Cette thèse étudie l'effet des prix sur les décisions des professionnels de santé et l'utilisation des services de santé maternelle dans le contexte de l'Afrique sub-saharienne. Les deux premiers chapitres s'intéressent à l'effet de la rémunération du travail sur les choix d'effort et la pluriactivité des professionnels de santé. En se basant sur des données collectées au niveau périphérique du système de santé Camerounais (Yaoundé et Douala), il apparaît que la rémunération du travail dans l'emploi principal n'a aucun effet significatif sur les choix d'effort et la pluriactivité des professionnels de santé. Une politique de hauts salaires apparaît ainsi insuffisante pour contrôler l'effort au travail et le phénomène d'emploi multiple des professionnels de santé. Le troisième chapitre analyse l'impact à court terme de la gratuité des soins d'accouchement et de césarienne sur l'utilisation des services de santé maternelle au Sénégal. Cette évaluation ne permet pas à court terme de mettre en évidence à un quelconque impact positif de la mesure de gratuité sur l'utilisation des services de santé maternelle. La mise à l'échelle précipitée des politiques de gratuité peut dès lors être interrogée dans ce contexte. / This thesis studies the effect of prices on the decisions of health professionals and the use of maternal health services in sub-Saharan Africa. The first two chapters are concerned with the effect of wages on the effort choices and the multiple job holding of health professionals. Based on data collected at the peripheral level of the Cameroonian health system (Yaoundé and Douala), it appears that wages in the main job have no significant effect on the effort choice and the multiple job holding of the health professionals. Thus, a policy of high wages appears insufficient to control the shirking behaviour and the multiple job holding phenomenon of health professionals in the sub-Saharan context. The third chapter analyzes the short-term impact of the free delivery and caesarean program on the use of maternal health services in Senegal. This evaluation does not show in a short-term any positive impact of the free-of-charge measure on the use of maternal health services. The hasty scaling-up of free-of-charge policies can be then questioned in this context.

Les trois essais composant cette thèse apportent des contributions à la littérature sur les conséquences de la migration et des transferts privés sur le développement économique des pays d'origine d'Afrique Subsaharienne.Le premier essai évalue l'impact distributif des transferts internationaux et domestiques au Sénégal. Les résultats montrent que les transferts privés réduisent l'inégalité de revenu au Sénégal. Cet effet égalisateur semble principalement tiré par les transferts domestiques. Le deuxième essai examine la fonction d'assurance de la migration au Mali. Nous trouvons que la migration agit comme un mécanisme d'assurance lorsque le ménage est victime d'un choc idiosyncratique au cours de l'année. Le troisième essai étudie le lien entre le capital humain des migrants sénégalais et leur insertion sur le marché de travail de destination. Les résultats suggèrent que la probabilité d'être en emploi qualifié étant donné le niveau d'éducation est inférieure en migration par rapport au Sénégal.Bien qu'à priori distincts, ces trois essais ont en commun une approche qui mobilise des enquêtes ménages ainsi que des techniques micro-économétriques diverses au regard du caractère complexe de la migration afin d'apporter des éclairages sur les conséquences de la migration sur les économies d'origine. / The three essays composing this thesis make contributions to the literature on the consequences of migration and private transfers on the economic development of the countries of origin of sub-Saharan Africa.The first essay evaluates the distributive impact of international and domestic transfersin Senegal. The results show that private transfers reduce income inequality in Senegal. This equalizing effect is mainly driven bydomestic transfers. The second essay examines the insurance function of migration in Mali. We find that migration acts as an insurance mechanism when the household suffers an idiosyncratic shock during the year. The third essay examines the link between the human capital of Senegalese migrants and their integration into the destination labor market. The results suggest that the probability of being in skilled employment given the level of education is lower in migration compared to Senegal. Although a priori distinct, the three essays have in common an approach that mobilizes household surveys and various microeconometric techniques to deal with the complexity of migration in order to improve the understanding of the consequences of migration on the economies of origines

Die schnell wachsende Dynamik urbaner Räume stellt global eine große Herausforderung für die urbane und ökologische Nachhaltigkeit dar. In den Stadtregionen in Subsahara-Afrika stehen die Strategien und Instrumente der Landnutzungsplanung, die zur Steuerung der urbanen Dynamik für die urbane und ökologische Nachhaltigkeit eingesetzt werden, vor verschiedenen Herausforderungen, einschließlich der unzureichenden Verfügbarkeit von Daten. Das Ziel dieser Forschung ist es, zu einer effektiven Landnutzungsplanung zur Verbesserung der urbanen und ökologischen Nachhaltigkeit beizutragen, indem integrierte empirische Daten aus Geographischen Informationssystemen, Fernerkundung und Umfragen genutzt werden, um detaillierte und neue Einblicke in die urbane Landdynamik zu bieten. Bei der Untersuchung der Diskrepanzen zwischen der vergangenen und der aktuellen städtischen Landbedeckung und den Flächennutzungsplänen wurde die überwachte Klassifizierung (supervised classification) der Landbedeckung von LANDSAT-Daten aus den Jahren 1987, 2002 und 2017 verwendet, um die nicht-städtischen Entwicklungsflächen zu quantifizieren, die an die Stadt/Bebauung verloren gingen. Experteninterviews wurden zur Anleitung und Entwicklung von drei Szenarioalternativen zur Simulation der Landbedeckung von 2017 bis 2030 und 2050 unter Verwendung des Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network und Markov-Modellen verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine Zunahme der städtischen/bebauten Flächen und große Unstimmigkeiten zwischen der früheren/aktuellen städtischen Landbedeckung und den bestehenden Flächennutzungsplänen. Außerdem zeigten die Ergebnisse eine hohe, geringe und keine potenzielle Beeinträchtigung der geschützten ökologisch sensiblen Gebiete durch die zukünftige urbane Dynamik unter den Szenarien "Business As Usual", "Adjusted Urban Land" und "Regionaler Flächennutzungsplan". Die Methoden und die zur Verfügung gestellten Basisinformationen, insbesondere aus dem “Adjusted Urban Land” Szenario, wären für eine effektive Flächennutzungsplanung von Nutzen. Dies würde dazu beitragen, die urbane und ökologische Nachhaltigkeit der Stadtregionen in Subsahara-Afrika und im gesamten Globalen Süden zu verbessern, wo eine unzureichende Datenverfügbarkeit die Flächennutzungsplanung erschwert. / Global urban dynamics are rapidly increasing, posing a great challenge to urban and environmental sustainability. In Sub-Saharan Africa city-regions, land use planning strategies and instruments used to guide urban dynamic patterns for urban and environmental sustainability are faced with various challenges, including insufficient data availability. The goal of this research is to contribute to effective land use planning for improving urban and environmental sustainability using integrated empirical data derived from Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and surveys to offer detailed and new insights into urban land dynamics. While investigating the mismatches between the past and current urban land cover and land use plans, the supervised classification of the land cover of LANDSAT data from 1987, 2002, and 2017 was used to quantify the non-urban development areas lost to urban/built-up. Expert interviews were applied to guide and develop three scenario alternatives to simulate land cover from 2017 to 2030 and 2050 using the Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network and Markov models. The results indicated an increase in urban/built-up areas and large mismatches between the past/current urban land cover and the existing land use plans. Also, the results indicated high, little, and no potential degradation of the protected environmentally sensitive areas by the future urban dynamics under the Business As Usual, Adjusted Urban Land, and Regional Land Use Plan scenarios respectively. The methods and the baseline information provided, especially from the Adjusted Urban Land scenario would be useful for effective land use planning. This would support improving the urban and environmental sustainability of the Sub-Saharan African city-regions and across the Global South, where insufficient data availability challenges land use planning.

The Master's thesis deals with China's increased engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa after 2000 and its impact on U.S. political and economic interests on the continent. In the first decade of the new millennium, China's search for natural resources, especially oil, to satisfy its growing demand, need to find new markets for exports, as well as China's aspiration to enhance its position at the international stage led Beijing to pay greater attention to Africa. China started to engage African countries through a combination of development assistance with no strings attached, except for the one-China principle, and high-profile diplomacy. The United States has become concerned that China might jeopardize its programs on democratization and governance and become a fierce economic competitor in Africa. In the first two chapters, the thesis describes the interests of China and the U.S, respectively, the main actors involved in the countries' respective Africa policies, and strategies and concrete policies these two world powers implement in Africa. The third chapter compares the U.S. and China's engagement in three case studies - on Nigeria, Angola and Sudan. The fourth chapter provides a comparison of the general features of the American and the Chinese policies towards Sub- Saharan Africa. The chapter...

The aim of this thesis is to answer how and why France intervenes in Sub-Saharan Africa in the new millennium. This region represented the pivotal part of French colonial empire and France maintained close mutual relationship even after decolonization, partly due to the numerous military interventions. Security and defence policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa underwent gradual changes since the 1990s', France started to participate in multilateral peace operations and outside its traditional sphere of influence. Since 2003, when the European Union launched the first operation on the African continent, the vast majority of French interventions took place within the Common Security and Defence Policy of the EU. There were twelve new operations in the examined period 2003-2012, from which four military missions were selected for the purpose of this research: Operation Artemis in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2003, EUFOR DR Congo ibidem in 2006, EUFOR Chad/CAR in Chad and Central African Republic from 2008 to 2009 and naval operation EU NAVFOR Atalanta launched by the coast of Somalia in 2008. The thesis compares these cases in order to analyse motives which lead France to intervene in Sub-Saharan Africa and to prefere multilateral type of operation. The motives are assessed in the context of the...

The goal of this research is to shed light on the impact of European foreign direct investment and growing Chinese foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa through lenses of neocolonialism and orientalism. A case study analysis is utilized to grasp the topic appropriately. Two case studies were set - Senegal and Zambia case study. While Senegal serves predominantly as a case study for the impact of EU foreign direct investments, The case study of Zambia helps to understand how Chinese FDI inflow affects Sub-Saharan countries. Therefore, six hypotheses were outlined. This work researches the impact of FDI on the level of democracy represented by the democratic index of The Economist Intelligence Unit, business freedom embodied in The Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index, and stability of state symbolised by the fragile state index studied by The Fund for Peace. All three indexes above are available for free online. The correlation between EU FDI and level of democracy was confirmed while Chinese FDI negatively affects democratic development in studied countries. Next, European FDI positively affects the level of economic freedom in Senegal as well as Zambia. Nevertheless, increased Chinese FDI inflow to the countries deteriorated their economic freedom. Lastly, there is no clear...

This dissertation thesis touches on some important aspects of development, including financial development and improved access to reliable energy sources, regional integration and expanded opportunities for trade. This thesis was written to help guide policy reforms especially in developing countries to expand sources of growth and put countries on track to better meet their long-term development goals, including a better and more sustainable future for everyone. This dissertation consists of three papers. In the first paper I investigate the empirical evidence on the relationship between financial development and economic growth. In doing so, I assessed over 270 studies for their potential inclusion in a meta-analysis. From those studies that contained an empirical estimate of the finance growth relationship, I compiled 1,334 coefficients and coded study characteristics for each. Taking the reported estimates together, I find a positive link between financial development and economic growth, but with widely varying individual estimates. By applying a multi-variate meta-regression, I explain the variation in reported results, stemming not only from differences in research design (by authors addressing or ignoring potential endogeneity issues) but also from real drivers (different regional and time...

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This paper adopts a quantitative and qualitative lens, through which we explore the economic relationship between the region of Sub-Saharan Africa and China as a consequence of Chinese Foreign direct investments (FDI).  Primarily, the paper’s direction, analysis, and discussions are dictated by the usage of primary and secondary data. Our primary data is constructed as a panel data set including GDP for 38 countries alongside the Chinese FDIs for each country during the period 2003-2021. Our secondary data includes already existing papers on topics related to our purpose and the data found in them. The main points include the economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa, the subsequent enforced Chinese economic policy, and further the gains China see from their strides into the region. In order to prove our hypothesis and research questions we've used econometric models.The panel data was used to conduct several time series regressions, where we further used different models and tests to get the best possible result Due to the fact that our regression shows a significant and positive correlation between economic growth in the region as a result of Chinese FDI, we can establish that past research is reinforced. Through the used model we’re enabled to look at the individual effects of every country in the region. In addition, by comparing these effects with the level of corruption and which type of income group the countries belong to, we can further highlight the fact that China tends to invest in countries who can offer something in return. Examples of such cases could be South Africa and Angola who are two of the biggest receivers of Chinese FDI in the region, which we, throughout the paper, attribute to the fact that they have an abundance of natural resources.