Detta examensarbete syftar till att genom kvalitativa intervjuer undersöka skolkuratorers uppfattningar om och erfarenheter av skolsocialt arbete med suicidalitet hos elever. Två frågor har ställts. Den första frågan handlar om skolkuratorers uppfattningar och erfarenheter av suicidalitet hos elever. Resultatet visar att suicidalitet uppfattas vara ovanligt förekommande bland de elever skolkuratorerna har kontakt med, trots att erfarenheter av självmordstankar, självmordsförsök och självmord finns. Stress, psykisk ohälsa och svåra livssituationer ses vara bidragande orsaker till suicidalitet hos elever. Den andra frågan handlar om hur skolkuratorer beskriver det praktiska arbetet med suicidalitet hos elever. Resultatet visar att även om det i arbetet finns möjligheter att upptäcka och arbeta med suicidala elever är dessa möjligheter begränsade. Skolkuratorerna saknar i hög utsträckning suicidpreventiva instrument för att upptäcka och arbeta med suicidalitet i skolan. Istället beskrivs relationer med elever, samt internt samarbete med andra personalgrupper i skolan, utgöra grunden för arbetet med suicidalitet. / This study aims to examine school social workers perceptions and experiences of school social work with suicidality among students. To fulfill this purpose, six qualitative interviews have been made and two questions have been asked. The first question we asked was what kind of perceptions and experiences school social workers have when it comes to suicidality among adolescents in school. The second question we asked was how school social workers describe their practical work with students who are suicidal. The result shows that even though there are experiences of students who have suicidal thoughts, students who have made suicide attempts and students who have committed suicide, suicidality among students is something that is perceived as rare among the school social workers. Stress, mental health problems and difficult life situations is seen to be contributing causes of this phenomena. The result also shows, that school social workers in some ways have the ability to discover and work with students who are suffering from suicidality. However, these possibilities are also limited. School social workers experience a lack of instruments to detect suicide and to be able to work with suicidality in school. Instead, school social workers describes relationships and collaboration with both students and with other groups of staff in school as the primary basis for their work with suicidality among students.

Paauglių nuostatų savižudybių atžvilgiu ir nuo savižudybės sulaikančių priežasčių, suicidiško elgesio tarpusavio ryšio problema dar nėra išsamiai tyrinėta, tačiau, anot N. Žemaitienės (2000), vis labiau stiprėja įsitikinimas, kad nuostatos dėl savižudybės veikia savižudybių mastą ir pobūdį visuomenėje. Žvelgiant iš pozityviosios žmogiškosios perspektyvos, ne mažiau svarbu tyrinėti atsparumo veiksnius, kurie, nepaisant nevilties ar patiriamų stresinių gyvenimo aplinkybių, asmenį sulaiko nuo savižudybės veiksmo. Taigi labai svarbu klausti, kokios nuostatos lemia gyvenimo, o ne mirties motyvaciją. Yra duomenų rodančių, kad nuostatos savižudybių atžvilgiu yra susijusios su mintimis apie savižudybę, mėginimais nusižudyti ir įvykdytų savižudybių paplitimu, tačiau 16-18 metų paauglių grupės yra mažai tyrinėtos. Šio tyrimo rezultatai sėkmingai gali būti panaudoti praktinio užsiėmimo temai, diskusijai, taigi įvertinimas gali lengvai peraugti į prevenciją ir pagalbą. / The problem of suicidal behavior, teenagers attitude to suicides and the reasons that prevent suicides has not been thoroughly investigated, but according to N. Žemaitienės and other authors (2000), a conviction is increasingly growing that provisions of the act of suicide extents the scale and nature in society. Looking through a positive human perspective, it is very important to study the resistance factors, which, despite the despair and stress experiences through circumstances of life deters a person from suicidal acts. So the most important question is what provisions determine life and do not motivate death. There is evidence suggesting that the provisions are linked to thoughts of suicide, attempted suicide and commited suicide prevalence, but group of teenagers aged 16 – 18 are poorly investigated. Survey results can be successfully used as topic for practical sessions, discussions, thus assessment can be easily used as prevention and help.

Background: It is unclear whether antidepressants can prevent suicides or suicide attempts, particularly during longterm use. Methods: We carried out a comprehensive review of long-term studies of antidepressants (relapse prevention). Sources were obtained from 5 review articles and by searches of MEDLINE, PubMed Central and a hand search of bibliographies. We meta-analyzed placebo-controlled antidepressant RCTs of at least 3 months’ duration and calculated suicide and suicide attempt incidence rates, incidence rate ratios and Peto odds ratios (ORs). Results: Out of 807 studies screened 29 were included, covering 6,934 patients (5,529 patient-years). In total, 1.45 suicides and 2.76 suicide attempts per 1,000 patient-years were reported. Seven out of 8 suicides and 13 out of 14 suicide attempts occurred in antidepressant arms, resulting in incidence rate ratios of 5.03 (0.78–114.1; p = 0.102) for suicides and of 9.02 (1.58–193.6; p = 0.007) for suicide attempts. Peto ORs were 2.6 (0.6–11.2; nonsignificant) and 3.4 (1.1–11.0; p = 0.04), respectively. Dropouts due to unknown reasons were similar in the antidepressant and placebo arms (9.6 vs. 9.9%). The majority of suicides and suicide attempts originated from 1 study, accounting for a fifth of all patient-years in this meta-analysis. Leaving out this study resulted in a nonsignificant incidence rate ratio for suicide attempts of 3.83 (0.53–91.01). Conclusions: Therapists should be aware of the lack of proof from RCTs that antidepressants prevent suicides and suicide attempts. We cannot conclude with certainty whether antidepressants increase the risk for suicide or suicide attempts. Researchers must report all suicides and suicide attempts in RCTs.

No description available.

This paper aims to provide insight into the risk factors contributing to suicidal ideation and behavior among adolescents. First, the author overviews the extant academic literature on the subject. She highlights the persistently high incidence of suicide among young people in the Czech Republic and briefly defines the stages of adolescence as well as the particular forms and methods of suicidal behavior. Subsequently, the author discusses in detail individual aspects of demographics, clinical data, familial environments and interpersonal relationships that the academic literature associates with an increased risk of suicidality among adolescents. Concluding the overview, the author sets the topic of suicide into the context of a children's crisis helpline. The author goes on to present an empirical analysis of reports documenting suicidal calls made to a children's crisis helpline. She uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify particular life circumstances that may contribute to the development of suicidal ideation and/or behavior, paying attention to distinct aspects of suicidality and to gender differences. As part of her analysis, the author critically evaluates the benefits and pitfalls associated with the use of data obtained from an anonymous crisis helpline.

I Sverige dör i genomsnitt 22 barn under 18 år i suicid årligen, varav en handfull är under 15. För att motverka suicidalitet och suicid bland barn krävs att viktiga samhällsaktörer har kunskap och kompetens att agera kring problematiken. För professionella generellt lyfts att kunna identifiera riskfaktorer, att samtala med barn, att ha kännedom om åtgärder och ageranden etc. som viktiga suicidpreventiva aspekter. I skolans värld är det skolkuratorn som ska bidra med psykosocial expertis för att främja barns hälsa. Utifrån syftet att få en överblick över hur grundskolekuratorer själva skattar sin kunskap och kompetens beträffande suicidalitet och suicid hos barn som går i grundskolan, har i denna undersökning 36 kommunala grundskolekuratorer i Malmö Stad svarat på en självskattningsenkät bestående av 18 frågor kopplade till ämnet. Studiens frågeställning är “Hur skattar kommunala grundskolekuratorer i Malmö Stad sin kunskap och kompetens beträffande suicidalitet och suicid hos barn som går i grundskolan?”. Resultatet visar att det, mer eller mindre, föreligger skillnader i hur dessa upplever sin kunskap och kompetens inom de olika områdena. Inom vissa områden har skillnaderna visat sig vara större - som i att prata med barn i grupp om suicidalitet och suicid, vari vissa skattade sig lägst och andra högst. Inom andra områden var skattningarna generellt mer samstämmiga - som i att fråga ett barn om suicid vid misstanke om detta samt i samarbetet med utomstående aktörer. Trots att majoriteten fått utbildning inom området så upplever en ännu starkare majoritet att de skulle behöva mer sådan. Resultatet visar även att skolkuratorerna generellt skattar sin kunskap något högre än sin kompetens. / In Sweden, an average of 22 children under the age of 18 die in suicide anually, of which a handful are under 15. To counteract suicidality and suicide among children, professionals in society requires knowledge and competence to act against the issue. For professionals in general, important areas such as knowledge about and ability to identify risk factors, conversations with children, knowledge about how to act etc. are highlighted. In the school world, the school counselor shall contribute with psychosocial expertise to promote children’s health. Based on the purpose of getting an overview of how elementary school counselors rate their knowledge and competence regarding suicididality and suicide among elementary school childen, in this study, 36 municipal elementary school counselors in Malmö Stad have answered a self-assessment survey which included 18 questions related to the subject. The question of the study was “How do elementary school counselors rate their knowledge and competence regarding suicidality and suicide among elementary school children?”. Result shows that there are differences in how the school counselors rated their knowledge and competence within the different areas. In some areas the differences were greater; such as talking with groups of children about the issue; where some rated themselves at lowest and some at highest. In other areas the responses were a bit more consistent; when asking a child about suicide thoughts if such suspicions exist and in the cooperation with external actors. Although the majority have received education within the subject, a larger majority experiences a greater need of this. It also appears that in general, the counselors rated their knowledge to be a bit higher than their competence.

No description available.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the role of suicide-related mental imagery in suicidal behavior. It was hypothesized that engagement (frequency, emotional impact, vividness, realism) with suicidal imagery would be related to suicidality, with greater engagement with imagery associated with more suicidal behaviors. Acquired capability for suicide was expected to be a mediator of this relationship. These hypotheses were tested by surveying 237 undergraduate university students (59% female; mean age = 20). Students completed a packet of self-report measures: The Modified Suicidal Cognitions Interview, The Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale, and the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire. Results suggested that engagement with suicide-related imagery was positively correlated with suicidality. The correlational analyses showed that an additional mediational analysis was unwarranted. The implications of these findings are that understanding suicide-related mental imagery could play an important role in clinical risk assessment and treatment for suicidality, and that further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the relationship between suicide-related mental imagery and suicidal behavior.

"Die Selbsttötung eines schwer leidenden Menschen ist zu rechtfertigen und eine ärztliche Begleitung bis in den Tod wünschenswert. Dies ist das Fazit der Dissertation von Herrn Forßbohm, das er vielfältig, polyperspektivisch und argumentativ wohlbegründet vorgestellt hat." Prof. Dr.Dr. Bernhard Irrgang "Die Arbeit bezieht umfassend die Forschungsliteratur ein. Sie entwickelt das existenzbezogene Problembewusstsein, das für die Problematik nötig ist. Die Analyse der Todesverdrängung bei andererseits allseitiger medialer Todespräsenz ist sehr zutreffend. [...] Die sprachkritische Ebene mit ihren normativen, ethischen Implikationen wird produktiv entwickelt. Die gesamte Analyse zeigt, wie unverzichtbar eine differenzierte, normativ-sinnkriteriale philosophische Reflexion für die Klärung der Problematik ist." Prof. Dr.Dr. Thomas Rentsch