod, facilitating communication between the concerned parties at the procurement stage of stormwater management. The decision support will promotea long term and sustainable solution, and consider the specific area with regard to social conditions and nature. By using multiple-criteria decision analysis, systems of stormwater management will be compared based on problems and advantages of stormwater in an urban environment and an optimal solution can be identified. The decision support has been designedto easily retrieve basic conditions for the comparison early in the procurement stage, which then can be analyzed in view of opinions from the different concerned parties. The design is based on established methods concerning delay demands, pollution load and dimensioning of systems of stormwater management. To test the relevance of the decision support, a case study of an area currently under procurement for exploitation in Uppsala was performed. The developed decision support consists of four sections; “Multiple-criteria decision analysis”, “Alternatives of systems”, “Delay demands” and “Pollution load”. “Multiple-criteria decision analysis” includes analytical comparison where different systems of stormwater management are evaluated and weighted according to 21 criteria related to sustainable stormwater management. “Alternatives of systems”, suggests stormwater techniques which can form a system ofstormwater management. “Delay demands” calculates how much water that should be delayed after exploitation and “Pollution load” calculates the purification effect on polluted stormwater depending on choice of systems. The case study reveals that the support can contribute to better communication between concerned parties within procurement and that the best suited system of stormwater management for the case study area are systems that manage stormwater locally near the source of water.

In urban areas, stormwater management ponds (SWPs) are built to mitigate polluted runoff. Although these ponds are increasing in numbers, their ecology is not well understood. Physical and chemical characteristics of 17 SWPs in the City of Ottawa were measured to determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass (Chl. a) and primary production (PP). While total phosphorus was the best predictor of algal biomass in the ponds (as in lakes), the imperviousness of the catchment could also predict Chl. a. Planktonic PP in two ponds measured seasonally was more closely related to water residence time than to nutrient concentrations with rates approaching at times the theoretical maximum for aquatic systems. In one pond, whole ecosystem metabolism, estimated using diel changes in dissolved oxygen and δ18O-O2, suggested that these hypereutrophic systems were net sinks for carbon in the summer but likely sources to the atmosphere at other times of the year.

The industrial area Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält in Halmstad will be transformed into a residential-, service- and educational area. Heavy cloudbursts in the future are more than today's stormwater- and sewer pipes can handle. There is a possibility to supplement the drainage system with blue-green solutions for planned management, retention and storage of stormwater from daily rain and pluvial flooding. The solutions also do other ecosystem services as reducing heat and support biodiversity and their multifunctionality make them suitable on valuable land. This work has studied opportunities for blue-green solutions, especially green roofs, permeable surfaces and multifunctional spaces in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. The study questions have been How can Halmstad municipality work with blue-green solutions as a resource in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält? and Is it possible to point out spaces in the Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält area for blue-green stormwater management? The method consists of a literature study, questions to municipal officials, study of downpour maps and visual inspections. The first study question has been answered trough advantages and disadvantages according to different blue-green solutions, different laws, the planning process, costs and benefits and examples from Malmö and Göteborg amongst others. The second question has been answered trough suggestions of blue-green solutions pointed out on an image of Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. The image is created from a map overlay of an orthophoto and information from a downpour map, information from aerial photos from Internet and visual inspections on site. The municipality of Halmstad has a chance to start early with sustainable urban drainage systems in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. There are ways to calculate costs and maintenance. It is easier and more inexpensive to construct blue-green solutions before the area is finished, than after. Without it, it will be much more expensive to take care of the suffering and the physical costs caused by pluvial flooding.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to create an evaluation and recommendation of measures in the field of water management within green infrastructures of cities according to appropriate size. These measures apply to typical urban buildings managed by cities of this size. The first part of the diploma thesis deals with a research focused on the current state of stormwater management within the green infrastructure of cities. The legislative aspect is also outlined and measures and technologies for stormwater management are described. The practical part of the diploma thesis deals with a case study for the design of stormwater management within the green infrastructure of the city of Třešť. Stormwater management methods for various buildings owned by the city of Třešť are designed and economically assessed.

Stadsplanerare står inför framtida utmaningar med fortsätt förtätning av städer och ökade risker i och med klimatförändringarna. För att få plats för alla samhällsfunktioner som behövs i de kompakta städerna, däribland klimatanpassningsåtgärder, finns det ett behov av mångfunktionella lösningar. Grönblå infrastruktur har en mångfunktionell karaktär och kan användas för att kombinera hantering av översvämningar, värmeböljor och andra samhällsfunktioner i samma lösningar. Trots att dessa fördelar är tydliga i forskningen kvarstår det svårigheter i att implementera lösningarna i praktiken. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera förutsättningar för implementering av mångfunktionella grönblå lösningar. Detta har gjorts i tidigare studier, men inte med fokus på planering av nya stadsdelar, vilket kommer vara fokus i denna studie där stadsdelen Hyllie i Malmö används som studieobjekt. Analysen grundas på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstemän från olika avdelningar på kommunen som är involverade i stadsplaneringen. Resultatet visar att de främsta förutsättningarna för implementering är väl fungerande samverkan, kunskap, regleringsmöjligheter, finansiella resurser och politiskt stöd för prioritering av grönblå strukturer. För att förbättra dessa förutsättningar finns det möjligheter för kommunen att utveckla samverkan inom organisationen och med utomstående aktörer och gå mot mer förenade mål och gemensamt ansvar. En annan möjlighet är att genom arbetet i pilotprojekt utveckla nya lösningar för reglering samt öka kunskapen om grönblå strukturer. Här är utmaningen att integrera erfarenheterna i projekten i kommunens kärnarbete. / Urban planners will have to handle future challenges due to the densification of cities and the increased risks resulting from climate change. In order to accommodate all the community functions needed in the compact cities, including climate adaptation measures, there is a need for multifunctional solutions. Green-blue infrastructure is multifunctional in its nature and can be used to combine management of floods, heat waves and other community functions in the same solutions. Although these benefits are clear in research, difficulties remain in implementing the solutions in practice. The aim of this paper is to study the prerequisites for implementing multifunctional green-blue solutions. This has been done in previous studies, but not with a focus on planning new neighbourhoods, which will be the focus of this study where the Hyllie district in Malmö is used as a study object. The analysis is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with officials from various departments of the municipality who are involved in urban planning. The results show that the main prerequisites for implementation are well-functioning collaboration, knowledge, regulatory opportunities, financial resources and political support for prioritizing green-blue structures. To improve these conditions, there are opportunities for the municipality to develop collaboration within the organization and with external actors and move towards more unified goals and shared responsibility. Another possibility is to work with pilot projects to develop new solutions for regulation and to increase the knowledge of green-blue structures. Here, the challenge is to integrate the experience of the projects into the municipality's core work.

Den kompakta staden står inför klimatförändringar, bland annat ökad nederbörd. För att klara av denna förändring har öppna dagvattenlösningar implementerats som ska bidra med multifunktionalitet och hållbarhet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hållbar dagvattenhantering i Norra Djurgårdsstaden med inriktning på arkitektur i planeringsprocessen. Detta ska besvaras med två frågeställningar som handlar om utmaningar och möjligheter som tjänstepersoner upplever i planeringsprocessen samt involvering av arkitektur i hållbar dagvattenhantering.   Studien bygger på kvalitativa metoder i form av dokumentanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att det är kostsamt, tar lång tid, vid överlämning till driften sker det ibland missförstånd och det kräver brett samarbete vilket Norra Djurgårdsstaden har lyckats bra med. Kommunen har svårt att påverka utformningen och arkitekturen inom dagvattenhantering på kvartersmark och arkitekturen riskerar att bli åsidosatt vid involvering i planeringsprocessen eftersom funktionen prioriteras före. / The compact city stands in front of climate changes. For instance increased precipitation. To manage this change, open stormwater solutions have been implemented that will contribute to multifuncion and sustainability. The purpose with this paper is to examine sustainable stormwater management in the planning process in Stockholm Royal Seaport with focus on architecture. This is going to be answered with two issues that deal with both challenges and opportunities that officials experience in the planning process. Also when involving architecture in sustainable stormwater management.  The study is based on qualitative methods; document analysis and semi-structured interviews. The result shows that it’s expensive, requires time, demands broad cooperation with multiple managements which Stockholm Royal Seaport have succeeded well with. The municipality has difficulties to impact the design in the development district and architecture risks being put aside in the planning process because other functions get higher prioritization.

Huvudsyftet med den här studien var att undersöka vilka parametrar som har störst inverkan på trädens vattentillgång i BlåGrönGråa-system (BGG-system), utvecklat av Edge, och vilka förbättringar som kan göras för att vegetationen bättre ska klara av torka. Ett annat mål med denna studie var attundersöka hur väl det går att efterlikna och simulera BGG-system i modelleringsverktyget MIKESHE, utvecklad av Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). För att undersöka vilka parametrar som har störst inverkan på BGG-systems vattenhalt varierades; storleken på tillrinningsområdet, crop factor, växtsubstrat, djup på regnbäddarna, växtval, dräneringsdjup och dräneringshastigheten. Alla simuleringarna genomfördes med meteorologisk data för perioden 1991-2020 för att underöka hur årsvariationer påverkar vattenhalten i systemet. Resultaten visar att stadsträd som inte erhåller något tillskott av vatten via tillförsel av dagvatten kommer utsättas för extremt ogynnsamma förhållanden när det kommer till vattentillgång, och att den parameter som har störst inverkan på vattenhalten i BGG-system är storleken på tillrinningsområdet. För att ytterligare förbättra vattentillgången för träden i BGG-system kan växtsubstratet förbättras genom att öka mängden växttillgängligt vatten. Detta föreslås dock framförallt för större träd eller då tillrinningsområdet inte kan utökas ytterligare. Variationen av djupet på regnbäddarna har relativt liten effekt på resultatet, vilket delvis kan förklaras av andra val i satta parametrar. Växtvalet visar sig i denna studie har liten effekt på vattenhalten, vilket delvis beror på modellens utformning och valdaparametrar. Variationen av dräneringsdjupet och dräneringshastigheten visar sig inte ha någon effekt på de resultat som undersöks i denna studie. Modellen som har satts upp beskriver systemet på ett tillförlitligt sätt, och är ett bra första steg föratt ytterligare öka förståelsen för trädens förutsättningar i dagvattenhantering. Men för att kunna dramer långtgående slutsatser om hur träden klarar av torrperioder behöver ytterligare undersökningargenomföras på BGG-system. / The main purpose of this study was to investigate which parameters have the greatest impact on thetrees’ water supply in BlueGreenGray-systems (BGG-system), developed by Edge, and what improvements can be made to the system to make the vegetation able to withstand periods of droughts better. Another aim of this study was to investigate how well it is possible to imitate and simulate BGG-systems in the modeling tool MIKE SHE, developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). To investigate which parameters have the greatest impact on the water content in BGG-systems the following parameters was varied; the size of the catchment area, crop factor, plant substrate, depth of the rain beds, plant selection, drainage depth and drainage rate. All simulations were performed with meteorological data for the period 1991-2020 to investigate how annual variations affect the watercontent in the system. The results show that city trees that do not receive any addition of water via the supply of stormwater will be exposed to extremely unfavorable conditions when it comes to water supply, and that the parameter that has the greatest impact on the water content in BGG-systems is the size of the catchment area. To further improve the water supply for the trees in a BGG-system, the plant substrate can be improved by increasing the amount of plant available water. However, this is mainly proposed for larger sized trees or when the catchment area cannot be expanded further. The variation in the depth of the rain beds has a relatively small effect on the result, which can be partly explained by other choices in set parameters. The choice of plant in this study has little effect on the water content, which is partly due to the model’s design and selected parameters. The variation of the drainage depth and the drainage rate does not appear to have any effect on the results examined in this study. The model that has been set up describes the system in a reliable way, and is a good first step to furtherincrease the understanding of the trees conditions in stormwater management. However, in order tobe able to draw more far-reaching conclusions about how trees cope with dry periods, further studiesneed to be carried out on BGG-systems.