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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Dimensionamento de regiões D através do método dos elementos finitos e do método de bielas e tirantes aliado à otimização topológica. / Design of D regions through the finite element method and the strut-and-tie method coupled with topology optimization.

Henrique Towata Sato 10 November 2014 (has links)
O dimensionamento de Regiões D (regiões em que não é aplicável a Hipótese de Bernoulli), embora amplamente estudado e discutido, é um tópico ainda em desenvolvimento e com normatização relativamente escassa. Os métodos mais comumente empregados são o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) e o Método de Bielas e Tirantes (MBT). A dissertação expõe a base teórica e a metodologia dos dois métodos no dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto armado ao Estado Limite Último e aborda a utilização da otimização, em especial da otimização topológica, na definição dos modelos para o MBT. Metodologias para a aplicação dos dois métodos são propostas e aplicadas a exemplos práticos de Regiões D com recomendações normativas específicas para seu dimensionamento (consolo e viga parede biapoiada) e também a uma viga parede de geometria complexa, os resultados através de diferentes técnicas de dimensionamento são comparados e discutidos, assim como a utilização da otimização como meio de obtenção de modelos. / The design of D-Regions (Regions where the Bernoulli hypothesis is not valid), although widely studied and discussed, is a topic still under development and with relatively little standardization, especially in Brazil. The most commonly used methods are the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Strut-And-Tie Method (STM). The theoretical basis and methodology of both methods in the design of reinforced concrete structures are presented as well as the use of optimization, especially topology optimization, in the definition of STM models. Procedures are proposed for both methods and applied to practical examples of D-Regions with specific recommendations for its design (Corbel and Deep Beam) as well as a deep beam with complex geometry, the results using the different design methods are compared and discussed as well as the use of optimization as a means of obtaining STM models.
62

Análise do comportamento de blocos sobre quatro estacas com cálice embutido / Analysis of the behavior of four-pile caps with embedded socket

Carlos Antônio Marek Filho 19 August 2010 (has links)
A racionalização e a industrialização da construção civil têm promovido o sistema construtivo baseado em elementos de concretos pré-moldados. O comportamento das ligações entre os elementos pré-moldados constitui uma das principais preocupações dos projetistas, sendo as ligações entre a superestrutura e as fundações determinantes na estabilidade e na distribuição de esforços solicitantes da estrutura. O comportamento de blocos sobre estacas com ligações para pilares pré-moldados possui particularidades em razão do diferente mecanismo de transferência de forças do pilar para o bloco mediante a ligação. Neste trabalho é estudado o comportamento de blocos de fundação apoiados sobre quatro estacas com cálice totalmente embutido para ligação com pilar pré-moldado. O estudo baseou-se em análise numérica não-linear de modelos tridimensionais considerando a fissuração do concreto, a presença de armadura e a interface de ligação. O comportamento de blocos com pilares submetidos à força vertical centrada e excêntrica foi descrito em termos de força última, panorama de fissuração, fluxo de tensões principais e tensões nas armaduras do bloco. Os resultados indicam a ocorrência de transferência de esforços do pilar para a fundação a partir das paredes do cálice de interface lisa, entretanto com intensidade insuficiente para a formação de bielas de compressão, e o risco da ocorrência de punção em blocos onde os pilares são ligados por cálices de paredes lisas. / The rationalization and the industrialization of the civil constructions have stimulated the construction process based on precast elements. One of the main designer\'s worries is about the behavior of the joints between precast elements, and the joints between superstructure and the foundations which are determinant in the construction stability and behavior of elements. In reason of the mechanism of transference of the forces from column to pile-cap by socket connections, the behavior of pile-caps with joints for precast columns has some specificity. The behavior of four-pile caps with embedded socket for precast columns joints is studied in this research. The study is based in nonlinear numerical analysis of three dimensional models considering the cracking in concrete, the reinforcement and the joint interface. The behavior of pile caps under centered and eccentric vertical force is described by ultimate force, cracking patterns, principal stresses flow and reinforcements strains. The results suggests that occurs the transfer of forces from column to the pile cap in the socket walls with smooth interface, however the intensity is not enough to form the struts, and the risk of development of punching shear in pile caps which columns are connected by smooth interface socket walls.
63

Análise de blocos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas com cálice totalmente embutido mediante presença de viga de travamento / Analysis of two pile caps reinforced concrete with embedded socket by presence of locking beam

Rodrigo Barros 22 May 2009 (has links)
Esta pesquisa estuda o comportamento de blocos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas com cálice totalmente embutido, utilizado na ligação pilar-fundação de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado. Particularmente, foi avaliado o efeito que a viga de travamento provoca no bloco quando apoiada nas paredes laterais do cálice. Foi desenvolvida análise numérica tridimensional utilizando programa baseado no método dos elementos finitos (MEF), na qual foi considerada a não-linearidade física dos materiais. Para avaliação do programa adotado, realizou-se análise comparativa de resultados experimentais e numéricos obtidos por meio de outro programa. Nos blocos estudados variou-se a espessura e o tipo de conformação das paredes do cálice, o ângulo de inclinação da biela e a intensidade das ações na viga de travamento. Os resultados indicam que a presença da viga de travamento não altera de modo significativo o comportamento do bloco, e que a parede do cálice é capaz de transferir a força proveniente da viga em direção às estacas de modo eficaz. Por meio das tensões nas barras da armadura principal, foi possível obter a força no tirante e o ângulo de inclinação da biela antes da ruína dos modelos. Constatou-se que os ângulos apresentaram maior inclinação do que as utilizadas no dimensionamento, que por sua vez foi feito baseado nos modelos de bielas e tirantes. / The present research studies the behavior of two pile caps reinforced concrete with embedded socked used in connections of pre-cast concrete structures. It was particularly evaluated the effect provoked by the locking beam on the pile-caps when supported by the socket lateral walls. Three-dimensional numerical analyses using software based on finite element method (FEM) were developed considering the nonlinear physical behavior of the material. To evaluate the adopted software, a comparative analysis was made using numerical and experimental results obtained from other software. In the pile caps studied, it was noticed a variation in the wall thickness, socket interface, strut angle inclination and action on beam. The results show that the presence of beam does not change significantly the pile caps behavior and that the socket wall is able to transfer effectively the force from the beam to the pile caps. By the tensions on the bars of longitudinal reinforcement, it was possible to obtain the force on the tie and the strut angle inclination before the collapse of models. It was found that the angles present more inclinations than those used in the design, which was made based on strut and tie model.
64

Análise do comportamento estrutural de blocos de concreto armado sobre cinco e seis estacas / Analysis of structural behavior of five and six reinforced concrete pile caps

Diôgo Silva de Oliveira 27 March 2013 (has links)
Esta pesquisa discorre a respeito do comportamento estrutural de blocos de concreto armado sobre cinco estacas, dispostas nos vértices de um trapézio, e sobre seis estacas, com o arranjo retangular, considerado pilar com força centrada. Foram estudados diversos métodos analíticos para o dimensionamento dos blocos, no intuito de avaliar a compatibilidade entre o comportamento dos blocos e as hipóteses de cada método. Foi desenvolvida análise numérica tridimensional utilizando programa baseado no método dos elementos finitos. Nos blocos estudados variou-se a deformabilidade do solo de apoio das estacas, por meio de molas elásticas, a seção transversal do pilar, considerando pilar quadrado e pilar retangular, as alturas dos blocos sobre estacas e a resistência do concreto. A configuração do fluxo de tensões, vista em perspectiva, indicou a formação de bielas comprimidas discretas ligando o pilar ao topo das estacas. Observou-se que quanto mais deformável for o solo, mais uniformes são as distribuições das reações entre as estacas e das tensões de tração nas barras das armaduras principais. Verificou-se que as configurações das bielas mudaram conforme se alterou a seção transversal do pilar, indicando a importância de se considerar esse aspecto no dimensionamento analítico dos blocos. A altura influenciou de maneira significativa na rigidez e na resistência dos blocos. No entanto, os blocos com grandes alturas não apresentaram bom comportamento estrutural e os blocos com pequenas alturas não indicaram boa distribuição das reações nas estacas, com as tensões de tração se concentrando entre as barras das armaduras entre as estacas mais próximas do pilar. Observou-se que o aumento da resistência do concreto acarretou no aumento da resistência dos blocos, porém não influenciou na rigidez de modo significativo. Os métodos analíticos que se baseiam nas verificações das resistências a momento fletor e à força cortante não foram compatíveis com o fluxo de tensões obtido, que por sua vez indicou melhor compatibilidade com o método de bielas e tirantes. Por fim, foi possível verificar a aplicabilidade de um método analítico, já existente, que emprega conceitos do método de bielas e tirantes, é simples e de fácil utilização para o dimensionamento de blocos sobre cinco e seis estacas. Esse método considera a altura dos blocos por meio do ângulo de inclinação das bielas, a variação da seção transversal do pilar e diferentes arranjos para as estacas. / This research treats about the structural behavior of reinforced concrete pile caps with five piles arranged at the trapezium vertices and with six piles in rectangular arrangement, considering centered load at column. Several analytical methods were studied for pile caps design in order to assess the compatibility between the pile caps behavior and assumptions of each method. A three-dimensional numerical analysis was developed using program based on finite element method. In pile caps studied, the deformability of soil of support piles were varied, through elastic springs, the column cross section, considering square and rectangular column, the pile caps height and the concrete resistances. The flow stress configuration, visualized in perspective, indicated the formation of discrete compressed struts connecting the column base to the piles top. It was observed that the more deformable is the soil, better uniforms are the reactions distribution between the piles and tensile stresses in the main reinforcement bars. It was found that the struts settings changed with the variation of the cross section column, indicating the importance of this variable in the analytical pile caps design. The height of the pile caps significantly affects the stiffness and strength. However, the higher pile caps did not show good structural behavior and the smaller pile cap indicated poor reactions distribution in piles, with tensile stresses concentrated among the bars reinforcement between the piles closest to the column. It was observed that the increasing in the concrete strength resulted in a higher pile caps resistance, but did not influence the stiffness significantly. The analytical methods, which are based on the resistance verification of bending moment and shear force, are not compatible with the tension flow obtained, which indicated better compatibility with the strut and tie method. Finally, it was possible to verify the applicability of a well known analytical method which uses concepts of strut and tie method, which is simple and easy to apply for five and six pile caps. This method considers the height by means of the inclination angle of struts, the column cross section variation and different piles arrangements.
65

Optimizacija i analiza armiranobetonskih ravanskih nosača primenom metode pritisnutih štapova i zatega / Optimization and analysis of reinforced concrete plane members using Strutand-Tie method

Starčev-Ćurčin Anka 22 September 2017 (has links)
<p>U disertaciji su analizirani armiranobetonski ravanski nosači<br />primenom metode pritisnutih štapova i zatega. Optimizacija nosača<br />urađena je diskretnom topološkom otimizacijom kojom se pun nosač<br />zamenjuje ekvivalentnim rešetkastim. Dat je predlog algoritamskog<br />dobijanja Strut-and-Tie modela koji je implementiran u program sopstvene<br />izrade pod nazivom &bdquo;ST method&ldquo;. Provera pouzdanosti predloženog<br />algoritma utvrđena je primerima iz referentne literature, sopstvenim<br />eksperimentalnim ispitivanjem i numeričkom analizom u komercijalnim<br />programima. Rezulatati analiza su pokazali da se predloženi algoritam u<br />programu &bdquo;ST method&ldquo; može koristiti za dobijanje Strut-and-Tie modela i<br />njihovo dimenzionisanje i da se pri odabiru nekih modela mora koristiti<br />inženjersko iskustvo.</p> / <p>In dissertation thesis, reinforced concrete plane members have been analyzed by<br />the Strut-and-Tie method. Optimizing of the members is made by discrete<br />topological otimization which replaces full member with equivalent truss system.<br />Algorithmic manner of Strut-and-Tie model obtaining has been suggested, which<br />is implemented in the program of an own creation called &quot;ST method&quot;. The<br />reliability of the proposed algorithm is determined by the examples from reference<br />literature, an own experimental test and numerical analysis in commercial<br />programs. The results of the analysis showed that the proposed algorithm in the<br />&quot;ST method&quot; can be used to obtain Strut-and-tie models and their dimensioning<br />and that in certain models, the engineering experience must be used.</p>
66

Dimensionering av höga balkar av armerad betong : En jämförelse mellan EK2, BBK, laboratorieförsök och ATENA 2D / Design of high beams of reinforced concrete : A comparison of EC2, BBK, laboratory tests and ATENA 2D

Karlsson, Evelina January 2020 (has links)
Detta examensarbete vid Luleå tekniska universitet har utförts i samarbete med avdelningen för byggkonstruktionvid det nordiska konsultföretaget Norconsult AB. Arbetet bygger på en önskan från Norconsultatt ta fram en beräkningsmodell för höga balkar i överensstämmelse med Eurokod 2 motsvarande densom finns i BBK 04. Eurokod 2 har endast en knapphändig beskrivning av hur höga balkar bör dimensioneras.Detta skapar frustration och osäkerhet hos konstruktörer. Den tidigare svenska betongnormen,BBK 04, innehöll en tydlig och enkel mer empirisk beräkningsmetod för höga balkar, vilket gav en störresäkerhet vid projekteringen. Arbetet begränsas till att studera enkelt upplagda och kontinuerliga balkar i två spann belastade med enpunktlast mitt i vartdera spannet. Geometrin är densamma för samtliga balkar och armeringsmängdenvarieras tillsammans med brottlasten. Initialt utfördes en litteraturstudie för att erhålla en fördjupad kunskap om området samt att bygga uppen förståelse för teorin för höga balkar och den fackverksmodell som används i Eurokod 2. Vidare presenterasen försöksrapport, Rogowsky et al. (1983), som redovisar en experimentell laboratoriestudie därhöga balkar belastas till brott. Resultaten som presenteras är brottlast, töjning i betong och armering,sprickmönster samt nedböjning. Fyra enkelt upplagda och fyra kontinuerliga balkar väljs ut för vidarejämförelse och analys. Härvid används det ickelinjära beräkningsprogrammet ATENA 2D, där studeradebalkar modelleras. Handberäkningar enligt EK2 och BBK 04 utförs för respektive balk och tillhörandearmeringsmängd beräknas. En maximal brottlast itereras fram för respektive balk och beräkningsmetod (EK2 eller BBK 04). Armeringsmängdensom ges av denna beräkning modelleras i ATENA 2D och motsvarande balk analyseras.Resultaten jämförs sedan. Erhållna resultat sammanställs och jämförs med varandra: Rogowsky et al. (1983), ATENA 2D och handberäkningarnaenligt både Eurokod 2 och BBK 04. Jämförelsen visar att det finns få likheter mellan EK2och BKK 04, med avseende på erhållen armeringsmängd. BBK kräver generellt större armeringsmängdän Eurokod 2. Studien visar att beräkningarna med ATENA 2D stämmer väl överens med laboratorieförsöken.Resultaten visar även att antaganden enligt Eurokod 2 stämmer väl överens med hur de studeradebalkarna beter sig i verkligheten. En enkel beräkningsmodell som motsvarar BBKs konservativa modell är inte möjlig att ta fram inom deramar och begränsningar som finns för detta examensarbete. Istället sammanställs en modell i form av enpunktlista som förtydligar, sammanfattar och exemplifierar den mer verklighetstrogna beräkningsgångenför höga balkar enligt Eurokod 2.
67

Performance and strut efficiency factor of concrete deep beams reinforced with GFRP bars / Performance et facteur d'efficacité de la bielle de poutres profondes en béton armé avec des barres de PRFV

Mohamed, Khaled Ahmed January 2015 (has links)
Abstract : Deep reinforced concrete beams are commonly used as transfer girders or bridge bents, at which its safety is often crucial for the stability of the whole structure. Such elements are exposed to the aggressive environment in northern climates causing steel-corrosion problems due to the excessive use of de-icing salts. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) emerged as non-corroded reinforcing materials to overcome such problems in RC elements. The present study aims to address the applicability of concrete deep beams totally reinforced with FRP bars. Ten full-scale deep beams with dimensions of 1200 × 300 × 5000 mm were constructed and tested to failure under two-point loading. Test variables were shear-span depth ratio (equal to 1.47, 1.13, and 0.83) and different configurations of web reinforcement (including vertical and/or horizontal web reinforcement). Failure of all specimens was preceded by crushing in the concrete diagonal strut, which is the typical failure of deep beams. The test results indicated that, all web reinforcement configurations employed in the tested specimens yielded insignificant effects on the ultimate strength. However, strength of specimens containing horizontal-only web reinforcement were unexpectedly lower than that of specimens without web reinforcement. The web reinforcement’s main contribution was significant crack-width control. The tested specimens exhibited reasonable deflection levels compared to the available steel-reinforced deep beams in the literature. The development of arch action was confirmed through the nearly uniform strain distribution along the length of the longitudinal reinforcement in all specimens. Additionally, the basic assumption of the strut-and-tie model (STM) was adequately used to predict the strain distribution along the longitudinal reinforcement, confirming the applicability of the STM for FRP-reinforced deep beams. Hence, a STM based model was proposed to predict the strength of FRP-reinforced deep beams using the experimental data, in addition to the available experimentally tested FRP-reinforced deep beams in the literature. Assessment of the available STMs in code provisions was conducted identifying the important parameters affecting the strut efficiency factor. The tendency of each parameter (concrete compressive strength, shear span-depth ratio, and strain in longitudinal reinforcement) was individually evaluated against the efficiency factor. Strain energy based calculations were performed to identify the appropriate truss model for detailing FRP-reinforced deep beams, hence, only four specimens with vertical web reinforcement exhibited the formation of two-panel truss model. The proposed model was capable to predict the ultimate capacity of the tested deep beams. The model was also verified against a compilation of a data-base of 172 steel-reinforced deep beams resulting in acceptable level of adequacy. The ultimate capacity and performance of the tested deep beams were also adequately predicted employing a 2D finite element program (VecTor2), which provide a powerful tool to predict the behavior of FRP-reinforced deep beams. The nonlinear finite element analysis was used to confirm some hypotheses associated with the experimental investigations. / Résumé : Les poutres profondes en béton armé (BA) sont couramment utilisées comme poutre de transfert ou coude de pont, comme quoi sa sécurité est souvent cruciale pour la sécurité de l’ensemble de la structure. Ces éléments sont exposés à un environnement agressif dans les climats nordiques causant des problèmes de corrosion de l’acier en raison de l’utilisation excessive de sels de déglaçage. Les polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF) sont apparus comme des matériaux de renforcement non corrodant pour surmonter ces problèmes dans les BA. La présente étude vise à examiner la question de l'applicabilité des poutres profondes en béton complètement renforcées de barres en PRF. Dix poutres profondes à grande échelle avec des dimensions de 1200 × 300 × 5000 mm ont été construites et testées jusqu’à la rupture sous chargement en deux points. Les variables testées comprenaient différents ratios de cisaillement porté/profondeur (égal à 1.47, 1.13 et 0.83) ainsi que différentes configurations d’armature dans l’âme (incluant un renforcement vertical avec ou sans renforcement horizontal). La rupture de tous les spécimens a été précédée par l’écrasement du béton dans le mât diagonal, ce qui est la rupture typique pour les poutres profondes en BA. Les résultats ont révélé que toutes les configurations de renforcement de l’âme employées dans les spécimens d'essais avaient un effet négligeable sur la résistance ultime. Toutefois, la résistance des spécimens contenant uniquement un renforcement horizontal était étonnamment inférieure à celle des spécimens sans renforcement. La contribution principale du renforcement de l’âme était dans le contrôle de la largeur de fissuration. Les spécimens examinés présentaient une déflexion raisonnable par rapport à ce qui est disponible pour les poutres profondes renforcées en acier dans la littérature. Le développement de l'effet d'arche a été confirmé par la distribution quasi uniforme des déformations le long du renforcement longitudinal dans tous les spécimens. En outre, l'hypothèse de base du modèle des bielles et tirants (MBT) a été utilisée adéquatement pour prédire la distribution de déformation le long du renforcement longitudinal, confirmant l'applicabilité du MBT pour les poutres profondes armées de PRF. Par conséquent, un modèle basé sur un MBT a été proposé afin de prédire la résistance des poutres profondes renforcées de PRF en utilisant les données expérimentales en plus de la mise à l'épreuve expérimentalement des poutres profondes renforcées de PRF trouvées dans la littérature. Une évaluation des MTB disponibles dans les dispositions des codes a été menée afin de déterminer les paramètres importants affectant le facteur d'efficacité de la bielle. La tendance de chaque paramètre (la résistance à la compression du béton, le ratio de cisaillement porté/profondeur, et la déformation dans le renforcement longitudinal) a été évaluée individuellement contre le facteur d'efficacité. Des calculs basés sur l’énergie des déformations ont été effectués pour identifier le modèle de treillis approprié afin de détailler les poutres profondes renforcées de PRF. Par conséquent, seulement quatre spécimens avec un renforcement vertical dans l’âme présentaient la formation de modèles avec deux panneaux de treillis. Le modèle proposé a été capable de prédire la capacité ultime des poutres profondes testées. Le modèle a également été vérifié contre une base de données de 172 poutres profondes renforcées en acier aboutissant en un niveau acceptable de pertinence. La capacité ultime et la performance des poutres profondes testées ont été également adéquatement prédites employant un programme d'éléments finis en 2D (VecTor2), ce qui fournira un puissant outil pour prédire le comportement des poutres profondes renforcées de PRF. L'analyse non linéaire par éléments finis a été utilisée afin de confirmer certaines hypothèses associées à l'étude expérimentale.
68

Textilbewehrter Beton als Torsionsverstärkung

Schladitz, Frank, Curbach, Manfred 03 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Anhand von Versuchsergebnissen wird gezeigt, dass Stahlbetonbauteile mit textilbewehrtem Beton verstärkt werden können. Sowohl die Torsionstragfähigkeit als auch die Gebrauchstauglichkeit werden durch die textilbewehrte Verstärkungsschicht deutlich verbessert. Vergleichsrechnungen zeigen, dass die Torsionstragfähigkeit mit bereits bekannten Stabwerksmodellen ermittelt werden kann.
69

Análise de blocos de concreto armado sobre estacas / Analysis of blocks of reinforced concrete piles

SAKAI, Erika 16 December 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErikaSakai.pdf: 1917728 bytes, checksum: 5cc92bff51598c6d8147b5abba80383d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-16 / Through studies on the choice of type of foundation to use a certain work, always when the foundation is to pile it is necessary to build another structural element, the block of crowing or also called pile caps. Several studies have been made taking into account the block on stilts without the influence of soil. So this work demonstrates the relationship of methods of calculation of reactions in piles and tensions in chunks of some authors that take into account the influence of soil or not, with the numerical analysis. To analyzethe fundations the program DIANA was used in conjunction with MIDAS / FX +. With these results, ground-structure in the study of these blocks can be concluded on the importance of the interaction, being distinguished that as example, that if the ground are taken in consideration in the analyses of rigid blocks, the biggest reactions if are concentrate near the corners of the block, independent of the type of load application studied and not in the props central offices as some simplified methods consider. This leads to a closer examination of reality and therefore more accurate. / Através de estudos sobre a escolha do tipo de fundação a usar numa determinada obra, sempre quando a fundação for com estaca faz-se necessário a construção de outro elemento estrutural, o bloco de coroamento ou também denominado bloco sobre estacas. Vários estudos foram feitos levando-se em consideração o bloco sobre estacas sem a influência do solo. Portanto este trabalho demonstra a relação de métodos de cálculos de reações nas estacas e tensões nos blocos de estacas envolvidas pelo solo, através de análise numérica baseado no Método dos Elementos finitos, com características tridimensionais e não-lineares. Para a análise foi usado o programa DIANA em conjunto com o MIDAS/FX+. Com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir sobre a importância da interação solo estrutura no estudo destes blocos, destacandose que como exemplo, que se o solo é levado em consideração nas análises de blocos rígidos, as maiores reações se concentram nas estacas laterais do bloco, independente do tipo de aplicação de carga estudada e não nas estacas centrais como alguns métodos simplificados propõem. Isto leva a uma análise mais próxima da realidade e, consequentemente, mais preciso.
70

A finite element-based approach for the analysis and design of 3D reinforced concrete elements and its applications to D-regions

Meléndez Gimeno, Carlos 01 September 2017 (has links)
The finite element method is a powerful analysis tool which has facilitated a better understanding of the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures. Its use in the research field is widespread and complements experimental tests and the development of new analytical models. Its application in practice engineering has permitted to deal with complex elements. However, the general structural engineer is still reluctant to consider finite element modelling for his work as he finds most of these models excessively sophisticated for his needs and knowledge. In particular, complexity of many finite element tools usually derives from the adoption of advanced concrete constitutive models. Implementation of more simple models based on engineering practice could facilitate its use by less experienced finite element users. In structural engineering practice finite element analysis can be of great usefulness to deal with those more problematic elements and/or where the application of traditional analysis methods presents limitations. This includes the so-called D-regions with a 3D behaviour. The strut-and-tie method and the stress field method are consistent and rational tools for the analysis and design of D-regions, but while their application to 2D elements is well covered in literature, its extension to 3D is problematic. This generally explains why excessively conservative assumptions are still common in the design of these elements. Refinement of current analytical and design approaches or the use of finite element analysis could lead to more rational solutions which in turn will reduce material requirements and costs. A 3D nonlinear finite element-based tool was developed in this thesis oriented towards the analysis and design of 3D D-regions by less experienced finite element users. Regarding material modelling, an orthotropic concrete model was adopted to permit the use of uniaxial stress-strain relationships. Only one single parameter, the uniaxial compressive strength of concrete, needs to be defined. Additionally, several aid functions were implemented, among which the following can be highlighted: a comprehensive, embedded reinforcement model to facilitate the introduction of complex rebar geometries; special support and load elements permitting an integrated and simple treatment of the boundary conditions imposed by them; and a simple design algorithm for the automatic determination of the required rebar areas. Three examples of applications to representative 3D D-regions are presented to show the capabilities of the tool. In particular, the analyses of fourteen four-pile caps, three socket base column-to-foundations connections and one anchorage block are described in the third part of the thesis. Results prove that realistic response predictions can be obtained considering relatively simple constitutive models. The capacity of the tool to configure consistent stress field models depending on the reinforcement arrangement is also demonstrated. The generation of rational reinforcement configurations by applying the implemented design algorithm is also shown. A strut-and-tie-based method for the analysis and design of four-pile caps with rectangular geometries is proposed in the fourth part. The method is based on a refined 3D strut-and-tie model and the consideration of three potential modes of failure: exceeding the reinforcement strength, crushing of the diagonal strut at the base of the column with narrowing of the strut and splitting of the diagonal strut due to transverse cracking. The main innovation is that the strut inclination is not fixed as in current strut-and-tie-based design procedures, but determined by maximizing the pile cap strength. The method accounts for strength softening of cracked concrete, compatibility constraints and reinforcement details. Its application to 162 specimens of literature led to very good predictions of the ultimate strength and, to a lesser extent, of the mode of failure. / El método de los elementos finitos es una potente herramienta de análisis que ha facilitado un mejor conocimiento del comportamiento de las estructuras de hormigón armado. Su uso en el ámbito de la investigación está ampliamente extendido. Su aplicación en la práctica ingenieril ha permitido la resolución de elementos complejos. Sin embargo, el ingeniero estructural común todavía es reticente a usar la modelización por elementos finitos ya que considera que la mayoría de estos modelos son excesivamente sofisticados para sus necesidades. La complejidad de muchas herramientas de elementos finitos suele derivarse de la adopción de modelos constitutivos de hormigón avanzados. La implementación de modelos más sencillos podría facilitar su uso por usuarios menos experimentados. En la práctica ingenieril el análisis con elementos finitos puede ser de gran utilidad para tratar aquellos elementos más problemáticos y/o donde la aplicación de los métodos de análisis tradicionales presenta limitaciones. Esto incluye las llamadas regiones D con comportamiento 3D. El método de bielas y tirantes y el método de campos de tensiones son herramientas racionales para el análisis y dimensionamiento de regiones D, pero su extensión a 3D es problemática. Este hecho explica por qué se adoptan todavía hipótesis excesivamente conservadoras en el dimensionamiento de estos elementos. La propuesta de métodos analíticos y de diseño más adecuados o la modelización con elementos finitos podría conducir a soluciones más racionales, lo que a su vez reduciría las necesidades de material y los costes. Como parte de esta tesis se ha desarrollado una herramienta de cálculo no lineal basada en el método de los elementos finitos orientada al análisis y dimensionamiento de regiones D tridimensionales por usuarios con menos experiencia en la modelización con elementos finitos. Se ha adoptado un modelo ortotrópico para el hormigón para permitir el uso de relaciones uniaxiales de tensión-deformación. Sólo es necesario definir un único parámetro, la resistencia a compresión uniaxial del hormigón. Adicionalmente, se han implementado varias funciones de ayuda, entre las que destacan: un modelo de armadura embebida para facilitar la introducción de geometrías de armado complejas; elementos especiales de apoyo y de carga que permiten un tratamiento integral de las condiciones de contorno; y un algoritmo de diseño para la determinación automática del área de armado necesaria. Se presentan tres ejemplos de aplicación a regiones D 3D representativas para mostrar las capacidades de la herramienta. En concreto, en la tercera parte del documento se describen los análisis de catorce encepados, tres cálices de cimentación y un bloque de anclaje. Los resultados muestran que se pueden obtener predicciones bastante realistas considerando modelos constitutivos relativamente sencillos. También se demuestra la capacidad de la herramienta para configurar modelos de campo de tensiones consistentes dependiendo de la configuración de armado. Además se muestra la capacidad del algoritmo de diseño para configurar disposiciones de armado racionales. En la cuarta parte se propone un método para el análisis y dimensionamiento de encepados sobre cuatro pilotes con geometría rectangular. El método se basa en un modelo 3D de bielas y tirantes refinado y la consideración de tres modos de fallo posibles: rotura del acero, aplastamiento de la biela diagonal en la base de la columna con estrechamiento de la misma y splitting de la biela diagonal debido a la fisuración transversal. La principal novedad es que el ángulo de la biela no se fija como en otros modelos, sino que se determina mediante la maximización de la resistencia del encepado. El método considera el debilitamiento de la resistencia del hormigón fisurado, condiciones de compatibilidad de deformaciones y detalles de armado. Su aplicación a 162 especímenes dio luga / El mètode dels elements finits és una potent eina d'anàlisi que ha facilitat un millor coneixement del comportament de les estructures de formigó armat. El seu ús en l'àmbit de la investigació està àmpliament estès. La seua aplicació en la pràctica enginyeril ha permès la resolució d'elements més complexos. No obstant això, l'enginyer estructural comú encara és reticent a fer servir la modelització per elements finits ja que considera que la majoria d'aquests models són excessivament sofisticats per a les seues necessitats i el seu conèixement. En concret, la complexitat de moltes eines d'elements finits sol derivar-se de l'adopció de models constitutius avançats de formigó. La implementació de models més senzills basats en la pràctica enginyeril podria facilitar el seu ús per a usuaris menys experimentats en la modelització amb elements finits. A la pràctica enginyeril l'anàlisi amb elements finits pot ser de gran utilitat per a tractar aquells elements més problemàtics i/o on l'aplicació dels mètodes d'anàlisi tradicionals presenta limitacions. Això inclou les anomenades regions D amb comportament 3D. El mètode de bieles i tirants i el mètode de camps de tensions són eines racionals per a l'anàlisi i dimensionament de regions D, però la seua extensió a 3D és problemàtica. Aquest fet explica per què s'adopten encara hipòtesis excessivament conservadores en el dimensionament d'aquests elements. La proposta de mètodes analítics i de disseny més adequats o la modelització amb elements finits podria conduir a solucions més racionals, amb el que també es reduirien les necessitats de material i els costos. Com a part d'aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat una eina de càlcul no lineal basada en el mètode dels elements finits orientada a l'anàlisi i dimensionament de regions D tridimensionals per a usuaris amb menys experiència en la modelització amb elements finits. S'ha adoptat un model ortotròpic per al formigó per permetre l'ús de relacions uniaxials de tensió-deformació. Només cal definir un únic paràmetre, la resistència a compressió uniaxial del formigó. Addicionalment, s'han implementat diverses funcions d'ajuda, entre les quals destaquen: un model d'armadura embeguda per facilitar la introducció de geometries d'armat complexes; elements especials de suport i de càrrega que permeten un tractament integral i senzill de les condicions de contorn; i un algoritme de disseny per a la determinació automàtica de l'àrea d'armat necessari. Es presenten tres exemples d'aplicació a regions D 3D representatives per mostrar les capacitats de l'eina. En particular, en la tercera part del document es descriuen les anàlisis de catorze enceps sobre quatre pilons, 3 calzes de fonamentació i un bloc d'ancoratge. Els resultats mostren que es poden obtenir prediccions prou realistes considerant models constitutius relativament senzills. També es demostra la capacitat de l'eina per configurar models de camp de tensions consistents depenent de la configuració d'armat. A més es mostra la capacitat de l'algoritme de disseny per configurar disposicions d'armat racionals. En la quarta part es proposa un mètode per a l'anàlisi i dimensionament d'enceps sobre quatre pilons amb geometria rectangular. El mètode es basa en un model 3D de bieles i tirants refinat i la consideració de tres modes de fallada possibles: trencament de l'acer, aixafament de la biela diagonal a la base de la columna amb estrenyiment de la mateixa i splitting de la biela diagonal per causa de la fissuració transversal. La principal novetat és que l'angle de la biela no es fixa com en els models actuals de bieles i tirants, sinó que es determina mitjan\c{c}ant la maximització de la resistència de l'encep. El mètode proposat considera el debilitament de la resistència del formigó fissurat, condicions de compatibilitat de deformacions i detalls d'armat. La seua aplicació a 162 espècimens de la liter / Meléndez Gimeno, C. (2017). A finite element-based approach for the analysis and design of 3D reinforced concrete elements and its applications to D-regions [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86193 / TESIS

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