Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Wan Lei Nei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-160). / Abstract and questionnaires in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Abstract --- p.vii / List of abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Club drugs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- "Pattern of ""club drug"" use in Hong Kong" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- "Popular ""club drugs"" used in Hong Kong and their effects" --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.1. --- MDMA ('ecstasy') --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2. --- Ketamine --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.3. --- Cannabis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.2.4. --- Methamphetamine ´(بIce'） --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- Neurobiology of drug addiction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction to reward pathways and animal models of addiction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Behavioural processes of addiction --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Other neurotransmitter systems in addiction --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Molecular plasticity in addiction: signaling and gene expression --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3 --- Association of Personality Traits and Drug Abuse --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4. --- Association between genetics and drug abuse --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- "Family, twin and adoption studies" --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Transgenic and knock out animal models --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Candidate genes for drug abuse --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Dopamine receptor genes --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) gene --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Serotonergic genes --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4.3.5 --- Opioid receptor genes --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Linkage studies of drug abuse --- p.39 / Chapter 1.5 --- Genetic factor and personality trait --- p.39 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Twins study --- p.41 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Candidate gene studies --- p.41 / Chapter 1.5.3.1 --- Dopamine (DA) --- p.42 / Chapter 1.5.3.2 --- COMT --- p.43 / Chapter 1.5.3.3 --- MAO-A --- p.44 / Chapter 1.5.3.4 --- Serotonin (5-HT) --- p.44 / Chapter 1.5.3.5 --- Opioid receptor --- p.46 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Interaction between genes --- p.47 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aim of study --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1 --- Recruitment of Subjects --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Club drug users --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Controls --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2 --- Phenotype assessment --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Questionnaire (Appendix la 226}0ؤ Chinese version used; lb - English translated version for reference only) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Demographics --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Pattern of drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- First time drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Reason of drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- Effects of drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.6 --- Potential dependence/ withdrawal --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.1.7 --- Knowledge about drug of abuse and psychological well-being. --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Personality assessments (Appendix 2a - Chinese version of SSS-V scale; 2b -Chinese version of BIS/BAS scale) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3 --- DNA extraction --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Genotyping --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- "G1947A, Val108/158 Met polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- T941G polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- TaqI A Polymorphism of the DRD2 Gene --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- 7-repeat allele of a 48 bp repeat polymorphism (DRD4-7) in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.57 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- -521C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) I the promoter region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- G861C polymorphism in the serotonin receptor 1B (5-HT1B) gene --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- The 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- T921C Polymorphism in Exon 3 of the Human DOR (hDOR) Gene --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- A118G polymorphism in Exon 1 of the Human MOR (hMOR) Gene --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5 --- DNA sequencing --- p.62 / Chapter 2.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESULTS --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results from questionnaire --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Demographics of club drug users --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Gender and age --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- District of residence --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Type of living quarters and cohabitation --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Educational attainment and employment status --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.1.5 --- Parents'details --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- First time drug use --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Prevalence of drug use --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Frequency and quantity of drug used --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Drug spending --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Pattern of drug use in and outside Hong Kong --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- Cause of drug use --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.10 --- The negative effects of drug use --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.11. --- Potential tolerance/ dependence --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.12 --- Knowledge about drugs of abuse --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.13 --- Psychological well-being --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- Personality trait assessments --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Personality traits between club drugs users and controls --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Personality trait by gender --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reliability --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3 --- Genotyping --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "G1947A,Vall08/158 Met polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyl- transferase (COMT) gene" --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- T941G polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- T921C Polymorphism in Exon 3 of the Human DOR (hDOR) Gene --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- G861C polymorphism in the serotonin receptor 1B (5-HT1B) gene --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- TaqI A Polymorphism of the DRD2 Gene --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- The All 8G polymorphism in exon 1 of the human MOR (hMOR) gene --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- The 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- 48bp repeat polymorphism (DRD4) in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- -521C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.99 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- DISCUSSION --- p.100 / Chapter 4.1 --- Demographics and pattern of club drug use --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2 --- Personality traits assessment --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3 --- Gene polymorphisms --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "COMT G1947A, Val108/158 Met polymorphism" --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- MAO-A T941G polymorphism --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- hDOR T921C polymorphism --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- hMOR A118G polymorphism --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- DRD4 48bp VNTR polymorphism --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.7. --- DRD4 -C521T polymorphism --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.8. --- 5-HT1B G861C polymorphism --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.9. --- 5-HTTLPR SLC6A4 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism --- p.122 / REFERENCES --- p.125 / APPENDIX 1a Questionnaire (Chinese version) / APPENDIX 1b Questionnaire (English translated version) / APPENDIX 2a Chinese version of SSS-V scale / APPENDIX 2b Chinese version of BIS/BAS scale

Chan Tai-Wai David. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-275). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as características de usuários de substâncias psicoativas internados por ordem judicial. Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo, baseado em dados secundários, realizado na Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo, unidade Araraquara. A amostra foi composta por 217 processos judiciais de indivíduos internados por mandato judicial em função do uso de substâncias psicoativas. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado, contendo perguntas fechadas, obtidas no formulário de informações da internação compulsória na Defensoria Pública. As informações referem-se a informações sociodemográficas, substância psicoativa utilizada, à internação e sobre o tratamento, bem como aspectos concernentes a própria internação. A amostra caracterizou-se predominantemente por indivíduos do sexo masculino, com faixa etária de 21 a 40 anos, solteiros e desempregados. Em relação ao uso de substâncias psicoativas, 78 (35,9%) usavam álcool e/ou maconha e 139 (64%) faziam uso de cocaína (inalada ou fumada). A amostra diferenciou-se em relação à faixa etária, estado civil e ocupação. Usuários de álcool e/ou maconha se caracterizaram por serem adultos, separados/divorciados e exercerem trabalho informal. Os usuários de cocaína/crack são jovens, solteiros e desempregados. Observa-se associações estatisticamente significativas entre uso de droga, solicitante da internação e a presença de agressividade. A presença de situações de agressividade foi predominante entre usuários de cocaína/crack, quando comparado aos usuários de álcool/ maconha. Os resultados podem auxiliar no entendimento do perfil do usuário de substâncias psicoativas internado compulsoriamente, trazendo luz a questões que relacionam-se ao processo de internação e ao fenômeno do uso de drogas, bem como podem levantar discussões sobre estratégias de cuidado atualmente oferecidas aos usuários de substâncias psicoativas em processo de judicialização / The study has as objective evaluate psychoactive substances users\' characteristics hospitalised by court order. This is a cross-sectional retrospective study, based on secondary data, held in the Public Defender\'s Office of the State of São Paulo, Araraquara\'s unit. A sample composed by 217 court lawsuits of hospitalized individuals by court orders due to abuse of psychoactive substances. A structured questionnaire was used, containing closed questions, obtained from the data of compulsory hospitalization in the Public Defender\'s Office. The data refers to sociodemographic information, drug used, hospitalization and treatment. The sample was predominantly male, aged between 21 and 40 years old, single and unemployed. Regarding the use of psychoactive substances, 78 (35.9%) used alcohol and / or marijuana and 139 (64%) used cocaine (inhaled or smoked). The sample was differentiated in relation to age, marital status and occupation. Alcohol and / or marijuana users were characterized as adults, separated / divorced, and engaged in informal work. Cocaine / crack users are young, single and unemployed. Statistically significant associations between drug use, hospitalization requestor and the presence of aggressiveness are observed. The presence of aggressive situations was predominant among cocaine / crack users when compared to alcohol / marijuana users. The results can help to understand the profile of compulsory hospitalized drug user\'s, bringing light to issues that relate to the hospitalization process and the phenomenon of drug use, as well as to raise discussions about care strategies currently offered to users of psychoactive substances in court orders

by Choi, Heung Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-95). / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Cocaine --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- History --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Epidemiology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pharmacology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Maternal Cocaine Abuse --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Human Studies --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Prevalence --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Effects of Cocaine on the Developing Fetus --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.1 --- Fetal Mortality --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.2 --- Placental Abruption --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.3 --- Premature Birth --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.4 --- Neonatal Effects --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Congenital Abnormalities --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.1 --- Cardiovascular Abnormality --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.2 --- Genitourinary Tract Malformation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.3 --- Gastrointestinal Abnormality --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.4 --- Respiratory Disorders --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.5 --- Visual and Hearing Disorders --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.6 --- CNS and Behavioural Abnormalities --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Animal Studies --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- "Routes of Administration, Dosage and Tissue Distribution " --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Maternal and Offspring Effects --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.1 --- Fetal and Maternal Mortality --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.2 --- Gestational Length --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.3 --- Maternal Weight Gain and Fetal Weight --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.4 --- Little Size --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Congenital Abnormalities --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Behavioral Changes --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Neurochemical Changes --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.1 --- Glucose Metabolism --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.2 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.3 --- Dopamine D1 Receptor --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.4 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.5 --- Tyrosine Hydroxylase --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.6 --- Other Changes --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Aim of the Study --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Administration of Cocaine --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Biochemical Studies --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Receptor Binding Assays --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.1 --- Specific Binding Assay and Scatchard Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Dopamine D1 Receptor --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.1 --- Association Curve --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.2 --- Competition Assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.3 --- Specific Binding Assay and Scatchard Analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.1 --- Association Curve --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.2 --- Competition Assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.3 --- Specific Binding Assay and Scatchard Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Assay for Residual Cocaine in Maternal Brain --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Statistics --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Morphological Studies --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Immunocytochemical Staining --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- Molecular Genetic Studies --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Material for DNA Insert --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- "Dopamine Transporter, D2 receptor and β-actin cDNA Probe " --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Preparation for DNA Insert --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Competent Cells and Transformation of Plasmid --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Growth Transformed Bacteria and Isolation of DNA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Purification of cDNA by Geneclean® II Kit --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Isolation of Total mRNA From Tissue --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Northern Blot Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Analysis of Northern Blots --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- In Situ Hybridization --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5.1 --- Tissue Preparation --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5.2 --- Preparation of Dopamine Transporter Ribroprobe …… --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5.3 --- In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- "Litter Size, Birth Weight and Maternal Weight Gain " --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Biochemical Studies --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Specific Binding --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Dopamine Transporter - Scatchard Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Dopamine Receptor --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Association Curve --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Competitive Curve --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Scatchard Analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Association Curve --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Competitive Curve --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Scatchard Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Residual Cocaine Assay in Maternal Brain --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- Specific Binding --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5.1.1 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5.1.2 --- Dopamine D1 Receptor --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.5.1.3 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Morphological Studies --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Immunocytochemical Staining --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Molecular Genetic Studies --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Northern Blot Analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- In Situ Hybridization --- p.64 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / References --- p.79 / Publications --- p.95

Zhu Jian-hui. / "July 2000." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-215). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Szeto Yi Ki. / Thesis submitted in: December 2000. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.ix / Chapter CHATPER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Heroin --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Historical Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Manufacturing of Heroin --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Route of Administration and Absorption Rate --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Metabolism of Heroin --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Physical and Psychological Effects of Heroin --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Opioid Receptors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Mu Opioid Receptors (MOR) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Kappa Opioid Receptors (KOR) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Delta Opioid Receptors (DOR) --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dopamine Receptors --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Dopamine Transporter (DAT) --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Receptors --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Mesocorticolimbic Pathway --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Neural Substrates of Drug Reinforcement --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Molecular and Cellular Basis of Addiction --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Intracellular Substrates of Relapse --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7 --- Environmental Factors in Drug Addiction --- p.30 / Chapter 1.8 --- Genetic Factors in Drug Addiction --- p.32 / Chapter 1.9 --- Aim of Project --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Recruitment of Subjects 、 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Heroin-dependent Subjects --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Phenotype Assessment --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Establishment of Socio-demographic Data --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Control Subjects --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2 --- DNA Extraction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Genotyping --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- A118G Polymorphism in Exon 1 of the Human MOR (hMOR) Gene --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- C1031G Polymorphism in Intron 2 of the hMOR Gene --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- T921C Polymorphism in Exon 3 of the Human DOR (hDOR) Gene --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- 3'VNTR Polymorphism of the DAT Gene --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- TaqI A Polymorphism of the DRD2 Gene --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- NciI Polymorphism of the GABRG2 Gene --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4 --- DNA Sequencing --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Socio-demographic Data --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Age of the Control and Heroin-dependent Subjects --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Education Standard of the Heroin-dependent Subjects --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Years of Heroin Use --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Addition Severity Index (ASI) --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- ASI-Medical --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- ASI-Employment --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- ASI-Drug --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- ASI-Legal --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- ASI-Family/Social Relationships --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- ASI-Psychiatry --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Correlation Among the Factors of ASI --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- A118G Polymorphism in Exon 1 of the Human Mu Opioid Receptor (hMOR) Gene --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- C1031G Polymorphism in Intron 2 of the hMOR Gene --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5 --- T921C Polymorphism in Exon 3 of the Human Delta Opioid Receptor (hDOR) Gene --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6 --- Interaction Between Genotypes --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Combined Genotypes of A118G and C1031G Polymorphisms of the hMOR Gene --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Combined Genotypes of A118G Polymorphism of the hMOR Gene and T921C Polymorphism of the hDOR Gene --- p.61 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Combined Genotypes of C1031G Polymorphism of the hMOR Gene and T921C Polymorphism of the hDOR Gene --- p.61 / Chapter 3.7 --- Correlation Between Allelic Frequencies and Factors of the ASI --- p.62 / Chapter 3.8 --- 3'VNTR Polymorphism of DAT Gene --- p.62 / Chapter 3.9 --- TαqI A Polymorphism of DRD2 Gene --- p.63 / Chapter 3.10 --- NciI Polymorphism of GABRG2 Gene --- p.64 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION --- p.66 / REFERENCES --- p.83 / APPENDIX I The Addiction Severity Index / APPENDIX II Table of Severity Ratings / APPENDIX III Allelic Frequency of A118G Polymorphism in Different Populations / APPENDIX IV Details Information About the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms In Present Study

O objeto deste estudo foi a percepção dos discentes acerca do processo de ensinagem desenvolvido na abordagem do fenômeno das drogas. Os objetivos foram: 1) Descrever o processo de ensinagem desenvolvido na abordagem do fenômeno das drogas de acordo com a percepção dos discentes; 2) Analisar a construção do conhecimento dos discentes em relação ao fenômeno das drogas a partir das estratégias de ensinagem desenvolvidas; 3) Discutir os nexos entre a abordagem do fenômeno das drogas e a construção do conhecimento na perspectiva discente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados de dezembro/2008 a janeiro/2009, na Faculdade de Enfermagem da UERJ, utilizando-se três grupos focais, constituídos por 19 acadêmicos dos três últimos semestres do curso. O projeto foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa da UERJ conforme protocolo n 029.3.2008 e os participantes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os dados foram tratados por análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin, tendo sido selecionadas 142 Unidades de Registro. Estas foram agrupadas em doze unidades de significação, com suas respectivas quantificações. Em conseqüência formaram-se três categorias: Construindo conhecimento acerca do fenômeno das drogas; A condução docente na construção do conhecimento; O processo de ensinagem na percepção discente. Como o processo de ensinagem consiste em uma prática social que envolve o objeto de estudo, o docente e o discente, a primeira categoria engloba os assuntos pertinentes ao objeto abordado, a segunda se refere ao trabalho docente e a terceira ao discente, complementando as três interfaces do processo de construção do conhecimento. Os resultados evidenciaram que a instituição de ensino desempenha um papel fundamental no meio acadêmico ao utilizarem a metodologia crítica e problematizadora na abordagem do fenômeno das drogas, entretanto, há lacunas a serem preenchidas na construção do conhecimento sobre drogas. / The object of this study was the perception of students about the process of tutoring developed to address the drug phenomenon. The objectives were: 1) Describe the process of tutoring designed to address the phenomenon of drugs according to the perceptions of students, 2) analyze the knowledge construction of learners in relation to the drug phenomenon from the tutoring strategies developed; 3) discuss the links between the approach of the drug phenomenon and the construction of knowledge in the student perspective. This is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected from December/2008 the janeiro/2009, School of Nursing of UERJ, using three focus groups consisting of 19 academicians of the last three semesters. The project was approved by the Research Ethics UERJ as Protocol 029.3.2008 and the participants signed the consent form. The data were processed by content analysis according to Bardin, 142 units were selected from the registry. These were grouped into twelve units of meaning, with their respective measurements. As a result formed three categories: Building knowledge about the phenomenon of drug-driving teacher in the construction of knowledge, the process of tutoring on student perception. Because the process of tutoring is to a social practice that involves the object of study, teachers and students, the first category includes the topics relevant to the subject matter discussed, the second refers to the teaching and the third student, complementing the three interfaces process of knowledge construction. The results showed that the educational institution has a key role in the academic environment when using the critical methodology and problem-solving approach of the drug phenomenon, however, there are gaps to be filled in the construction of knowledge about drugs.

Este estudo teve como objetivos compreender como se dá o processo saúde-doença de universitários que residem na moradia estudantil do campus Butantã da Universidade de São Paulo no que se refere ao uso problemático do álcool e outras drogas, identificar as condições objetivas desse processo e analisar as manifestações subjacentes às questões de gênero relacionadas a ele. Foi utilizada como base teórico-metodológica a Teoria da Determinação Social do Processo Saúde-Doença aliada à categoria analítica Gênero, que contribuiu para uma melhor compreensão da qualidade desse processo em cada sujeito. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas com oito moradores, sobre suas histórias de vidas e comportamentos relativos ao uso problemático de álcool e outras drogas, antes e depois do ingresso na moradia, temas relacionados à discriminação e diferenças de uso de drogas entre homens e mulheres. Após o tratamento dos dados utilizando a análise de conteúdo e a metodologia de Pierre Bourdieu que considera a realidade expressa nos discursos dos sujeitos que a vivem, concluiu-se que o ambiente de liberdade da moradia estudantil, a depressão, o desemprego e as características próprias desse espaço acadêmico são algumas condições favoráveis ao agravamento do uso problemático de álcool e outras drogas para os sujeitos que ingressaram na universidade em situação de dependência. Concluiu-se também que na moradia estão reproduzidas estereotipias de gênero como subalternidade feminina, preconceito e culpabilização pelo uso de drogas / This study aimed to understand how the health-disease process happens among university students that live in the students´ housing in the Butantã campus of Universidade de São Paulo, in relation to alcohol abuse and of other street drugs. It aimed also to identify the objective conditions of this process and to analyze the underlining manifestations of gender problems associated to it. The theoretical basis for this study was the Social Determination Theory of Health-Disease Process, as well as the analytical category of Gender: these allowed to a better comprehension of the quality of this process in each subject. Data were collected through interview with eight students living in the campus about their life’s´ stories and their alcohol and other drug-use behaviors, before and after their moving to the campus´ housing building, and topics on gender prejudice and differences in the use of drugs between men and women. Data were treated with the content analysis, according to the method proposed by Pierre Bordieu, which considers the reality expressed in the speeches of the living subjects. After data analysis, we concluded that the freedom environment of the students´ housing in the campus, the depression, the unemployment and the characteristics of the campus environment are conditions that favor alcohol and drugs abuse among subjects that move to the campus already dependent on drugs. We concluded also that in the campus housing, the gender stereotypes, like the feminine inferiority, prejudices and blaming for the use of drugs are reproduced

A memória autobiográfica é uma memória de longo prazo relacionada à história de vida individual e coletiva que reflete o funcionamento cognitivo, lingüístico e afetivo. Torna-se mais elaborada na adolescência, fase da vida em que grande parte das pessoas experimenta álcool e drogas. O objetivo desta tese foi o de traçar e relacionar o perfil dos discursos autobiográfico oral livre e eliciado de fatos ocorridos na infância em 77 adolescentes usuários e não usuários de drogas, de ambos os gêneros. Os usuários de álcool e/ou drogas (n=37) estavam em tratamento para dependência química no Grupo de Adolescentes e Drogas do Serviço de Psiquiatria da Infância e Adolescência do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e os não usuários de drogas (n=40) estavam regularmente matriculados em Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental da Cidade de São Paulo. O discurso autobiográfico oral livre foi analisado com base em dois modelos: o de Peterson e McCabe (1983) - que privilegia a estrutura discursiva através da identificação dos elementos cenário, complicação, resposta interna, tentativa, conseqüência e reação - e o de Brown et al. (1986) - que verifica os temas das memórias (pessoal, público e ocupacional). Foram igualmente aplicados questionários para as avaliações da memória autobiográfica (Borrini et al., 1989) e da memória semântica com características autobiográficas (Kihlstrom e Schacter, 1995). Apesar de não terem sido encontradas diferenças significativas em relação aos temas (Brown et al.,1986), de acordo com o modelo de Peterson e McCabe (1983), em geral, os usuários tiveram menos incidência de estruturas discursivas do que os não usuários e os meninos usuários tiveram pior desempenho do que os demais sujeitos. Este achado foi semelhante para o questionário de memória semântica com características autobiográficas (Kihlstrom e Schacter, 1995). Para o questionário de memória autobiográfica (Borrini et al., 1989), foram encontrados desempenhos semelhantes entre usuários e não usuários. Porém, os meninos usuários apresentaram menos lembranças do que os meninos não usuários e do que as meninas usuárias. Além disso, os meninos não usuários também apresentaram menos lembranças do que as meninas não usuárias. Esta tese constatou que, apesar de todos os jovens falarem sobre temas semelhantes, relacionados principalmente às questões pessoais, adolescentes que usam drogas tiveram maior dificuldade para acessarem suas memórias autobiográficas, tanto em discurso oral livre quanto em discurso eliciado de fatos ocorridos na infância. Este dado parece não só ser indicativo de alterações cognitivas e lingüísticas decorrentes do uso de drogas mas, também, de questões relacionadas ao impacto que as drogas têm nos processos de busca de novos conhecimentos e de socialização. O gênero feminino (usuárias e não usuárias) parece ter um perfil mais homogêneo do que o masculino (usuários e não usuários). / Autobiographical memory is a long-term memory related to the individual and collective history that reflects cognitive, linguistic and affective skills. It becomes more elaborated in adolescence, phase of life during which most part of people experiment with alcohol and drugs. The aim of this thesis was to describe and relate the profile of the free verbal and stimulated autobiographical discourses of facts occurred during childhood in 77 adolescent drug users and non-users of both genders. Alcohol and/or drug users (n=37) were recruited from the Outpatient Clinic for Adolescents and Drugs of the Childhood and Adolescence Psychiatric Service (SEPIA) of the Psychiatry Institute (IPq) of Hospital das Clínicas of Sao Paulo University Medical School (HCFMUSP) and non-users (n=40) attended public elementary school in São Paulo city. Free verbal autobiographical discourse was analyzed based on two models: Peterson and McCabe (1983) - which privileges the discourse structure through the identification of the elements setting, complication, internal response, attempt, consequence and reaction - and Brown et al. (1986) - which verifies the themes of memories (personal, public and occupational). Furthermore, questionnaires for the evaluation of the autobiographical (Borrini et al., 1989) and semantic memory with autobiographical characteristics (Kihlstrom and Schacter, 1995) were applied. Although significant differences related to the themes (Brown et al., 1986) were not found, in accordance with the model proposed by Peterson and McCabe (1983), users, in general, presented lower incidence of discourse structures than non-users and male users had worse performance than other subjects. This result was similar for the semantic memory with autobiographical characteristics (Kihlstrom and Schacter, 1995). For the autobiographical memory questionnaire (Borrini et al., 1989), similar performances between users and non-users were found. However, male users presented fewer memories than both male non-users and female users. Moreover, male non-users also presented fewer memories than female non-users. This thesis verified that, although all subjects talk about similar themes, mainly related to personal issues, drug users had greater difficulty to access their autobiographical memories, both in the free verbal and stimulated autobiographical discourses of facts occurred during childhood. This data is seemingly indicative of cognitive and linguistic impairment resulting from the drug use and also of questions related to the impact drugs have in the search processes for new knowledge and socialization. Females (users and non-users) apparently have a more homogeneous profile than males (users and non-users). semantic memory with autobiographical characteristics (Kihlstrom and Schacter, 1995). For the autobiographical memory questionnaire (Borrini et al., 1989), similar performances between users and non-users were found. However, male users presented fewer memories than both male non-users and female users. Moreover, male non-users also presented fewer memories than female non-users. This thesis verified that, although all subjects talk about similar themes, mainly related to personal issues, drug users had greater difficulty to access their autobiographical memories, both in the free verbal and stimulated autobiographical discourses of facts occurred during childhood. This data is seemingly indicative of cognitive and linguistic impairment resulting from the drug use and also of questions related to the impact drugs have in the search processes for new knowledge and socialization. Females (users and non-users) apparently have a more homogeneous profile than males (users and non-users).