Clinicians and researchers have identified a pattern of "mixed" symptoms that are sometimes exhibited by individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs). However, the criteria for these mixed states as outlined by the American Psychological Association have been criticized for being too stringent for most individuals that experience impairing episodes of mixed symptomatology (e.g., Akiskal, 1996). Mixed states are associated with a more impairing course of illness and suicidality. More research is needed on mixed states, and there is particularly little evidence for risk factors in recent-onset samples. The aims of this study were to 1) examine the prevalence of mixed states in a sample of individuals with recent-onset bipolar spectrum disorders, 2) examine the symptom structure of hypomanic and depressive episodes, and 3) examine some of the risk factors associated with mixed states. Participants in sample 1 were adolescents, initially aged 14-19, selected for exhibiting either moderate or high Behavioral Approach System (BAS) risk for first onset of BSDs. Participants in sample 2 were 18-24 year old undergraduates from Temple University recruited for having a bipolar spectrum diagnosis. Mixed states captured 37.10% of all episodes examined in sample 1, yet only 13 (10.48%) of these episodes met available research criteria for mixed mood episodes. Factor analysis yielded two adequate models that fit the data; one model had two factors that aligned with traditional depressive and hypomanic symptomatology, and another model had three factors that aligned with hypothesized overactivity, inhibited depression, and irritable risk taking components of bipolar disorder. Latent class analysis allowed for examining observed patterns of responses within individuals, and then grouping heterogeneous groups of individuals into classes based on similarities on dimensions of interest, performance within dimensions, or both (Nylund, Bellmore, Nishina, & Graham, 2007). The latent class analysis showed that three classes best defined bipolar spectrum individuals in sample 1: low impulsivity, aggressive, and substance problems classes were obtained. The `aggressive' class was significantly more likely than the `low impulsivity' class to experience any mixed symptomatology, although a continuous measure of mixed symptoms did not yield significant differences between classes. Overall, the results from the current study support findings suggesting that mixed mood states are more commonly experienced than originally believed. These results extend previous studies to include individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders, not solely bipolar I and II disorders. These findings also suggest that non-treatment-seeking samples may have different types of mixed mood states than those seeking treatment. These findings add support to the literature that individuals with BSDs and comorbid substance use diagnoses are at increased risk for chronic illness, and show that these individuals are also more likely to experience mixed mood states than those without comorbid substance use diagnosis. Treatment providers should be aware of the complications that are inherent in bipolar individuals with comorbid substance diagnoses, as they are more likely to experience more episodes as well as mixed symptoms. / Psychology

A associação entre transtornos alimentares e dependência de substâncias, psicoativas tem sido freqüentemente relatada tanto em programas para dependência química, como em serviços para transtornos alimentares. No entanto, há grande variabilidade entre os diferentes estudos. Uma das hipóteses que tem sido levantada para explicar essa diversidade é que em dependentes de substâncias a associação mais freqüente seria com síndromes alimentares parciais ou subclínicas. Praticamente não há pesquisas que avaliem a influência dessa comorbidade na evolução do tratamento para dependência química. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o perfil de três grupos de mulheres dependentes de substâncias psicoativas - com comorbidade com transtornos alimentares clínicos, com comorbidade com patologia alimentar subclínica e sem essa comorbidade - e descrever sua evolução em um programa especializado para dependência química feminina. MÉTODO: foram estudadas 80 mulheres dependentes de álcool e drogas que procuram tratamento no Programa de Atenção à Mulher Dependente Química (PROMUD) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. As pacientes foram avaliadas para a coleta de dados sócio-demográficos e relativos ao uso de substâncias psicoativas através de um questionário padronizado; para diagnóstico clínico, através da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV (SCID), e subclínico, do Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT) e do Teste de Investigação Bulímica (BITE); para avaliação da imagem corporal através do Questionário de Imagem Corporal (BSQ); para evolução, através da Addiction Severity Index (ASI) e da Escala de Seguimento de Alcoolistas (ESA-M e ESA-Drogas). RESULTADOS: 27 (33,75%) pacientes tinham transtornos alimentares clínicos, 17 (21,25%) tinham patologia alimentar subclínica e 36 (45%) não tinham essa comorbidade. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo com transtorno alimentar clínico era significativamente mais jovem, tinha maior severidade no uso de álcool e tendência para maior gravidade no uso de drogas. O grupo subclínico diferia dos outros dois somente por apresentar uma situação ocupacional pior. Após um ano foram verificadas mudanças significativas no comportamento e padrão alimentar do grupo subclínico e na imagem corporal do grupo com transtorno alimentar clínico. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os três grupos na permanência em um ano de tratamento e todos melhoraram significativamente no uso de substâncias em 12 meses. No entanto, as pacientes do grupo com transtornos alimentares clínicos tiveram uma evolução mais lenta. CONCLUSÕES: Estes dados não apóiam a hipótese de que a associação com transtornos alimentares afete o curso do tratamento de mulheres dependentes, sugerindo que uma abordagem integrada, que responda às necessidades de forma pessoal e individualizada, tem mais chances de sucesso. / The association between eating disorders and psychoactive substance dependence has often been described in both chemical dependence and eating disorders treatment programs. As studies show great result variability it has been suggested that substance dependent individuals would have frequently associated partial or subclinical eating syndromes. There is virtually no research exploring the impact of such comorbidity in the treatment outcome of chemical dependent individuals. The present study aimed at comparing three groups of psychoactive substance dependent women - those with comorbid clinical eating disorders, those with comorbid subclinical eating condition and those with no comorbid disorder - and describing their outcome in a program targeted for chemical dependent women. METHODS: A total of 80 alcohol and drug dependent women who sought treatment at the Drug Dependent Women Treatment Center (PROMUD) of Clínicas Hospital?s Psychiatry Institute of the University of São Paulo Medical School were studied. Sociodemographic and psychoactive substance use data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The clinical diagnosis was made using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID) and subclinical diagnosis was made using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and the Bulimic Inventory Test of Edinburgh (BITE). Body self-image was assessed using the Body Shape Questionnary (BSQ) and treatment outcome was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and Alcohol Dependence Follow-up Scale (AFS-M and AFS-Drugs). RESULTS: Twenty-seven (33.75%) patients had clinical eating disorders, 17 (21.25%) had subclinical eating condition and 36 (45%) had no comorbid condition. The clinical eating disorder group showed to be significantly younger and had more severe alcohol and drug use. The subclinical group had only a poorer occupational status when compared to the other two groups. One-year follow-up showed significant behavior and eating pattern changes in the subclinical group and body self-image changes in the clinical eating disorder group. No differences were seen as for the length of stay in treatment during the course of a year in the three groups and all patients improved significantly substance use after a 12-month-period, though clinical eating disorder patients had a much slower progress. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings don?t support the assumption that the association between eating disorders affects treatment outcome among substance dependent women, suggesting that a comprehensive approach focusing on the individual?s personal needs and delivered in a customized manner would be more likely to succeed.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is associated with high mortality rates and remains a public health concern in the United States. Although, numerous interventions are offered for adolescents struggling with substance misuse, minimal research is available on the effectiveness of treatments to reduce recidivism. Researching the most effective treatment offered to adolescents is crucial to treatment adherence and recovery. The purpose of this study is to determine the most effective SUD treatment for adolescent patients by exploring the perceptions and experiences of treatment therapists providing treatment. The trans-theoretical model was used with elements of the social cognitive theory as a guide to, adolescent placement in treatment programs and behavior changes. Twenty-three treatment therapists at Community Mental Health Centers from 23 counties in the State of Indiana were interviewed using the Colaizzi phenomenological methodological approach to obtain verification, validation, and validity for this study. Results suggested that assertive post-discharge plans after SUD treatment, motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, higher power faith for strength, and family involvement was evidence of effectiveness. Seven themes emerged from 225 significant statements. Among the dominant themes were understanding of SUD as a disease and the importance of family involvement in the treatment process. The study findings have the potential for positive social change to address the stigma of stereotyping of SUD through educational campaigns.

The primary and secondary objectives of the Early Developmental Stages of Substance Abuse Study (EDSP) are described along with a detailed description of the overall design, special design features and instruments used. The EDSP is a 5-year prospective study with three waves of assessments. Special design features are the linkages with family genetic investigations as well as neuroendocrinological stress tests in high-risk subjects. Overall, 3,021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years are included. The response rate for the baseline investigation was 71%. Diagnostic assessments were made by using a modified lifetime (baseline) and 12-month change version of the WHO-CIDI, adjusted for DSM-IV. Modifications refer to a more detailed quantitative assessment of symptoms and substance use variables as well as the inclusion of questions to assess course of disorders and subthreshold diagnostic conditions.

Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Weiter steigende Raten des Konsums psychotroper Substanzen und klinisch bedeutsamer Substanzstörungen vor allem bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen, veränderte Gebrauchs- und Problemkonstellationen der Konsumentengruppen und die Einführung neuer Therapien und Versorgungsmodelle (Prävention, Frühintervention, Therapie und Rehabilitation) erfordern insbesondere angesichts der begrenzten Finanz- und Versorgungsressourcen neue Bedarfs- und Allokationsmodelle. Diese sollen praxisnah und effizient zu entscheiden helfen wann, bei welchen Rahmenbedingungen, welche Interventionsart und -strategie die individuell erfolgversprechendste ist. Diese Fragen werden in einem Forschungsprojekt des Suchtforschungsverbundes ASAT bearbeitet, das in einer umschriebenen Region mittels schrittweiser, epidemiologisch basierter Bedarfsund Bedürfnisanalysen die Ableitung und Priorisierung von institutionellen und therapeutischen Zuordnungsstrategien untersucht. Methodik: Basierend auf einem prospektiv-epidemiologischen Design wurden (1) bei einer repräsentativen regionalen Bevölkerungsstichprobe (EDSP-Studie) Inzidenzmuster, Spontanverlauf, Risikofaktoren und Konsequenzen des Substanzgebrauchs, -missbrauchs und der -abhängigkeit sowie Inanspruchnahmeverhalten, gedeckter und ungedeckter Bedarf beurteilt. (2) Ergänzt wird diese Erhebung durch eine Gesamterfassung und Evaluation des regionalen Suchthilfesystems. (3) Über statistische Analysen von Verläufen und Suchthilfeangeboten in der Region sollen "natürliche" Allokationsprozesse dargestellt und "outcome"-orientiert bewertet werden. (4) Anhand der dabei sichtbaren Mängel und Defizite können dann zusammen mit den Einrichtungen verbesserte Allokationsrichtlinien für einzelne sowie Gruppen von Patienten abgeleitet werden. Die Ergebnisse sollen in das regionale Suchhilfesystem übertragen werden. Ergebnisse und Diskussion: Erste Ergebnisse des Projekts bestätigen die Möglichkeit, Risikogruppen über spezifische Verlaufsanalysen zu identifizieren (z.B. regelmäßige Cannabiskonsumenten, Mehrfachkonsumenten, mehr weibliche Konsumenten mit einem höherem Abhängigkeitsrisiko). Die Inanspruchnahmemuster deuten in Teilbereichen (Frühintervention) auf ein hohes Ausmaß ungedeckten Bedarfs hin und scheinen neue Allokationsentwürfe zu erfordern. Den Einrichtungsträgern und regional Verantwortlichen der Suchthilfe können nach Auswertung weiterer Daten umfassende Bedarfsabschätzungen und verschiedene alternative Allokationsmodelle basierend auf der Perspektive von KlientInnen/ PatientInnen bereitgestellt werden. / Background and Aims: Increasing rates of substance use and substance use disorders especially in adolescents and young adults, changing patterns of use and associated problems and the introduction of new therapies and programs of care (prevention, early intervention, therapy, rehabilitation) require new need and allocation models especially because of restricted financial and care resources. These models should provide a rational basis for the improvement of allocation processes as well as setting priorities in the provision and restructuring of community and patientoriented interventions. In the present paper, we will present a project of the ASAT research network program which aims at a multi-staged, integrated epidemiology-based need and program evaluation in an area to determine institutional and therapeutical allocation processes. Methods: Based on a prospective epidemiological design, (1) prevalence and incidence, risk factors and course of substance use, abuse and dependence are investigated in a representative sample of the community-based EDSP study. Additionally, helpseeking behaviors, met and unmet need are assessed. (2) The investigation is supplemented by a survey of all substance use services in the area. (3) Course of substance use and service provision of substance use services in the area will be analyzed and reviewed to identify natural allocation processes and to determine the outcome. (4) With the knowledge of deficits and unmet need, improved allocation guidelines for specific groups of clients and patients will be developed. The results will be transferred into the regional health care system. Results and discussion: First results show that the identification of new risk groups with the help of course typologies is possible. The patterns of help-seeking point to a high rate of unmet need, especially with regard to the targeted early intervention, and a need of alternative allocation models. After the assessment and the overall data analyses, need evaluations and several alternative allocation models based on the clients'/patients' perspective will be provided.

This report presents an overview of the results of the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) (Kessler et al., 1994) and future directions based on these results. The NCS is a survey that was mandated by the US Congress to study the comorbidity of substance use disorders and nonsubstance psychiatric disorders in the general population of the US. (...)

Objective: We present the prevalence and incidence rates of alcohol, nicotine, and illicit substance use, abuse, and dependence in a sample of German adolescents and young adults. Patterns of onset, cohort trends, and use of various substance classes are also analyzed. Method: A prospective longitudinal epidemiological study with a representative sample of adolescents and young adults (n = 3,021; baseline age range = 14–24 years) was conducted in Munich, Germany. Participants were assessed between 1995 and 1999 with the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Cumulative lifetime incidence (up to age 28) of any substance abuse or dependence was 43.8%, and 12-month prevalence of any substance abuse or dependence was 24.4%. The lifetime incidence of nicotine dependence was most frequent (24.8%), followed by alcohol abuse (19.3%) and alcohol dependence (9.2%); 61.7% endorsed the regular use of a substance for at least one circumscribed period during their lifetime. Age-specific incidence rates and age at onset of substance use disorders differed by age cohorts. Furthermore, nicotine dependence was significantly associated with illicit substance use disorders (HR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–4.0). An interactive relationship between age, age at onset of nicotine dependence, and subsequent onset of illicit substance use disorders was found. Conclusions: Since the baseline investigation in 1995, high incidence rates of substance use disorders and substance use have been observed in this young German sample. Especially younger cohorts report significantly earlier ages at onset of abuse and dependence. There also seems to be a trend towards a secondary age at onset peak of nicotine dependence after the onset of illicit drug use disorders. Further investigations are needed to study these patterns in younger samples. However, results emphasize the need for a combined prevention of illicit drugs and nicotine dependence. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Background: Given the increasing number of military deployments in modern forces and the high individual and social costs of substance use disorders, the risk of substance use (alcohol, nicotine, illegal drugs) and substance use disorders (abuse, dependence) associated with deployment and deployment-related stressful experiences is an important area of research. Main questions in this area are: Are deployment and deployment-related stressful experiences associated with problematic substance use patterns and substance use disorders? Are there high-risk groups for deploymentrelated increases in substance use and the occurrence of substance use disorders? Do other mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder play a role for the risk of substance use disorders? This dissertation thesis aims to contribute to these questions. The thesis is based on a research program in German military personnel deployed to Afghanistan. The program includes a crosssectional and a prospective-longitudinal study component. In the cross-sectional component, a random, stratified sample of 1483 was assessed twelve months after return from deployment. As a control group, 889 never deployed soldiers were also assessed. In the prospective-longitudinal component, another sample of 358 male soldiers was assessed directly before and twelve months following deployment. Information about substance use and substance use disorders was obtained using a standardized diagnostic interview. Deployment-related stressful experiences and other relevant variables were assessed with additional scales and questionnaires. Based on this study program, the following research questions were addressed: (1) Do deployed and never deployed soldiers differ regarding the prevalence of problematic substance use patterns (alcohol, nicotine, illegal drugs) and substance use disorders (alcohol, nicotine)? (2) How are soldiers with deployment-related changes in alcohol use characterized? (3) Are posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms related to the risk for substance use disorders (alcohol, nicotine)? (4) Are soldiers with prior mood and anxiety disorders at higher risk for the onset of substance use disorders (alcohol, nicotine) following deployment-related stressful experiences? Main results: Regarding these research questions, the following main results were observed: (1) Deployed and never deployed do not differ considerably regarding the prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders. (2) There was evidence for both deployment-related increases and decreases in alcohol use in specific subgroups. Compared to soldiers with a stable consumption, soldiers with increased alcohol use were characterized by lower ranks, less acceptance, less social support, more sleeping problems after deployment and more deployment-related negative cognitions. Soldiers with deployment-related decreases in alcohol use were characterized by fewer posttraumatic stress disorders symptoms prior deployment and less childhood emotional neglect. (3) Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were related to the risk for substance use disorders. These associations were partially attributable to other comorbid mental disorders. However, several posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were related to substance use disorders above the contribution of comorbidity. (4) Specific constellations of prior mood and anxiety disorders and high degrees of certain deploymentrelated stressful experiences predicted the onset of alcohol use disorders. Conclusions: Based on these findings it can be concluded that German soldiers deployed to Afghanistan do not have an overall elevated risk for substance use and substance use disorders. However, several subgroups with a deployment-related increase in substance use and substance use disorders could be identified for specific substances. These subgroups include soldiers with low ranks, low social support and other mental disorders, of which several posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms might be particularly relevant. In addition, soldiers who experience mood and anxiety disorders prior to deployment as well as high degrees of specific deployment-related stressful experiences might be at higher risk for the onset of alcohol use disorders. It is also noteworthy that some soldiers show a deployment-related decrease in alcohol consumption. These findings might contribute to an improved identification of high-risk groups and suggest targets for possible interventions and preventive efforts. Because of some limitations, mainly regarding crosssectional designs and limited statistical power, some observed associations have to be interpreted with caution. Further prospective studies in high-risk populations or larger samples are necessary to replicate and extend the suggested findings. Moreover, the generalizability of findings to non-military samples and other types of stressful experiences should be investigated. These investigations might help to further reduce the prevalence of excessive substance use and substance use disorders. / Hintergrund: Das Risiko für den Konsum psychotroper Substanzen (Alkohol, Nikotin, illegale Drogen)und das Auftreten von Substanzstörungen (Missbrauch, Abhängigkeit) im Zusammenhang mit Belastungen in militärischen Einsätzen ist angesichts der Zunahme militärischer Einsätze sowie der hohen individuellen und sozialen Kosten von Substanzstörungen ein Forschungsthema von hoher Relevanz. Wichtige Fragen sind dabei: Stehen Auslandseinsätze generell im Zusammenhang mit problematischen Konsummustern und Substanzstörungen? Gibt es bestimmte Risikogruppen für Anstiege im Substanzkonsum und das Auftreten von Substanzstörungen? Welche Rolle spielen andere psychische Störungen, wie z.B. die posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS), für das Auftreten einer Substanzstörung? Diese Dissertationsschrift behandelt verschiedene Aspekte dieser Fragestellungen auf der Grundlage eines Forschungsprogramms zur psychischen Gesundheit bei in Afghanistan eingesetzten deutschen Soldaten. Das Programm umfasste eine querschnittliche und eine prospektiv-longitudinale Studie. In der Querschnittstudie wurde eine randomisierte, stratifizierte Stichprobe von 1483 Soldaten zwölf Monate nach Rückkehr aus einem Einsatz in Afghanistan untersucht. Als Kontrollgruppe wurden zudem 889 Soldaten untersucht, welche niemals im Einsatz waren. In der prospektiv-longitudinalen Studie wurde eine weitere Stichprobe von 358 männlichen Soldaten unmittelbar vor und zwölf Monate nach Einsatzrückkehr aus Afghanistan untersucht. Information zu Substanzkonsum und Substanzstörungen nach DSM-IV wurden mittels standardisierter diagnostischer Interviews erfasst. Einsatzbezogene belastende Ereignisse und andere relevante Variablen wurden mit zusätzlichen Skalen und Fragebögen erhoben. Auf Basis dieses Studienprogramms wurden unter anderem die folgenden Fragestellungen bearbeitet: (1) Unterscheiden sich Soldaten mit und ohne Auslandseinsatz hinsichtlich der Prävalenz von kritischen Konsummustern (Alkohol, Nikotin, illegale Drogen) und Substanzstörungen (Alkohol, Nikotin)? (2) Durch welche Merkmale sind Soldaten mit einsatzbezogenen Veränderungen im Alkoholkonsum gekennzeichnet? (3) Sind Symptome der PTBS mit dem Risiko für Substanzstörungen (Alkohol, Nikotin) assoziiert? (4) Haben Soldaten mit bereits vor dem Einsatz bestehenden Angst- und affektiven Störungen ein höheres Risiko für das Auftreten einer Substanzstörung (Alkohol, Nikotin) nach belastenden Einsatzereignissen? Hauptergebnisse: In Bezug auf diese Fragestellungen ergaben sich folgende Ergebnisse: (1) Soldaten mit und ohne Auslandseinsatz unterschieden sich kaum hinsichtlich der Prävalenz von Substanzkonsum und Substanzstörungen. (2) Allerdings ergaben sich Hinweise auf Zu-, wie auch Abnahmeeffekte im Alkoholkonsum in unterschiedlichen Subgruppen. Soldaten mit einem Anstieg im Alkoholkonsum waren im Vergleich zu Soldaten mit stabilem Konsum durch einen niedrigeren Dienstgrad, ein geringeres Ausmaß an Akzeptanz, weniger soziale Unterstützung, mehr Schlafprobleme nach Einsatzrückkehr sowie ein höheres Ausmaß an negativen einsatzbezogenen Bewertungen gekennzeichnet. Bei Soldaten mit einer einsatzbezogenen Reduktion im Alkoholkonsum fanden sich weniger PTBS-Symptome vor dem Einsatz sowie ein geringeres Ausmaß an emotionaler Vernachlässigung in der Kindheit. (3) Es gab Zusammenhänge zwischen PTBS-Symptomen und Substanzstörungen, die jedoch teilweise durch andere komorbide psychische Störungen erklärt werden konnten. Allerdings blieben einige PTBS-Symptome über andere komorbide Störungen hinaus mit Substanzstörungen assoziiert. (4) Bestimmte Konstellationen von bereits vor dem Einsatz bestehenden Angst- und affektiven Störungen sagten bei hohem Ausmaß an einigen einsatzbezogenen Belastungen das Auftreten einer Störung durch Alkoholkonsum vorher. Schlussfolgerungen: Auf Grundlage dieser Befunde lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass in Afghanistan eingesetzte Bundeswehrsoldaten kein generell erhöhtes Risiko für kritische Konsummuster und das Auftreten von Substanzstörungen aufweisen. Allerdings konnten Subgruppen identifiziert werden, die in Bezug auf bestimmte Substanzen ein erhöhtes Risiko für einen erheblichen Anstieg im Substanzkosum oder das Auftreten einer Substanzstörung haben. Dazu gehören unter anderem Soldaten mit niedrigen Dienstgrad, geringer sozialer Unterstützung und anderen psychischen Störungen, wobei bestimmte Symptome der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung von besonderer Relevanz sein könnten. Zudem scheint das Risiko für Störungen durch Alkoholkonsum bei Soldaten erhöht, bei denen bereits vor dem Einsatz Angst- und affektive Störungen auftraten und die gleichzeitig ein hohes Ausmaß an bestimmten Einsatzbelastungen erleben. Bemerkenswert ist aber auch, dass einige Soldaten nach dem Einsatz eine erhebliche Reduktion des Alkoholkonsums aufweisen. Die Befunde könnten zu einer verbesserten Identifikation von Risikogruppen beitragen und Ansatzpunkte für mögliche Interventionen und präventive Maßnahmen liefern. Aufgrund einiger Limitationen, die vor allem querschnittliche Designs und eine eingeschränkte statistische Power betreffen, sollten einige der beobachteten Zusammenhänge vorsichtig interpretiert werden. Weitere prospektive Untersuchungen an größeren Stichproben sowie Hochrisikokohorten sind nötig, um die Befunde zu replizieren und zu erweitern. Weiter sollte die Übertragbarkeit der Befunde auf nichtmilitärische Stichproben unter Einbezug anderer Arten von belastenden Ereignissen untersucht werden. Diese Untersuchungen könnten langfristig zur Senkung von problematischen Substanzkonsum und Substanzstörungen beitragen.

abstract: The present study utilized longitudinal data from a high-risk community sample (n= 377; 166 trauma-exposed; 54% males; 52% children of alcoholics; 73% non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian; 22% Hispanic/Latino; 5% other ethnicity) to test a series of hypotheses that may help explain the risk pathways that link traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, and problematic alcohol and drug use. Specifically, this study examined whether pre-trauma substance use problems increase risk for trauma exposure (the high-risk hypothesis) or PTSD symptoms (the susceptibility hypothesis), whether PTSD symptoms increase risk for later alcohol/drug problems (the self-medication hypothesis), and whether the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol/drug problems is due to shared risk factors (the shared vulnerability hypothesis). This study also examined the roles of gender and ethnicity in these pathways. A series of logistic and negative binomial regressions were performed in a path analysis framework. A composite pre-trauma family adversity variable was formed from measures of family conflict, family life stress, parental alcoholism, and other parent psychopathology. Results provided the strongest support for the self-medication hypothesis, such that PTSD symptoms predicted higher levels of later alcohol and drug problems among non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian participants, over and above the influences of pre-trauma family adversity, pre-trauma substance use problems, trauma exposure, and demographic variables. Results partially supported the high-risk hypothesis, such that adolescent substance use problems had a marginally significant unique effect on risk for assaultive violence exposure but not on overall risk for trauma exposure. There was no support for the susceptibility hypothesis, as pre-trauma adolescent substance use problems did not significantly influence risk for PTSD diagnosis/symptoms over and above the influence of pre-trauma family adversity. Finally, there was little support for the shared vulnerability hypothesis. Neither trauma exposure nor preexisting family adversity accounted for the link between PTSD symptoms and later substance use problems. These results add to a growing body of literature in support of the self-medication hypothesis. Findings extend previous research by showing that PTSD symptoms may influence the development of alcohol and drug problems over and above the influence of trauma exposure itself, preexisting family risk factors, and baseline levels of substance use. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Psychology 2014

A associação entre transtornos alimentares e dependência de substâncias, psicoativas tem sido freqüentemente relatada tanto em programas para dependência química, como em serviços para transtornos alimentares. No entanto, há grande variabilidade entre os diferentes estudos. Uma das hipóteses que tem sido levantada para explicar essa diversidade é que em dependentes de substâncias a associação mais freqüente seria com síndromes alimentares parciais ou subclínicas. Praticamente não há pesquisas que avaliem a influência dessa comorbidade na evolução do tratamento para dependência química. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o perfil de três grupos de mulheres dependentes de substâncias psicoativas - com comorbidade com transtornos alimentares clínicos, com comorbidade com patologia alimentar subclínica e sem essa comorbidade - e descrever sua evolução em um programa especializado para dependência química feminina. MÉTODO: foram estudadas 80 mulheres dependentes de álcool e drogas que procuram tratamento no Programa de Atenção à Mulher Dependente Química (PROMUD) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. As pacientes foram avaliadas para a coleta de dados sócio-demográficos e relativos ao uso de substâncias psicoativas através de um questionário padronizado; para diagnóstico clínico, através da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV (SCID), e subclínico, do Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT) e do Teste de Investigação Bulímica (BITE); para avaliação da imagem corporal através do Questionário de Imagem Corporal (BSQ); para evolução, através da Addiction Severity Index (ASI) e da Escala de Seguimento de Alcoolistas (ESA-M e ESA-Drogas). RESULTADOS: 27 (33,75%) pacientes tinham transtornos alimentares clínicos, 17 (21,25%) tinham patologia alimentar subclínica e 36 (45%) não tinham essa comorbidade. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo com transtorno alimentar clínico era significativamente mais jovem, tinha maior severidade no uso de álcool e tendência para maior gravidade no uso de drogas. O grupo subclínico diferia dos outros dois somente por apresentar uma situação ocupacional pior. Após um ano foram verificadas mudanças significativas no comportamento e padrão alimentar do grupo subclínico e na imagem corporal do grupo com transtorno alimentar clínico. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os três grupos na permanência em um ano de tratamento e todos melhoraram significativamente no uso de substâncias em 12 meses. No entanto, as pacientes do grupo com transtornos alimentares clínicos tiveram uma evolução mais lenta. CONCLUSÕES: Estes dados não apóiam a hipótese de que a associação com transtornos alimentares afete o curso do tratamento de mulheres dependentes, sugerindo que uma abordagem integrada, que responda às necessidades de forma pessoal e individualizada, tem mais chances de sucesso. / The association between eating disorders and psychoactive substance dependence has often been described in both chemical dependence and eating disorders treatment programs. As studies show great result variability it has been suggested that substance dependent individuals would have frequently associated partial or subclinical eating syndromes. There is virtually no research exploring the impact of such comorbidity in the treatment outcome of chemical dependent individuals. The present study aimed at comparing three groups of psychoactive substance dependent women - those with comorbid clinical eating disorders, those with comorbid subclinical eating condition and those with no comorbid disorder - and describing their outcome in a program targeted for chemical dependent women. METHODS: A total of 80 alcohol and drug dependent women who sought treatment at the Drug Dependent Women Treatment Center (PROMUD) of Clínicas Hospital?s Psychiatry Institute of the University of São Paulo Medical School were studied. Sociodemographic and psychoactive substance use data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The clinical diagnosis was made using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID) and subclinical diagnosis was made using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and the Bulimic Inventory Test of Edinburgh (BITE). Body self-image was assessed using the Body Shape Questionnary (BSQ) and treatment outcome was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and Alcohol Dependence Follow-up Scale (AFS-M and AFS-Drugs). RESULTS: Twenty-seven (33.75%) patients had clinical eating disorders, 17 (21.25%) had subclinical eating condition and 36 (45%) had no comorbid condition. The clinical eating disorder group showed to be significantly younger and had more severe alcohol and drug use. The subclinical group had only a poorer occupational status when compared to the other two groups. One-year follow-up showed significant behavior and eating pattern changes in the subclinical group and body self-image changes in the clinical eating disorder group. No differences were seen as for the length of stay in treatment during the course of a year in the three groups and all patients improved significantly substance use after a 12-month-period, though clinical eating disorder patients had a much slower progress. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings don?t support the assumption that the association between eating disorders affects treatment outcome among substance dependent women, suggesting that a comprehensive approach focusing on the individual?s personal needs and delivered in a customized manner would be more likely to succeed.