Cette thèse a pour thème central les liens entre les décisions de formation et de licenciement, ainsi que l'efficience économique de ces décisions. La formation est ici entendue comme formation spécifique à l'entreprise dont les salariés bénéficient au cours de leur vie professionnelle via leur employeur. Le premier chapitre évalue, à partir de données individuelles, les rendements de la formation en France, à la fois sur le plan de la mobilité (emploi-emploi et emploi-chômage) qu'en termes de gain salarial. Le deuxième chapitre examine comment une protection de l'emploi, différenciée selon l'âge des salariés, affecte la volonté des entrepreneurs de former leurs travailleurs. Le troisième chapitre met en évidence que les décisions de formation et de destruction d'emploi sont fortement complémentaires. Dès lors, des subventions à la formation ciblées par niveau de qualification et combinées à des taxes sur le licenciement (également ciblées par niveau de qualification) doivent être mises en place pour que ces décisions soient socialement optimales. Le quatrième chapitre analyse comment le risque de licenciement, différencié entre les travailleurs d'un même niveau de qualification selon leur niveau d'aptitude, peut être source d'inégalités salariales. Enfin, le dernier chapitre souligne que, face aux disparités salariales, de formation et de risque de licenciement entre les salariés d'un même niveau de qualification, les subventions à la formation et les taxes sur le licenciement, nécessaires à l'efficacité économique, devraient non seulement différer selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle, mais également au sein de chacune.

A pesquisa analisa a atuação do Estado no fomento da produção e da indústria criativa de jogos digitais, bem como as divergências apresentadas diante do termo e enquadramento jurídico do instituto dos jogos digitais. O desenvolvimento do trabalho se divide em quatro etapas. A primeira, que analisa a utilização de diferentes termos (jogos eletrônicos, jogos digitais, jogos virtuais) pela Administração Pública e o enquadramento jurídico deste instituto como software, obra audiovisual, bens informáticos e instituto sui generis. A segunda, que verifica o dever de a Administração Pública fomentar esta atividade econômica, fundado na natureza cultural e de entretenimento (lazer) dos jogos digitais e a possibilidade dos chamados serious games promover a efetivação de direitos fundamentais, fundamentando o incentivo estatal no ordenamento constitucional que busca o desenvolvimento nacional (econômico, social, cultural e tecnológico). A terceira, que expõe os principais conceitos sobre a economia criativa e a indústrias criativa de jogos digitais, bem como a intervenção do Estado na economia para o desenvolvimento deste setor através da atividade administrativa de fomento, que utiliza de diferentes instrumentos para incentivar a produção nacional de games por pessoas físicas e jurídicas. E a quarta, que analisa as políticas públicas de fomento direcionadas para o setor, em específico, as subvenções econômicas e sociais, compreendidas no período entre 2016 a 2018, abordando desde a estrutura da relação jurídica subvencional (sujeito ativo, sujeito passivo, conteúdo e objeto) até os editais individualizados das chamadas públicas no âmbito federal de órgãos da Administração Pública direta (MinC) e indireta (ANCINE e CAPES). Para a construção do raciocínio, fora utilizado fonte bibliográfica (livros, dissertações, teses e artigos científicos) e documental (legislação, editais de chamadas públicas e dados secundários). Os resultados apresentam a insegurança jurídica existente para os agentes econômicos do setor e para a Administração Pública quanto às consequências jurídico-econômicas decorrente da incerteza sobre a natureza jurídica dos jogos digitais, desestimulando os particulares a desempenhar esta atividade econômica e diminuindo a efetividade das políticas públicas de fomento. Também, percebe-se o avanço da técnica utilizada nas chamadas públicas de fomento, prevendo disposições específicas para os elementos típicos dessas obras, distribuição de recursos financeiros, prazo para a produção, indutores regionais, ações afirmativas, entre outros aspectos. Por fim, constatou-se a necessidade da atividade de fomento para o sucesso da indústria de jogos digitais no mercado nacional e internacional, vez que se trata de setor emergente sem financiamento privado, o que faz o fomento público ser um meio viabilizador e necessário para o crescimento econômico do setor, e, consequentemente, do desenvolvimento nacional. / The research analyzes the State\'s role in the public support of the production and creative industry of digital games, as well as the divergences presented before the term and legal framework of the institute of digital games. The development of the work is divided into four stages. The first one, which analyzes the use of different terms (electronic games, digital games, virtual games) by the Public Administration and the legal framework of this institute as software, audiovisual work, computer goods and sui generis institute. The second, which verifies the duty of the Public Administration to promote this economic activity, based on the cultural and entertainment nature of digital games and the possibility of so-called serious games promoting the implementation of fundamental rights, grounding the state incentive in the constitutional order which seeks national development (economic, social, cultural and technological). The third one, which presents the main concepts about the creative economy and the creative industries of digital games, as well as the intervention of the State in the economy for the development of this sector through the administrative activity of support, which uses different instruments to encourage national production of games by individuals and companies. And the fourth, which analyzes the public promotion policies directed to the sector, in particular, the economic and social subventions, from 2016 to 2018, dealing with the legal structure of the subvention relationship (active subject, passive subject, content and object) and the public notices of public policies in the federal scope of direct (MinC) and indirect (ANCINE and CAPES) Public Administration bodies. For the construction of the reasoning, it was used bibliographical (books, dissertations, theses and scientific articles) and documentary (legislation, public notices and secondary data) sources. The results present the legal uncertainty existing for the economic agents of the sector and for the Public Administration regarding the juridical-economic consequences due to the uncertainty about the legal nature of the digital games, discouraging individuals to perform this economic activity and reducing the effectiveness of public policies to development support. In addition, it is possible to notice the advance of the technique used in the public policies for development, providing specific provisions for the typical elements of these works, distribution of financial resources, term for production, regional inducers, affirmative actions, among other aspects. Finally, it was highlighted the need of the development activity to promote the success of the digital gaming industry in the national and international market, since it is an emerging sector without private financing, which makes public finance a viable and necessary mean for the economic growth of the sector, and consequently of national development.

No description available.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 1999.

Zugl.: Tübingen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Zugl.: Düsseldorf, Univ., Diss., 2009

Bonn, Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Cette thèse a pour thème central les liens entre les décisions de formation et de licenciement, ainsi que l'efficience économique de ces décisions. La formation est ici entendue comme formation spécifique à l'entreprise dont les salariés bénéficient au cours de leur vie professionnelle via leur employeur. Le premier chapitre évalue, à partir de données individuelles, les rendements de la formation en France, à la fois sur le plan de la mobilité (emploi-emploi et emploi-chômage) qu'en termes de gain salarial. Le deuxième chapitre examine comment une protection de l'emploi, différenciée selon l'âge des salariés, affecte la volonté des entrepreneurs de former leurs travailleurs. Le troisième chapitre met en évidence que les décisions de formation et de destruction d'emploi sont fortement complémentaires. Dès lors, des subventions à la formation ciblées par niveau de qualification et combinées à des taxes sur le licenciement (également ciblées par niveau de qualification) doivent être mises en place pour que ces décisions soient socialement optimales. Le quatrième chapitre analyse comment le risque de licenciement, différencié entre les travailleurs d'un même niveau de qualification selon leur niveau d'aptitude, peut être source d'inégalités salariales. Enfin, le dernier chapitre souligne que, face aux disparités salariales, de formation et de risque de licenciement entre les salariés d'un même niveau de qualification, les subventions à la formation et les taxes sur le licenciement, nécessaires à l'efficacité économique, devraient non seulement différer selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle, mais également au sein de chacune. / This thesis consists of five essays on firm-specific training investments, job destruction and inefficiencies issues. Both the positive aspects of firm-specific training and job destructions and the normative implications are considered. From French panel data, Essay 1 brings evidence on the empirical effect of formal training on workers’ mobility on the labor market, as well as on wages. Essay 2 identifies the effect of an exogenous change in employment protection among older workers on firms’ incentives to provide training. In light of theoretical considerations, this seems to be an important concern since employment protection may have an age-differentiated impact due to its anticipation. Essay 3 shows how complementary firms’ firing and training decisions are. Therefore, we suggest that skill-directed training subsidies and firing taxes (skill-directed as well) should be implemented to reach the optimal allocation in an imperfect labor market. Essay 4 highlights the role of firms’ decisions about reservation productivity in the wage dispersion analysis. Finally, the framework in Essay 5 generates a wage distribution, transition rates from employment to unemployment and average training amounts per worker by wage interval at the same time. In particular, we show that workers with the same skill level are paid and trained differently and have different employment to unemployment transitions rates. Therefore, we suggest that training subsidies and firing taxes should not only be skill-directed, but should also differ within a skill group of workers.

The goal of the thesis „Evaluation of possible benefits of Enterprise Europe Network for SME“ is to describe and analyze the services of the network in the real business environment. The theoretical part is aimed to characterize a small and middle enterprise, its importance for national economy, financial management, possibilities to obtain financial support and services of Enterprise Europe Network. The practical part is concentrated on decription of the companies which took use of the all-European network. The inquiry of processing shows us benefits and help of the network for Czech enterprisers.

Since the early 1940s in Sweden, subsidies have been a recurring feature in housing politics. Throughout history, these have been used as a management measure to control the construction of housing and to promote the Swedish welfare state. The political parties are today disagreeing on how much responsibility the state should carry for citizens housing. To solve the conflict, the dwelling has to be defined. Is the dwelling to be considered a social right, like education and healthcare or is the dwelling to be considered a product for the free market, driven by supply and demand? The positive population growth in Stockholm has lead to an increased demand for dwellings. The supply of dwellings has not been growing at the same rate, which has implied higher housing prices and longer wait for rented apartments. All municipalities in Stockholm agrees that more dwellings must be established to counter this development. To make this happen, the source of why so few dwelling develops today must be identified. Do the developers not want to build or are they not being provided land allocations by the municipalities? Is it a combination of these or are there other difficulties in the system? Subsidies have previously been used as a tool to increase the construction of dwellings and it should therefore be examined if such a solution is relevant in order to remedy existing problems. In an attempt to predict the outcome of a re-introduction of subsidies, the impact of past government intervention should be studied. This to ascertain what type of construction that took place at that time. It is also important to identify the types of dwellings sought for in today's housing market in order to develop appropriate solutions. There are several different forms of subsidies that could lead to an increased construction volume. Subsidies of land, infrastructure and investment contributions are some of the options that could be implemented on the market to reduce the housing shortage. But which type of construction should be increased? What kind of tenure is the society short of? In order to create balance in the housing market there seems to be a need for all types of tenures to increase, but not everyone agree to this. The housing market where demand, however, always exceeds supply today is the rental market, especially in central Stockholm where the system of rent regulations has lead to a rent level kept below market rent. Today rented apartments are at disadvantage in the Swedish tax system, which has contributed to a lower construction rate of this type of tenure compared to others where the developers gets a quicker return on their investment. Rented apartments are necessary on the housing market because it creates flexibility and contributes to the choices available for the individuals. Some say that Stockholm as a city can not grow without this tenure for the simple reason that people can not get hold of a dwelling. These are issues that must be solved through housing politics, which means that the decisions and rules on the market can change direction every four years. Construction processes are long, often longer than four years. This creates an uncertainty for the stakeholders in the housing market. To generate a sustainable housing market long-term, an alternative solution could be joint agreements spanning political borders. A well-functioning housing market contributes not only to shelter but also promotes welfare and economic growth. It is therefore of great importance that the market participants are moving in the same direction. / Sedan början på 1940-talet har subventioner varit ett återkommande inslag i den svenska bostadspolitiken. Genom historien har dessa använts som ett bostadspolitiskt medel för att styra byggandet av bostäder och för att främja den svenska välfärdsstaten. De politiska blocken är idag oense om hur stort ansvar staten ska bära för medborgarnas bostadsförsörjning. För att lösa oenigheten bör bostaden först definieras. Är bostaden att anse som en social rättighet liksom skola och sjukvård eller är bostaden att anse som en marknadsvara som styrs av utbud och efterfrågan på en öppen marknad? På grund av en positiv befolkningstillväxt i Storstockholm så har efterfrågan på bostäder blivit större. Resultatet av detta är längre bostadsköer och höjda bostadspriser, vilket tyder på att utbudet inte växer i samma takt som efterfrågan. För att motverka denna utveckling är samtliga kommuner i Stockholms län överens om att bostadsbyggandet måste öka. För att detta ska kunna ske måste källan till varför det inte byggs mer idag identifieras. Vill byggherrarna inte bygga eller ger kommunerna inte ut markanvisningar? Är det en kombination av dessa eller föreligger det även andra hinder i systemet? Subventioner har tidigare använts som ett verktyg för att öka byggandet vid bostadsbrist och därför bör det undersökas om en sådan lösning skulle vara aktuell idag för att råda bot på dagens problem. I ett försök att förutse resultatet av ett återinförande av subventioner, bör konsekvenser av tidigare offentliga åtgärder studeras. Detta för att få kännedom om vilken typ av byggande som skedde vid det aktuella tillfället. Det är också av vikt att ta reda på vilka typer av bostäder som efterfrågas på dagens bostadsmarknad i syfte att ta fram lämpliga lösningar. Det finns flera olika former av subventioner som skulle kunna leda till ett ökat byggande. Subventioner av mark, infrastruktur och direkta byggsubventioner är några av de alternativ som skulle kunna implementeras på marknaden för att minska bostadsbristen. Men vilket byggande är det som ska öka? Vilken upplåtelseform är det som det är brist på? För att skapa balans på bostadsmarknaden synes utbudet av alla upplåtelseformer behöva öka, men det är inte alla överens om. Den bostadsmarknad där efterfrågan dock ständigt överstiger utbudet är idag hyresmarknaden, speciellt i Stockholms innerstad där bruksvärdessystemet lett till att hyresnivån hålls under marknadshyra. Hyresrätten är idag en skattemässigt missgynnad upplåtelseform, vilket har bidragit till att färre bostäder av denna form har byggts i jämförelse med andra typer av bostäder där byggherrarna snabbare får avkastning på sin investering. Hyresrätten är dock nödvändig på marknaden då den bland annat skapar ett flexibelt boende och bidrar till valmöjlighet för individen. Idag säger vissa att Stockholm inte kan växa utan hyresrätten. Detta av den enkla anledningen att människor inte kan få tag i ett boende vilket hindrar inflyttning. Detta är frågor som måste lösas via bostadspolitik, vilket innebär att besluten och reglerna på marknaden kan ändra riktning vart fjärde år. Då byggprocesser är långa, ofta längre än fyra år så skapar risken för politiska förändringar en osäkerhet för aktörer på bostadsmarknaden. För att frambringa en långsiktigt hållbar bostadsmarknad skulle en alternativ lösning kunna vara ett politiskt blocköverskridande samarbete. En väl fungerande bostadsmarknad bidrar inte bara till tak över huvudet utan också till att främja välfärden och den ekonomiska tillväxten. Det är därför av stor vikt att marknadens aktörer rör sig i samma riktning.