Construction is known for consuming large quantities of raw materials and high amounts of energy. In 2018, the construction industry was responsible for 6% of global energy consumption, 11% of global CO2 emissions, and approximately 36% of the total waste in the European Union. These drawbacks are just a part of the gap between the construction sector and Sustainability, which can also be perceived as challenges to the industry and demands for new and innovative strategies to increase Sustainability. For example, recent efforts of EcoDesign on structural systems show a trend in the importance of materials efficiency, durability, adaptability, and reuse.    This thesis aims to create a set of guidelines that will help designers and other construction stakeholders apply Design for Deconstruction and Adaptability DfD/A principles to increase the knowledge of how structural design and structural systems in buildings can be designed to promote Sustainability. For this purpose, a grading tool to assess structural systems based on the ISO 20887 was developed. The general methodology for this research was adapted from Design Research Methodology with a particular focus on the Product Development approach for the tool development. A literature Review was conducted in both scientific and grey literature to identify relevant information and current efforts on sustainable design of structural systems and application of DfD/A principles on the construction sector. Three additional methods for data collection were used: (1) questionnaire for identification of customer needs and expectations, (2) benchmarking to identify similar tools, strategies, and certifications systems that include sustainability performance in buildings; and (3) workshops with the purpose to rate the usefulness quality of the tool based on the application of the tool by potential users in different case studies.  A ready-to-use computer-based EcoDesign tool was developed. The assessment performed by this tool consists of an indicator system of DfD/A strategies to enhance sustainable development by improving material efficiency and stimulate a circular economy in the construction sector. A top-down approach was used for the concept generation, which starts with the ReBuilding Index as an indicator of sustainable performance for structural systems. This index is based on five categories defined on the relationship of the DfD/A principles with the design process of the structural system. A total of 20 principles are distributed in these categories, defined by 54 strategies to reach the goal of the principles.     The tool was tested by 11 potential users with different roles in the construction sector. Five case studies were selected to grade the design of five different typologies of structural systems. The usefulness quality of the tool was evaluated based on indicators of usability, utility, and user experience. It was found that developing the tool based on DfD/A principles and the ISO 20887 gave the tool a solid theoretical background and a flexible structure that can be used for sustainable design or as part of an extensive framework of certification systems or ecolabel programs. The tool accomplishes the goal of grading and helping to improve the structural design. However, during the evaluation of the tool, many barriers and difficulties of application were found. Therefore, these findings and obstacles are instead identified as challenges and turn them into opportunities for improvements in future versions of the tool. / InFutUReWood project

The current state of earth building in Czeh Republic is described in this work. The results are based on a research made in several villages. Reconstruction of traditional countryside building made from unburned earth should be made very sensitive with respect to architectural and technical solution and in accordance with environmental requirements and wishes of investor.

The object of my master‘s thesis is static and structural design of a view-tower on the Horničí hill. The combination of steel and timber was used for design. The construction was designed in two variants. Both variants were created and assessed in a software Scia Engineer. The assessment of the ultimate and serviceability limit state was made according to valid standards. Variants were compared. Engineering report, detailed structural design and drawings were prepared for the selected variant.

The subject of this thesis is the design of a prestressed box girder construction with several spans. Two variants are designed and for detailed solving was chosen the variant of the box girder. The length of loadbearing structure is 212 m, the longest span has 60 m. The calculation of load effects is done by software Scia Engineer 19.1. Drawing part is done by software Allplan Engineering 2021. The thesis includes drawings, representation of the construction proces, visualization and a structural design. Designing and assessments were made according to currently valid European standarts.

[pt] Atualmente a utilização do aço inoxidável em elementos estruturais ainda é considerada por muitos engenheiros e arquitetos uma solução extravagante para os problemas da engenharia. Todavia, mudanças de atitude na construção civil e uma transição global para um desenvolvimento sustentável, e redução em impactos ambientais tem seguramente provocado um aumento no uso do aço inoxidável. A maioria das normas de projeto de aço inoxidável atuais ainda são baseadas em analogias assumidas com o comportamento de estruturas de aço carbono. Entretanto, o aço inoxidável apresenta quatro curvas tensão versus deformação específicas não lineares sem patamar de escoamento e região de encruamento claramente definidos (tração e compressão, paralela e perpendicular a direção de laminação), modificando assim seu comportamento global. Na presente investigação foram utilizados o aço inoxidável austenítico 304, duplex 2205, ferrítico 430 e o aço carbono USI 300, com tensões últimas e ductilidades distintas. Em elementos estruturais submetidos a esforços de tração usualmente a ruptura da seção líquida representa um dos estados limites últimos a serem verificados. Com o objetivo de se avaliar a resistência a tração de elementos estruturais aparafusados em aço inoxidável, esse trabalho apresenta resultados de um programa experimental envolvendo ligações aparafusadas com furos defasados sob tração. Esse estudo foi realizado em peças de aço carbono e aços inoxidáveis de forma a comparar as principais características mecânicas entre esses dois tipos de aços estruturais. Dessa forma foi possível apresentar novos resultados a respeito do comportamento a tração dessas ligações. Dentre outras variáveis que controlam os estados limites últimos foi verificada a influência significativa da espessura da placa de aplicação da carga, direção da laminação, configuração de parafusos da ligação e propriedades do aço inoxidável, como ductilidade e razão entre suas tensões de escoamento e de ruptura. / [en] The use of stainless steel in structural engineering applications is still seen by many architects and engineers as na extravagant solution. However, modifications of designers paradigms and changes in the construction market and the natural transition to a sustainable development reducing environment impacts have boosted the use of stainless steel structures. A substantial majority of stainless steel structural design codes is still based on carbon steel analogies. Despite this fact, the stainless steel presents foun non-linear stress versus strain curves (tension and compression, parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction) without a defined yield plateau and strain hardening zones, substantially altering its global structural response. The present investigation adopted the austenitic stainless steel grade 304, duplex stainless steel grade 2205, ferritic stainless steel grade 430 and the carbon steel USI300, all with similar yield stresses but with different yield strength stresses and ductility capacities. Structural elements subjected to tension axial forces usually presents the net section rupture as one of its controlling ultimate limit states. The present study performed an experimental programme to evaluate and investigate the tension capacity of staggered bolted members. The tests were made with carbon and stainless steels to compare and access their similarities and differences in terms of structural performance. Thus it was possible to observe significant findings in the behavior of these bolted staggered members under tension forces. The controlling ultimate limit states were significantly influenced by various parameters like: the loading plate thickness, the rolling direction, adopted bolt configuration, and stainless steel properties like: ductility capacity and the ratio between the yield and ultimate rupture stresses.

This research encompasses the automated design and structural optimization of reinforced concrete slab frame bridges, considering investment costs and environmental impacts. The most important feature of this work is that it focusses on realistic and complete models of slab frame bridges rather than on optimization of only individual members or sections of a bridge. The thesis consists of an extended summary of publications and three appended papers. In the first paper, using simple assumptions, the possibility of applying cost-optimization to the structural design of slab frame bridges was investigated. The results of the optimization of an existing constructed bridge showed the potential to reduce the investment cost of slab frame bridges. The procedure was further developed in the second paper. In this paper, automated design was integrated to a more refined cost-optimization methodology based on more detailed assumptions and including extra constructability factors. This procedure was then applied to a bridge under design, before its construction. From the point of view of sustainability, bridge design should not only consider criteria such as cost but also environmental performance. The third paper thus integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) with the design optimization procedure to perform environmental impact optimization of the same case study bridge as in the second paper. The results of investment cost and environmental impact optimization were then compared. The obtained results presented in the appended papers highlight the successful application of optimization techniques to the structural design of reinforced concrete slab frame bridges. Moreover, the results indicate that a multi-objective optimization that simultaneously considers both environmental impacts and investment cost is necessary in order to generate more sustainable designs. The presented methodology has been applied to the design process for a time-effective, sustainable, and optimal design of concrete slab frame bridges. / <p>QC 20170316</p>

KL-trä är ett stommaterial som blir allt intressantare på marknaden. Kunskapen är hos mångakonstruktörer idag begränsad. Genom att utgå från en betongstomme, där många konstruktörer har goderfarenhet av projektering och dimensionering, kan en jämförelse mellan dessa två stommaterial vara relevant. Frågan som då kan ställas är hur en KL-trästomme dimensioneras enligt Eurokoderna och vadskillnaderna och dess konsekvenser på boarea och byggnadshöjd, i jämförelse med en betongstomme. Genom att för en byggnad göra om dess betongstomme till en KL-trästomme så kunde dessa skillnader undersökas. KL-trä eller korslimmat trä är ett skivmaterial av sammanlimmade brädor, där vartannat lager liggerkorslagt mot föregående lager. Denna uppbyggnad ger KL-träskivan bärförmåga i två riktningar ochkan användas som vägg- och bjälklagselement. KL-trä är ett stommaterial med låg vikt, jämfört medexempelvis betong, och har precis som andra lätta konstruktioner utmaningar med att uppfylla ljudkrav. Trä som utsätts för brand brinner med en konstant hastighet. Då kolskiktet som bildas har enisolerande effekt, brinner det med en låg hastighet. Detta gör det enkelt att dimensionera för brand. KL-trä har mindre fuktbetingade rörelser jämfört med konstruktionsvirke. Handlingar för en referensbyggnad med betongstomme erhölls av Kåver &amp; Mellin. Med målet attbehålla byggnadens ursprungliga arkitektoniska kvaliteter utformades en ny byggnad i KL-trä därhänsyn togs till krav för bärighet, ljud, värmeisolering, brand och fukt. Resultatet som presenteras är en metod för dimensionering av KL-träväggar och -bjälklag. Därefterföljer en uppställning av typdetaljer för väggar och bjälklag, dess ingående material och till vilken gradkraven uppfyllts. Förslag till anslutningar mellan utvalda byggnadsdelar visas. Boarean minskade iförhållande till referensbyggnaden. Byggnadhöjden alternativt rumshöjden påverkas negativt. KL-träbyggnaden visades väga 118 ton mindre än referensbyggnaden. Vid val av KL-trästomme måste hänsyn tas till den ökade tjockleken av lägenhetsskiljande bjälklagväggar som kan leda till minskad area och ökad byggnadshöjd, och dess ekonomiska konsekvenser. Den påtagliga skillnaden i vikt är betydelsefull vid grundläggning och hantering av vindlaster.

<p>Composite materials have been invented and used to make all kinds of industrial products, such as automobiles, aircraft, sports equipment etc., for many years. Excellent properties such as high specific stiffness and strength have been recognized and studied for decades, motivating the use of composite materials. However, the design of composite structures still remains a challenge. Existing design tools are not adequate to exploit the full benefits of composites. Many tools are still based on the traditional material selection paradigm created for isotropic homogeneous materials, separated from the shape design. This will lose the coupling effects between composite materials and the geometry and lead to less optimum design of the structure. Hence, due to heterogeneity and anisotropy inherent in composites, it is necessary to model composite parts with appropriate microstructures  instead of simplistically replacing composites as black aluminum and consider materials and geometry at the same time.</p> <p><br></p> <p>This work mainly focuses on the design problems of complex material-structural systems through computational analyses. Complex material-structural systems are structures made of materials that have microstructures smaller than the overall structural dimension but still obeying the continuum assumption, such as fiber reinforced laminates, sandwich structures, and meta-materials, to name a few. This work aims to propose a new design-by-analysis framework based on the mechanics of structure genome (MSG), because of its capability in accurate and efficient predictions of effective properties  for different solid/structural models and three-dimensional local fields (stresses, strains, failure status, etc). The main task is to implement the proposed framework by developing new tools and integrating these tools into a complete design toolkit. The main contribution of this work is a new efficient high-fidelity design-by-analysis framework for complex material-structural systems.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The proposed design framework contains the following components. 1) MSG and its companion code SwiftComp is the theoretical foundation for structural analysis in this design framework. This is used to model the complex details of the composite structures. This approach provides engineers the flexibility to use different multiscale modeling strategies. 2) Structure Gene (SG) builder creates finite element-based model inputs for SwiftComp using design parameters defining the structure. This helps designers deal with realistic and meaningful engineering parameters directly without expert knowledge of finite element analysis. 3) Interface is developed using Python for easy access to needed data such as structural properties and failure status. This is used as the integrator linking all components and/or other tools outside this framework. 4) Design optimization methods and iteration controller are used for conducting the actual design studies such as parametric study, optimization, surrogate modeling, and uncertainty quantification. This is achieved by integrating Dakota into this framework. 5) Structural analysis tool is used for  computing global structural responses. This is used if an integrated MSG-based global analysis process is needed.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Several realistic design problems of composite structures are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed framework. Parameter study of a simple fiber reinforce laminated structure is carried out for investigating the following: comparing with traditional design-by-analysis approaches, whether the new approach can bring new understandings on parameter-response relations and because of new parameterization methods and more accurate analysis results. A realistic helicopter rotor blade is used to demonstrate the optimization capability of this framework. The geometry and material of composite rotor blades are optimized to reach desired structural performance. The rotor blade is also used to show the capability of strength-based design using surrogate models of sectional failure criteria. A thin-walled composite shell structure is used to demonstrate the capability of designing variable stiffness structures by steering in-plane orientations of fibers of the laminate. Finally, the tool is used to study and design auxetic laminated composite materials which have negative Poisson's ratios.</p>

[pt] As principais recomendações para o dimensionamento de vigas-parede, como o ACI 318-95, o CEB-FIP, a Norma Canadense CAN-A23.3-M84 e o Guia 2 da CIRIA, apresentam métodos de cálculo que não cobrem satisfatoriamente o projeto de tais vigas. Outras normas, ainda, não trazem nenhuma indicação especial de dimensionamento. A própria Norma Brasileira, a NBR 6118, por exemplo, declara apenas que vigas desse tipo devem ser calculadas como chapas no regime elástico. O Código Britânico corrente BS 8110 explicitamente comenta que “para o projeto de vigas-parede, referência deve ser feita à literatura especializada”. Por razões como as citadas acima, a obtenção de um método racional, baseado em um claro mecanismo de ruptura e que leve em conta os principais parâmetros que influenciam a resistência última das vigas-parede tem sido o objetivo de vários pesquisadores de todo o mundo nas duas últimas décadas. Neste trabalho são apresentados, comentados e analisados vários métodos de dimensionamento de vigas-parede biapoiadas de concreto armado. Os métodos de cálculo são aplicados ao total de trinta e sete vigas ensaiadas no Laboratório de Estruturas e Materiais (L.E.M) da PUC-Rio, desde 1979, e a algumas vigas descritas na literatura, visando a obtenção de um método que gere resultados de carga última os mais próximos possíveis dos obtidos experimentalmente, e tendo como objetivo futuro a obtenção de recomendações que possam ser propostas para a Norma Brasileira.Os ensaios das trinta e sete vigas, no total, referenciadas acima, fazem parte de pesquisas teórico-experimentais realizadas na PUC-Rio por Guimarães (1980), Vasconcelos (1982) e Velasco (1984), sob a orientação do Prof. K. Ghavami. Várias conclusões foram obtidas em cada uma dessas dissertações de mestrado, separadamente, mas nenhum estudo havia sido feito no sentido de comparar os resultados encontrados. O presente trabalho também tem como objetivo obter informações comparativas relacionadas às 37 vigas citadas, com o respaldo da literatura atualizada. / [en] The major codes that contain recommendations and discussions concerning the design of deep beams, including the ACI Building Code 318-95, the Canadian Code CAN-A23.3- M84, the CEB-FIP Model Code and the CIRIA Guide 2, present design methods that do not cover adequately the dimensioning of this type of beams. Nevertheless, some other codes don’t give any special recommendation. The Brazilian Code (NBR 6118), for instance, just explains that this type of beams should be calculated as a plate in elastic range. Another example is the current British Code BS 8110, which explicitly states that “for design of deep beams, reference should be made to specialist literature”. Because of reasons as those mentioned above, obtaining a rational method not only based on a clear mechanism of failure but taking into account the main parameters that have influence on the ultimate strength of deep beams, has been the purpose of several researchers in the whole world in the last two decades. In this work, some methods for the design of simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams are presented, examined and commented upon. These methods are applied to a total of 37 beams tested in the Laboratory of Structures and Materials (L.E.M) of PUC-Rio, since 1979, and to some beams reported in the literature, in order to yield a method which can predict results of ultimate load closer to those ones obtained experimentally. The future aim is to achieve recommendations that could be proposed to the Brazilian Code. The tests of the 37 beams just referred are included in theoretical-experimental research done by Guimarães (1980), Vasconcelos (1982) and Velasco (1984), which took place in PUC-Rio, orientated by Professor Khosrow Ghavami. Several concluding remarks were obtained in each Master Thesis, apart from one another, but there wasn’t any work that compared these results. The present work is also intended to provide some comparative information regarding the 37 deep beams mentioned above, with the support given by the current literature. / [es] Las principales recomendaciones para el dimensionamiento de vigas- parede, como el ACI 318-95, el CEB-FIP, la Norma Canadiense CAN-A23.3-M84 y la Guía 2 de la CIRIA, presentan métodos de cálculo que no cubren satisfactoriamente el proyecto de tales vigas. Otras normas no ofrecen ninguna indicación especial de dimensionamiento. La própria Norma Brasileira, la NBR 6118, por ejemplo, declara solamente que vigas de ese tipo deben ser calculadas como chapas en el régimen elástico. El Código Británico actual BS 8110 explicitamente comenta que para

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Structural design standards based on the principles of structural reliability are gaining worldwide acceptance and are fast becoming the new basis of structural safety verification. The application of these principles to establish a standardised basis for structural design using partial factor limit states design procedures is done in the European Standard for the Basis of Structural Design EN 1990 from which it is adapted to the South African Basis of Design Standard for Building and Industrial Structures SANS 10160-1. The basis of design requirements stipulated in EN 1990 and SANS 10160-1 apply to all aspects of structural design: This includes reliability levels of structural performance and their differentiation and management; identification of various limit states and design situations; the specification of all the basic variables; separate treatment of actions and material-based resistance. However, application of these requirements is then primarily focused on actions whilst the provision for structural concrete is then left to the materials based design standards. This two-part thesis describes a systematic assessment of the degree to which the application of the reliability framework presented in the basis of design requirements has been achieved in the present generation of structural concrete design standards. More importantly, attempts are made to identify ways in which the process can be advanced. Special attention is drawn to issues that are specific to South African conditions and practice in structural concrete. Part One of the thesis focuses on the key elements of the reliability framework presented in EN 1990 and traces to what extent the requirements have been propelled through the design stipulations of the Eurocode Standard for Design of Concrete Structures EN 1992-1-1. The implications of the different reference level of reliability between the Eurocode default value of ß = 3.8 and that characteristic of South African practice ß = 3.0 through various issues are highlighted. The use and advantage of explicit treatment of reliability performance on reliability management related to some aspects of quality control are explored. A critical aspect is the shear prediction model providing unconservative estimates of shear resistance. Part Two of the thesis focuses on characterising the model factor of the EN 1992-1-1 shear prediction model for members requiring design shear reinforcement. This is done by a comparison to a compiled experimental database with special focus on situations with high reinforcement ratios. The significance of the modelling uncertainty in shear prediction is verified by this comparison. The use of the more conceptually rational modified compression field theory (MCFT) to improve on the quality of shear predictions is investigated and proves to yield more precise values with lower scatter hence making it a more reliable tool for predicting shear. The MCFT can then be used as reference for the reliability calibration and possible improvement for the Eurocode procedure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Strukturele ontwerpstandaarde gebaseer op die beginsels van strukturele betroubaarheid verkry wêreldwye aanvaarding en word vinnig die nuwe basis van strukturele veiligheid bevestiging. Die toepassing van hierdie beginsels om ʼn gestandaardiseerde basis vir strukturele ontwerp is bevestig deur gebruik te maak van gedeeltelike-faktorbeperkende stadiums ontwerpprosedures in die Europese Standaard vir die Basis van Strukturele Ontwerp EN 1990 waarvandaan dit herbewerk is na die Suid-Afrikaanse Basis van Ontwerp Standaarde vir Bou en Industriële Strukture SANS 10160-1. Die basis van ontwerpvereistes bepaal in EN 1990 en SANS 10160-1 is van toepassing op alle aspekte van strukturele ontverp: Dit sluit inbetroubaarheidsvlakke van struktureele prestasie en hul diversifikasie en bestuur; identifikasie van verskeie beperkende state en ontwerpsituasies; die spesifikasie van al die basiese veranderlikes; afsonderlike behandeling van aksies en materiaal-gebaseerde weerstand. Desnieteenstaande, die toepassing van hierdie voorwaardes is dan hoofsaaklik gefokus op aksies terwyl die voorsiening van strukturele beton is dan gelaat op die materiaalgebaseerde ontwerpstandaarde. Hierdie tweeledige verhandeling beskryf ʼn stelselmatige beoordeling van die graad waartoe die toepassing van die betroubaarheidsraamwerk aangebied word in die basis van ontwerpvereistes bereik in die huidige generasie van strukturele beton-ontwerp standaarde is. Meer belangrik, pogings is aangewend om die maniere hoe die proses bevorder kan word te identifiseer. Spesiale aandag word gevestig op kwessies wat spesifiek op Suid-Afrikaanse toestande en praktyke in strukturele beton toepaslik is. Deel Een van die verhandeling fokus op die sleutel-dele van die betroubaarheidsraamwerk aangebied in EN 1990 en skets die mate waartoe die vereistes aangespoor word deur die ontwerp voorskrifte van die Eurocode Standard for the Design of Concrete Structures EN 1992-1-1. Die implikasie van die verskillende verwysingsvlakke van betroubaarheid tussen die Eurocode standaardwaarde van ß = 3.8 en die eienskap van Suid-Afrikaanse praktyk ß = 3.0 deur verskillende kwessies word uitgelig. Die gebruik en voordeel van spesifieke behandeling van betroubaarheidsuitvoering op betroubaarheidsbestuur verwantskap met sekere aspekte van kwaliteit kontrole word ondersoek. ʼn Kritiese aspek is die model vir die voorspelling van skuif-weerstand wat die onkonserwatiewe beramings vir skuif-weerstand gee. Deel Twee van die verhandeling fokus op karakterisering die modelfaktor van die EN 1992- 1-1 skuif-weerstand voorspellings-model. Dit word gedoen deur ʼn vergelyking na ʼn saamgestelde eksperimentele databasis met spesifieke fokus op situasies met hoe herbevestigingsvergelykings. Die oorheersing van die modellering- onsekerheid in skuifweerstand voorspelling is bevestig deur hierdie vergelyking. Die gebruik van ʼn meer konseptuele rasionele gemodifiseerde druk-veld teorie (bekend as MCFT) om die kwaliteit van skuif voorspelling te verbeter is ondersoek en verskaf ‘n meer presiese waarde met laer verspreiding wat lei tot ʼn meer betroubaree instrument om skuif mee te voorspel. Die MCFT word dan gebruik as verwysing vir die betroubaarheid-samestelling en moontlike verbetering van die Eurocode prosedures.