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Trabalho informal nos espaços públicos no centro de São Paulo: pensando parâmetros para políticas públicas / Informal work in downtown public spaces of Sao Paulo city: thinking public policies referencesLuciana Fukimoto Itikawa 01 November 2006 (has links)
Cinco hipóteses explicam a permanência do trabalho informal nos espaços públicos do Centro de São Paulo como ocupação precária e vulnerável: 1- Incapacidade estrutural do mercado de trabalho formal de absorção de mão-de-obra: informalidade como processo mundial e exceção permanente no formato do capitalismo brasileiro; 2- Desconhecimento do comércio informal de rua como produção do espaço urbano: modificação de atributos espaciais: valorização, competição, posse, etc.); 3- Exploração oportunista da clandestinidade dos trabalhadores na forma de corrupção e clientelismo; 4- Marketing urbano e Segregação Espacial: articulação entre as elites locais, Poder Público e agências multilaterais no intuito de promover a revitalização do perímetro estudado, expulsam ou isolam sistematicamente os trabalhadores de rua; 5- Inoperância das políticas públicas: o conhecimento insuficiente ou parcial do comércio de rua resulta na formulação de políticas públicas descoladas da realidade e, portanto, inoperantes. A partir dessas hipóteses,foi possível pensar parâmetros para políticas públicas que superem a polarização entre intolerância e permissividade em relação à atividade. / Five hypotheses explain streetvending in downtown Sao Paulo as a precarious and a vulnerable occupation: 1- Structural impermeability of formal labor market: informal sector as a global process, and as a permanent exception in brazilian capitalism; 2- Lack of awareness of streetvending as a production of urban space: transformation of spatial attributes - profit, competitiveness, ownership, etc.; 3- Opportunist exploitation over clandestine street vendors: corruption and patronage; 4- Urban marketing strategies and Spatial segregation: partnership among government, ruling elite and multi-lateral financial agencies in order to improve urban renewal, frequently isolate and gentrify against street vendors; 5- Innefective public policies - lack of understanding of streetvending results in unlikely public policies. Assuming these hypotheses, this research built public policies directions in order to overcome contradiction between intolerance and permissiveness.
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Centro de abastos como instrumento para contrarrestar el desorden e informalidad ambulante en el sector tradicional de OlmosGarcia Mejia, Estefany Judith January 2023 (has links)
Esta investigación apunta al desarrollo de un centro de abastos, luego de identificar el déficit estructural de equipamiento comercial y desorden e informalidad ambulante encontrada en el sector tradicional de Olmos, lo cual evidencia desorden en calles y vías, deterioro de la estética urbana e insalubridad causada por los mercados itinerantes existentes.
La metodología usada para esta investigación es la descriptiva de tipo mixta y; tiene como objetivo general el generar lineamientos proyectuales que permita disminuir el desorden e informalidad ambulante causado por el déficit de equipamiento comercial en la zona tradicional del distrito de Olmos. Se ha considerado el análisis de 03 objetivos regulándose cada uno en base a distintos referentes, formándose con esto el camino a lineamientos como resultado del análisis, estos son: analizar la realidad física y urbana del sector, diagnosticar el estado actual de los equipamientos comerciales e identificar las características y condicionantes del flujo comercial; dicha información es obtenida mediante la recopilaron datos de distintas fuentes tales como el plan de desarrollo urbano, análisis documentales, encuestas y cuestionarios, que después de ser analizadas y procesadas se obtienen los datos para concretar que con la propuesta arquitectónica de un centro de abasto , ayuda a reducir la problemática existente la cual opera en las principales vías, espacios públicos, parques y aceras, donde se pueden
comercializar todo tipo de artículos con gran facilidad y sin control alguno. / This research aims to develop a supply center, after identifying the structural deficit of commercial equipment and street disorder and informality found in the traditional sector of Olmos, which shows disorder in streets and roads, deterioration of urban aesthetics and unhealthiness caused by existing itinerant markets.
The methodology used for this research is mixed descriptive and its general objective is to generate project guidelines that allow reducing the street disorder and informality caused by the deficit of commercial equipment in the traditional area of the Olmos district.
The analysis of 03 objectives has been considered, each one being regulated based on different references, thus forming the path to guidelines as a result of the analysis, these are: analyze the physical and urban reality of the sector, diagnose the current state of commercial facilities and identify the characteristics and conditions of the commercial flow; This information is obtained by collecting data from different sources such as the urban development plan, documentary analysis, surveys and questionnaires, which after being analyzed and processed, the data is obtained to specify that with the architectural proposal of a supply center . It helps reduce the existing problems which operate on the
main roads, public spaces, parks, and sidewalks, where all types of items can be sold with great ease and without any control.
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Unseen Powers; Transparency and Conspiracy in a Street Vendor Relocation in Yogyakarta, IndonesiaGibbings, Sheri Lynn 06 December 2012 (has links)
This dissertation examines how a group of street vendors in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, experienced a government-organized relocation from Mangkubumi Street to a newly renovated marketplace. In particular, I explore the strategies taken by the leaders of a street vendor organization called Pethikbumi to refuse the relocation and claim their right to the street. Contestations over streets, street vending and street vendor relocations constitute important moments during which citizenship, democracy and belonging are negotiated in the city. I argue that the conflict over belonging and democracy took the form of a social drama and was shaped and structured by specific moral appeals, public performances, and processes of imitation (cf. Turner 1974).
The study begins with an exploration of the history of street vending and the pedagang kaki lima (street vendor) in Indonesia. I outline how the pedagang kaki lima were viewed as “dirty”, a simplified code for the transgression of social, spatial and legal boundaries. I move on to explore the way the street vendors of Pethikbumi drew on ideas of “the people” (rakyat), democracy and transparency in claiming their rights. I analyze the ways that Pethikbumi drew on important moments in Indonesia’s past and present, situating this relocation conflict as significant and as part of “history”. The relocation was also rooted in an epistemology of “skepticism” derived from an awareness of the ambiguity and tension between appearances and realities (cf. Anderson 1990). Pethikbumi engaged in tactics to both reveal and conceal the “unseen powers” that were imagined as working behind the scenes to generate conflict. The conflict over the relocation to a marketplace was not only a fight over who had access to the street but also a struggle over what constitutes democracy, how to achieve transparency, and who belongs in post-Suharto Indonesia.
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Caracterização do vendedor e do consumidor de churrasquinho de rua no município de Maceió, ALAndrade, Janaína Freitas de 23 April 2008 (has links)
O comércio de alimentos por vendedores ambulantes vem crescendo ano após ano em todas as cidades do Brasil, isso se deve principalmente ao desemprego que atinge a população brasileira. Alimentos comercializados por ambulantes têm custo acessível à maioria da população, por isso a procura é grande. Devido à falta de conhecimento os vendedores ambulantes não têm noções de práticas higiênico-sanitárias com os alimentos, tornando-os fontes de toxinfecções alimentares. Um exemplo de alimento de rua que vem crescendo muito no comércio informal de Maceió é o churrasquinho. Os pontos de venda de churrasquinhos vêem atraindo muitos consumidores, onde passam a ser uma opção barata de lazer para essas pessoas. A fiscalização para o controle sanitário dos alimentos vendidos nas ruas é bastante precária devido o número crescente de vendedores ambulantes. Em Maceió-AL, são poucas as informações sobre a qualidade dos alimentos comercializados na rua, por isso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os vendedores e consumidores de churrasquinho de rua, quanto aos hábitos, conhecimentos e percepção de risco da comida de rua e qualidade dos alimentos. Os dados foram coletados em 100 pontos de venda de churrasquinho e com 75 consumidores, e realizados análises microbiológicas de 20 amostras de churrasquinho. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos vendedores possui nível médio de escolaridade. Para 75 vendedores, essa é a única fonte de renda da família e que 67 vendedores escolheram essa opção de trabalho devido ao desemprego. Setenta e sete pontos apresentavam condições insatisfatórias de funcionamento, por não apresentam água corrente, instalações sanitárias e lixeiras. A estrutura da maior parte, 50 barracas, é desprovida de qualquer tipo de proteção, sendo o churrasquinho preparado e vendido ao ar livre. Os vendedores são responsáveis pela compra das carnes, onde 47 adquirem a carne no mercado público municipal. Cinqüenta e três vendedores nunca fizeram curso de capacitação para manipulação de alimentos. Trinta e cinco (47%) consumidores têm nível médio de ensino e 52 (70%) têm renda familiar de até cinco salários-mínimos. Em relação ao consumo semanal, 25 (33%) consumidores relataram consumo de comida de rua mais de cinco vezes por semana. Trinta e um (41%) consumidores disseram que apresentaram quadro de diarréia e/ou vômitos após consumir comida de rua, onde 16 (52%) deles tiveram que se ausentar de suas obrigações (trabalho e/ou escola). Em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, a contagem de coliformes a 45ºC e S. aureus ficaram dentro dos padrões exigidos pelo Ministério da Saúde, porém em uma (10%) amostra foi encontrada a presença de Salmonella, condenado o produto para consumo. Os resultados desta pesquisa reforçam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um programa pela Vigilância Sanitária municipal que vise capacitar os vendedores, orientando-os para a implantação de Boas Práticas nos seus pontos de venda, além de conscientização dos consumidores em relação ao consumo de comida de rua.
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A construção de um controle negociado : o trabalho dos auxiliares de fiscalização da prefeitura de Belo Horizonte / The construction of a negotiated control : the work of the urban surveillance assistants of the Belo Horizonte governmentAraújo Filho, Tarcísio Perdigão 03 March 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This research aims to understand how the control of practices in public spaces is elaborated, wich is part
of the urban surveillance so called "fiscalização" of Belo Horizonte, under the protection of the Código
de Posturas (2003). This is a social control which focuses on the regulation of street vendors activities,
marked as "social problem" in a context of "urban order" promotion. Further than an analysis that
prioritizes organizational or institutional ideal types, this research developed between 2013 and 2015,
priorized the data collection "from inside", from an interactional point of view. For this, qualitative
research techniques (interviews and observation) were operated in order to keep the subjects working
practices as the main reference for descriptions and analyzes. These workers work daily on city streets
in direct contact with the street vendors (interacting with other people, like other professional groups)
in different part of the fronts of street surveillance: the plantões, the equipes de Apoio and the operações.
In general, the practices of these assistants anticipates the participation of their bosses, the fiscais
integrados (and other authorities in this field), reducing, as an effect, their workload. At the same time,
these assistants actively participate of the situational production of references of differenciation
(between formal /informal, bearable/unbearable) and social control as a whole. The research effort was
to come up, in an interrelated manner, the various aspects that make up the street surveillance as a social
construction. At the beginning, I analysed the strategic and managerial aspects enrolled in practical work
of these agents in different working arrangements and enviroments, giving a focus on how the control
is produced in a negotiated manner, although it is constantly rationalized as a tool for public space
management. The analysis was enlarged by replacing the focus on the continuities and discontinuities
between the private life aspects and the work aspects, from the reconstruction of trajectories of some of
the research subjects. Through this perspective, it was possible to work out with some different social
aspects (such as class and gender) in order to observe and describe the practices that reveal the main
basis and senses of this social and relational control. All this conjugated analysis dimensions
demonstrate how this particular control is produced. At the same time, it shows, from this field, some
modes of circulation of power. / Esta pesquisa volta-se a compreender como se constrói o controle sobre práticas realizado nos espaços públicos da cidade, parte da chamada fiscalização que é realizada pela Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, sob o amparo do Código de Posturas (2003). Trata-se de um controle cujo foco é a regulação do comércio ambulante, pautado como “problema social” diante ao objetivo contido no “ordenamento urbano”. Indo além de uma análise que priorize tipos organizacionais ou institucionais ideais, desenvolvi uma investigação, compreendida entre 2013 e 2015, que priorizasse o levantamento de dados “desde dentro”,
a partir de uma mirada interacionista. Para isso, lanço mão de técnicas qualitativas de investigação (entrevistas e observação) a fim de partir das práticas de trabalho dos auxiliares de fiscalização, terceirizados da Prefeitura e principais sujeitos da pesquisa, como principal mote para a elaboração dos dados, descrições e análises. Estes trabalhadores atuam cotidianamente nas ruas da cidade em contato direto com os comerciantes ambulantes (além de outros públicos e em interação com outros grupos profissionais), em diferentes frentes do âmbito da operacionalização da fiscalização “de rua”: os
plantões, as equipes de Apoio, as operações. De forma geral, a prática destes auxiliares antecipa a participação dos fiscais integrados (e outras autoridades desse campo), diminuindo, assim, sua carga de trabalho. Ao mesmo tempo, os auxiliares de fiscalização participam ativamente da produção situacional dos referenciais diferenciadores (formal/informal, regular/irregular, tolerável/intolerável) e do controle social como um todo. O esforço da pesquisa foi trazer, de forma inter-relacionada, os vários aspectos que compõem a fiscalização “de rua” como construção social. Começo pela análise dos aspectos estratégicos e gestionários inscritos na prática de trabalho destes agentes, nas diferentes modalidades de trabalho, dando um enfoque na maneira como o controle se produz de forma negociada, ainda que seja constantemente racionalizada, como um instrumento de gestão do espaço público. Amplio a análise posicionando o foco sobre as continuidades e descontinuidades entre o “mundo do privado” e o “mundo do trabalho”, a partir da reconstituição de trajetórias dos sujeitos de pesquisa. Por esta perspectiva, foi possível balizar construções e agenciamentos sociais amplos (como classe e gênero) às práticas observadas e descritas, o que está expresso pela apropriação de papéis que extrapolam o próprio campo da fiscalização, mas que desvelam seus sentidos e suas bases como controle relacional. Todas as dimensões conjugadas compõem a produção multifacetada desse controle peculiar, ao mesmo tempo que demonstram os modos de circulação do poder a partir desse campo.
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Household fuel and garbage combustion, street vending activities and adverse pregnancy outcomes:evidence from urban GhanaAmegah, A. K. (Adeladza Kofi) 04 November 2014 (has links)
Abstract
Air pollution is a major concern in urban areas of developing countries as a result of industrial expansion and increased vehicular ownership, and in most households due to solid fuel use and garbage burning at home. Urban poverty is also widespread in developing countries, and besides perpetuating household air pollution (HAP), it has also meant hazardous occupational choices such as street vending by the urban poor. The epidemiologic evidence linking HAP exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes is very limited. Research on the health effects of street vending is also scarce with its relationship with fetal growth still unexplored in spite of women dominating this venture.
This project assessed the effects of HAP practices and ambient air pollution exposure on fetal growth and gestational duration, and elaborated the role of environmental exposures in the influence of socioeconomic deprivation on pregnancy endpoints. The project comprised an epidemiologic study, and a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of evidence.
A cross-sectional study of 1,151 mothers-infant pairs accessing postnatal services at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra (n = 592), and the four main health facilities in Cape Coast (n = 559) was conducted. Information on socioeconomic characteristics and activity patterns of mothers, and characteristics of the indoor and outdoor environment were collected in a structured questionnaire. Birth weight and gestational age was retrieved from hospital records. PUBMED, Ovid MEDLINE, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases were searched for studies investigating HAP exposure and pregnancy outcomes for the review.
Multivariate modeling adjusting for confounders resulted in a 243g (95% CI: 496, 11) reduction in birth weight and 41% (risk ratio [RR] = 1.41; 95% CI: 0.62, 3.23) increased risk of low birth weight (LBW) for use of charcoal. Garbage burning was associated with a 195% (RR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.10, 7.92) increased risk of LBW. The meta-analysis indicated an 86.43g (95% CI: 55.49, 117.37) reduction in birth weight and a 35% (summary-effect estimate [EE] = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.48) increased risk of LBW for solid fuel use. Increased risk of other pregnancy endpoints with use of solid fuels was also noted in the meta-analysis. Moderate street vending activity and high traffic density in the vending area jointly resulted in 84% (RR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.24) and 29% (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 0.68, 2.46) increased risk of LBW and preterm birth, respectively. Evidence of the effects of maternal socioeconomic disadvantage on pregnancy outcomes was noted, with HAP especially substantially mediating the observed effects.
Interventions for mitigating the effects of solid fuel use on health call for eliminating barriers to the adoption of cleaner fuels and educating women about behavioral changes required to minimize exposure. Government should also extend their social safety net programs to pregnant women engaged in hazardous occupations to enable them give up or minimize the number of hours in the work. / Tiivistelmä
Ilmansaasteet ovat merkittävä huolenaihe kehitysmaiden urbaaneilla alueilla teollisuuden ja ajoneuvoliikenteen lisäännyttyä sekä useimmissa kodeissa biomassan, hiilen ja jätteiden polttamisen takia. Urbaani köyhyys on kehitysmaissa laajamittaista, ja sisäilman saasteongelmien pahentamisen lisäksi se johtaa vaarallisiin ammatinvalintoihin, kuten kadulla tapahtuvaan myyntityöhön. sisäilman saasteiden ja sikiön kehityshäiriöiden välisistä yhteyksistä on kuitenkin vain vähän epidemiologisia todisteita. Katumyynnin terveysvaikutuksia on tutkittu hyvin vähän, eikä sen yhteyttä sikiön kasvuun ole tutkittu, vaikka naiset ovat vahvasti edustettuna kyseisellä alalla.
Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkasteltiin sisäilman saasteiden ja ympäristön ilmansaasteiden vaikutuksia sikiön kasvuun ja raskauden kestoon sekä tutkittiin ympäristöaltisteiden roolia sosioekonomisen vähäosaisuuden vaikutuksessa sikiön kehityshäiriöihin. Väitöskirja koostuu epidemiologisesta tutkimuksesta sekä määrällisestä ja laadullisesta aineiston yhdistelemisestä.
Poikittaistutkimukseen osallistui 1151 äiti-vauvaparia, jotka olivat käyneet synnytyksen jälkeen neuvolassa Korle Bu -opetussairaalassa Accrassa (n=592) tai jossain Cape Coastin neljästä pääsairaalasta (n=559). Kyselyllä kerättiin tietoa äitien sosioekonomisesta asemasta ja liikkuvuudesta sekä sisä- ja ulkoympäristön ominaisuuksista. Vauvojen syntymäpainot ja syntymähetken raskausviikot selvitettiin sairaaloiden rekistereistä. Sisäilman saasteille altistumista ja sikiön kehityshäiriöitä tarkastelevia tutkimuksia etsittiin katsausta varten PUBMED-, Ovid MEDLINE-, SCOPUS- ja CINAHL-tietokannoista.
Monimuuttujamallissa, jossa sekoittavat tekijät oli huomioitu, puuhiilen käyttö pienensi syntymäpainoa 243 grammaa (95 % luottamusväli: 496-11) ja lisäsi alhaisen syntymäpainon riskiä 41 % (riskisuhde [RR]=1.41; 95 % luottamusväli: 0.62-3.23). Roskien polttoon liittyi 195 % (RR=2.95; 95 % CI: 1.10-7.92) suurentunut alhaisen syntymäpainon riski. Meta-analyysissä biomassan ja hiilen poltto alensi syntymäpainoa 86.43 grammaa (95 % luottamusväli: 55.49-117.37) ja lisäsi alhaisen syntymäpainon riskiä 35 % (meta-analyysin riskisuhde =1.35; 95 % luottamusväli: 1.23-1.48). Meta-analyysissä havaittiin myös muita biomassan ja hiilen polttoon liittyviä kohonneita kehityshäiriöiden riskejä. Kohtalainen katumyyntiaktiivisuus ja korkea liikennetiheys myyntialueella yhdessä lisäsivät matalan syntymäpainon riskiä 84 % (RR=1.84; 95 % luottamusväli: 1.05-3.24) ja ennenaikaisen syntymän riskiä 29 % (RR=1.29; 95 % luottamusväli 0.68-2.46). Tutkimuksessa todettiin äidin matalan sosioekonomisen aseman vaikutus sikiön terveyteen ja havaittiin, että sisäilman saasteiden rooli havaittujen vaikutusten välittäjänä on merkittävä.
Biomassan ja hiilen polttamisesta aiheutuvien terveysuhkien ehkäisemiseksi puhtaampien polttoaineiden käyttöä tulisi edistää ja naisia tulisi valistaa siitä, kuinka ilmansaasteille altistumista voi vähentää. Hallituksen tulisi sosiaalitukien avulla mahdollistaa vaarallisissa ammateissa työskentelevien, raskaana olevien naisten työajan minimointi.
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Le commerce ambulant et son espace social à Nankin (Chine) : enjeux et perspectives urbanistiques / Street commerce and its social space in Nanjing (China), China : challenges and urban perspectivesGuan, Lida 23 November 2015 (has links)
L'objet de cette recherche urbanistique se situe à l'intersection de deux grandes dynamiques : la production officielle de l'espace public dans la ville contemporaine et le développement de l'activité commerciale dans les rues. Il s'agit d'une coproduction de l'espace public de facto. Cette thèse, en se construisant à partir d'études de différents types de terrain à Nankin (Chine), souhaite lancer une réflexion sur l'image et l'usage, la régulation et l'inventivité du quotidien. Elle cherche à démontrer les dimensions cachées du commerce de rue et son impact dans la vie quotidienne des habitants, car sa valeur sociale a souvent été ignorée, voire méprisée, dans la régulation de l'espace public ou dans la mise en place de projets urbains / The core topic of this urban research is situated at the crossing of two important dynamics: the official production of public space in the contemporary city and the development of commercial activities in the streets. It is a co-production of public space de facto. The thesis, originated from studies conducted on different types on land in Nanjing (China), wants to encourage a reflection on the image, the use, the regulations and the creation of everyday life. The scope is to demonstrate the hidden dimensions of street commerce and its impact in the daily lives, because its social value has often been ignored or even despised in the regulation of public space or in urban projects operations
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The Legalization of Street Vending in Los Angeles: Exploring the Impact on Vendors and their LivelihoodsAlpuche Caceres, Karen 01 January 2019 (has links)
This thesis aims to unpack the impact the legalization of street vending and the subsequent regulation had on sidewalk vendors. Although legalization occurred state-wide through Senate Bill 946 in September of 2017, the rules and regulations for vending were passed at a city-level, and I am focusing on the City of Los Angeles specifically. Through interviews with government officials, non-profit partners and advocates, and vendors from different parts of the City, I analyze information around the policy itself, its history, and the impact it has and is expected to have on vendors and their businesses. While vendors have been central to advocacy and the policy process, the creation of a permitting system in the City of Los Angeles has been less transparent. By interviewing stakeholders, relying on existing economic, political, and sociological literature, and gathering opinions from vendors themselves, I develop various policy recommendations to further empower vendors and integrate them into Los Angeles’ formal economy. I recommend a permitting model that is backward-mapped and stems from the needs of and feedback from vendors in order for it to be more aligned with the goals and needs of vendors themselves.
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