Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6787.pdf: 6528368 bytes, checksum: 59d1763870e2de400270ed05b0ac6675 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Polyelectrolytes complexes (PECs) are defined as materials formed by combining oppositely charged polyelectrolytes together via ionic interaction. PECs have some unique physical properties such as non-solubility in common organic solvents, high surface hydrophilicity, tunable surface charge, and stable structures. A new type of PEC based on chitosan (CS) and sulfonate poly(ethylene terephthalate) (SPET) were synthesized in two different media, buffer solution and salt solution acidified with acetic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potencial, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravity analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize the chemical structure, particle charge, crystallinity and thermal stability. To assess how the internal structure of the PEC and the subsequent membrane formation can affect water and salts transport capacity of microporous polycarbonate membrane, PECs solutions were spread via casting in commercial membranes with pore size of 5 μm. These membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Water Vapor Flux, Resistance to Ion Migration and Membrane Potential. FTIR results indicated the electrostatic interaction of polyelectrolyte to form the polyelectrolyte complex. From the results of zeta potential it was found that the surfaces of CS/SPET nanoparticles have positive charges of about 25 to 44 mV. TGA curves showed that the PECs were more stable than their polyelectrolytes. The deposition of the PEC on the membranes was confirmed by SEM images and the increase of water vapor flux of membranes indicated that the presence of the complex significantly alter the hydrophilic profile of the polycarbonate matrix. The microfiltration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells demonstrated that membranes modified with PECs retained more of these organisms than the commercial membrane without modification. / Complexos de polieletrólitos (PECs) são definidos como materiais formados pela combinação de polieletrólitos de cargas opostas via interação eletrostática. PECs possuem algumas propriedades únicas como não solubilidade em solventes comuns, alta hidrofilicidade, superfícies modificáveis e estruturas estáveis. Um novo tipo de PEC baseado em quitosana (QT) e poli(tereftalato de etileno) sulfonado (PET-S) foi sintetizado em dois meios diferentes, uma solução tampão ácida e uma solução salina acidificada. Espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), potencial zeta, difração de raios X, análise termogravimétrica e calorimetria diferencial exploratória foram usados para caracterizar a estrutura química, carga da partícula, cristalinidade e estabilidade térmica. Para avaliar como a estrutura interna do PEC e a subsequente formação de membrana pode afetar o transporte de água e sais em membranas de policarbonato microporosas, soluções de PEC foram espalhadas via casting em membranas comerciais com tamanho de poro de 5 μm. As membranas foram caracterizadas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura, transporte de vapor de água, resistência a migração iônica e potencial de membrana. Resultados de FTIR comprovaram a interação eletrostática entre os polieletrólitos e consequentemente a formação dos PECs. O potencial zeta dos PECs apontou que eles apresentam superfícies positivas que variam de 25 a 44 mV. O TGA demonstrou que os PECs são termicamente mais estáveis do que seus polieletrólitos precursores. A deposição dos PECs sobre as membranas foi confirmada pelo MEV e o aumento do fluxo de vapor de água indicou que a presença dos PECs altera significativamente o caráter hidrofílico do policarbonato. A microfiltração de células Saccharomyces cerevisiae mostrou que as membranas modificadas com PECs reteram mais desses organismos do que a membrana comercial sem modificação.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a degradação de alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) em condições anaeróbias. Os primeiros experimentos foram realizados em reatores em batelada alimentados com diferentes substratos e concentrações de LAS. Apesar do surfactante ficar adsorvido no lodo, não foram observadas interferências no metabolismo de microrganismos anaeróbios, pois dessa forma o LAS tornou-se indisponível para a degradação celular. Reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo (RAHLF) foram avaliados quanto à remoção de LAS e inoculados com lodos anaeróbios provenientes de reatores UASB usados respectivamente no tratamento de esgoto sanitário (R1) e tratamento de dejetos suinocultura (R2) imobilizados em espuma de poliuretano. A adição de LAS não influenciou na estabilidade do reator. O LAS começou a ser degradado após 108 dias da sua adição no afluente dos reatores. Porcentagens de remoção, considerando adsorção e degradação de LAS, com 313 dias de operação foram iguais a 50% e 91% para o R1 e R2, respectivamente, quando foram alimentados com esgoto sintético e 14 mg/L de LAS (reator - R1) e somente LAS a 14 mg/L (reator - R2). Em relação ao balanço de massa de LAS, os reatores apresentaram degradações muito semelhantes, sendo 35% para o reator R1 e 34% para o reator - R2. A diversidade microbiana referente aos domínios Bacteria e Archaea e ao grupo BRS foi avaliada utilizando a técnica de PCR/DGGE. Para o domínio Archaea, foram observadas diferenças significativas nas populações quando os reatores foram alimentados com LAS. Diferenças foram observadas no domínio Bactéria e grupo das BRS, para concentrações de LAS de 14 mg/L. A alteração na diversidade microbiana pode ter ocorrido devido à seleção dos microrganismos pela presença do surfactante. A biomassa presente no final da operação foi submetida à técnica de clonagem e seqüenciamento do fragmento do RNAr 16S para o domínio Bacteria. Observou-se que os reatores que apresentaram maior número de clones relacionados ao filo Firmicutes, classe Clostridia, ordem Clostridiales. Provavelmente os microrganismos pertencentes a esse grupo estejam envolvidos com a degradação do LAS / The objective of this work was to evaluate the degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in anaerobic conditions. The first experiments were accomplished in reactors in batch fed with different substrates and concentration of LAS. In spite of the surfactant to be adsorbed in the sludge interferences was not observed in the metabolism of anaerobic microorganisms, because in that way LAS became unavailable for the cellular degradation. Horizontal anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactors were appraised as for the removal of LAS and inoculated with coming anaerobic slugde of reactors UASB used respectively in the treatment of sanitary sewage (R1) and treatment of wastewater swine (R2) immobilized polyurethane foam. The addition of LAS didn’t influence in the stability of the reactor. LAS began to be degraded after 108 days of its addition in the tributary of the reactors. Removal percentages, considering adsorption and degradation of LAS, with 313 days of operation was same to 50% and 91% for R1 and R2, respectively, when they were fed with synthetic sewage and 14 mg/L of LAS (reactor – R1) and only LAS to 14 mg/L (reactor – R2). In relation to the balance of mass of LAS, the reactors presented very similar degradations, being 35% for the reactor R1 and 34% for the reactor R2. The microbial diversity regarding the Bacteria and Archaea domain and to the group BRS was evaluated using the technique of PCR/DGGE. The alteration in the microbial diversity might have happened due to the selection of the microorganisms for the presence of the surfactant. The biomass present in the end of the operation was submitted the cloning technique and sequencing of the fragment of 16S rRNA for the bacteria domain. It was observed that the reactors presented larger number of clones related to the phylum Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales. Probably the microorganisms belonging to that group are involved with the degradation of LAS

O Alquilbenzeno Linear Sulfonado (LAS) é um surfactante aniônico considerado prioridade de risco ambiental entre os contaminantes emergentes atuais. Estudos anteriores reportaram a degradação anaeróbia de LAS por co-digestão da água residuária de lavanderia comercial e co-substratos sintéticos (extrato de levedura e etanol), em reatores em escala de bancada. Todavia, na literatura ainda são limitados os estudos envolvendo co-substratos economicamente viáveis, como o esgoto doméstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de remoção do LAS, de água residuária de lavanderia comercial em co-digestão com esgoto doméstico. O reator de leito granular expandido (EGSB) escala piloto de 62,0 L foi operado em condição mesofílica, em TDH de 40 h, por 480 dias. O reator foi inoculado com 12,0 L de lodo proveniente de reator UASB usado no tratamento de água residuária de abatedouro de aves. Na primeira etapa, de adaptação, com duração de 60 dias, o reator foi alimentado apenas com esgoto doméstico. Em seguida, o reator foi alimentado com água residuária de lavanderia comercial diluída em esgoto doméstico para obtenção de concentrações de LAS afluente de 5 ± 4; 19 ± 10 e 36 ± 19 mg L-1, nas etapas II, III e IV, respectivamente. Nestas etapas o reator foi monitorado por 60, 270 e 90 dias. Verificou-se diminuição da eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica de 73 ± 23 % na etapa de adaptação, para 61 ± 25%, 50 ± 15% e 44 ± 15%, respectivamente, para as etapas II, III e IV. Assim como, verificou-se diminuição da eficiência de remoção do LAS de 73 ± 31% para 55 ± 29% e 32 ± 17% nas três últimas etapas. Verificou-se aumento significativo de sulfeto da etapa II para a etapa III e IV, respectivamente de 8 ± 2 mg L-1 para 29 ± 12 mg L-1 e 31 ± 5 mg L-1, respectivamente. Foi realizada a caracterização taxonômica da biomassa do leito do lodo do reator EGSB ao final de cada etapa experimental, sendo identificadas bactérias semelhantes a Bellinea (domínio Bacteria) e Methanosaeta (domínio Archaea), as quais foram as de maior abundância relativa ao longo de toda operação. A tecnologia empregada para remoção do surfactante foi adequada para concentrações afluente de até 20 mgLAS L-1. Aclimatação da biomassa microbiana foi observada, após longo período e exposição aos compostos recalcitrantes da água residuária de lavanderia. / Classified as an emergent contaminant, Alkylbenzene Linear Sulfonate (LAS) is an anionic surfactant of high priority given its environmental risk. Previous studies reported LAS anaerobic degradation from laundry wastewater in co-digestion with synthetic substrates (such as methanol, ethanol and yeast extract). However, studies with more economic viable substrates as domestic sewage still lacking. This study assessed LAS removal from laundry wastewater diluted in domestic sewage, using an Expanded Bed Granular Sludge (EGSB) pilot scale reactor. The reactor was kept in mesophilic temperature, with 62,0 L total volume and it was operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 40 h. The inoculum was 12,0 L of sludge from an UASB used on a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant. On the first stage, of adaptation, the reactor was fed only with domestic sewage for 60 days. Then, commercial laundry wastewater was diluted in domestic sewage to obtain LAS affluent concentrations of 5 ± 4; 19 ± 10 and 36 ± 19 mg L-1, on stages II, III and IV, respectively. These stages lasted for 60, 270 and 90 days. The increase of commercial laundry wastewater proportion on fed resulted in lower organic matter removal efficiencies. These parameter decreased from 73 ± 23% on adaptation, to 61 ± 25%, 50 ± 15% and 39 ± 23% on following stages. As well as LAS removal efficiencies that dropped from 73 ± 31% to 55 ± 29% and 44 ± 15 % on three last stages. Sulphide production enhanced from stage II (8 ± 2 mg L-1) to stage III (29 ± 12 mg L-1) and remained 31 ± 5 mg L-1 on stage IV. Taxonomic characterization of granular sludge biomass in the end of each stage was performed and genders similar to Bellinea (Bacteria domain) and Methanosaeta (Archae domain) were the ones with higher relative abundance in all stages. The technology applied was suitable for anaerobic surfactant removal with LAS affluent concentration of 20 mg L-1. Acclimation of microbial biomass was observed after long exposure of microbial community to recalcitrant compounds from laundry wastewater.

Mass spectrometry was used to study two disparate transformations: in an applied project, the supposed degradation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS); and in a fundamental study, the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) reaction was investigated in detail. The first investigation revealed that published methods to degrade PFOS were ineffectual, with apparent decreases being associated with adsorption onto available surfaces. In the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, a dynamic series of equilibria were observed, and there is no direct evidence of a single pathway. Instead, there appear to be two mechanisms which are active in different conditions (one fluoride, one aqueous). Studies were initiated into the related SM polycondensation reaction and the hydrolysis of aryltrifluoroborates, the former indicating a step-growth mechanism, and the latter indicating a dynamic series of equilibria which are very sensitive to experimental conditions. Processing and interpretation of mass spectrometric data was a significant part of all of these projects, so a python framework was developed to assist in these tasks and its features are also documented herein. / Graduate / 0488 / 0486 / larsy@uvic.ca

Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are a group of chemical surfactants most notably used in non-stick and stain-resistance applications. Due to their wide-spread use and inherent resistance to degradation, several PFCs have become persistent environmental contaminants. Despite the high concentrations of PFCs reported in wild birds and their eggs, very little is known about the toxicological effects they have on avian species. This thesis investigates the developmental toxicity of PFCs in an avian model species: the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Egg injection experiments were performed to assess the in ovo toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (technical grade, T-PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA). Real-time RT-PCR was then used to measure the transcription of candidate biomarker genes in the liver tissue of day 20 embryos. Candidate genes were selected based on their responsiveness to PFC exposure in previously conducted in vitro screening assays. In ovo exposure to PFOS resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in embryo pipping success (a measure of hatching success) with an LD50 of 93 μg/g (3.54 μg/g-672,910 μg/g, 95% confidence interval), however the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-regulated genes was not affected in liver tissue as hypothesized. PFOA, PFDS and PFUdA had no effect on the pipping success of chicken embryos. The expression of cytochrome P450 1A4 (CYP1A4) and liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA increased in embryo liver tissue following in ovo exposure to PFUdA but was only statistically significant at 10 μg/g, which is several orders of magnitude higher than concentrations reported in wild bird eggs. The isomer-specific accumulation of PFOS in chicken embryo livers was also investigated using an in-port derivatization gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Prior to incubation, chicken eggs were injected with T-PFOS, composed of 63% linear isomer (L-PFOS) and 37.3% branched isomers. The isomer profiles in day-20 embryo liver tissue showed up to 20% enrichment in the proportion of L-PFOS, compared to T-PFOS, with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of branched isomers. This enrichment was inversely proportional to dose. Finally, the transcriptional profiles of cultured chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEH) exposed to either T-PFOS or L-PFOS were compared using Agilent 4x44k Chicken (V2) Gene Expression microarrays. At equal concentrations (10 μM), T-PFOS altered the expression of significantly more genes (340 genes, >1.5 fold change, false discovery rate adjusted p<0.05) compared to L-PFOS (130 genes). Functional analysis showed that L-PFOS and T-PFOS affected genes involved in lipid metabolism, cellular growth and proliferation, and cell-cell signaling. Pathway and interactome analysis suggested that gene expression may be affected through RXR, oxidative stress response, TP53 signaling, MYC signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ and SREBP receptors. In all functional categories and pathways examined, T-PFOS had a more pronounced disruptive effect on transctional regulation than L-PFOS. In summary, egg injection experiments showed that T-PFOS (but not linear PFOA, PFDS or PFUdA) may affect the hatching success of the chicken at environmentally relevant concentrations. It was also demonstrated that the accumulation of PFOS in embryonic liver is isomer specific, and leads to an enrichment of L-PFOS. The increased transcriptional disruption caused by T-PFOS in cultured hepatocytes over L-PFOS suggests that the branched isomers may be largely responsible for the toxicological effects of PFOS. Combined, the results from this thesis demonstrate the importance of considering PFOS isomer burdens during risk assessment. In addition, gene expression analysis identified several candidate mechanisms for PFOS toxicity.

No description available.

This work is focused on physical interactions of negatively charged polymers with small ionogenic fluorescent molecules. Trying to verify the presence of these interactions using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and provides a comprehensive view of the problem. The aim of this work is to observe the effect of concentration on the diffusion properties. P/D ratio, where P represents number of polymer binding sites and D number of dye binding sites, was chosen for this issue. Hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate and sodium polystyrene sulfonace were used as polymers and Acridine Orange, and Rhodamine 6G were chosen as fluorescent probes. The reason why this experiment uses these probes, was the assumption, that the positive charge occuring on the fluorescent probe will lead to the electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged polymer. As a result, the bond between acridine orange and polyelectrolyte was not clearly demonstrated, but the interaction with Rhodamine 6G have been proved.

This diploma thesis was focused on study of barrier and transport properties of selected polyelectrolytes in hydrogel matrices by using diffusion techniques. The study of these properties was performed in horizontal diffusion cells where is observed the change in diffusion probe concentration over time. Diffusion experiments were performed on an agarose hydrogel with the addition of alginate, hyaluronic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, humic acids and as a model probe rhodamine 6G was used. Important parts of this thesis are also the methods which characterize the substances and hydrogel matrices such as rheology and potentiometric titration. The main aim of this diploma thesis was to investigate the effect of interactions between passing model dye (rhodamine 6G) and the appropriate gel (agarose + polyelectrolyte) on the fundamental diffusion parameters (effective diffusion coefficient, lag time, etc.).

Der ATP-getriggerte Ionenkanal P2X7 ist als purinerger Oberflächenrezeptor besonders auf Zellen des Immunsystems und auf Gliazellen im Nervensystem exprimiert. Seine Aktivierung führt zur Freisetzung proinflammatorischer Zytokine, zur Bildung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies sowie zu einer Beeinflussung des Zellzyklus. Zwar konnte eine Beteiligung des Rezeptors an verschiedenen entzündlichen und degenerativen Erkrankungen nachgewiesen werden, allerdings bestehen nach wie vor viele Unstimmigkeiten darüber, ob P2X7 im Einzelfall protektiv oder schadend wirkt. Eine therapeutische Modulation des Rezeptors gestaltet sich daher bis heute schwierig. Weiterhin wurde trotz intensiver Bemühungen um selektive, potente P2X7-Modulatoren bisher kein Wirkstoff über Phase-II-Studien hinaus entwickelt. Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschreibt eine Studie zur Identifikation neuer P2X7-Modulatoren und deren Charakterisierung hinsichtlich Potenz, Bindeverhalten und Speziesspezifität. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Basis für die Entwicklung möglicher neuer Therapeutika zu legen, für die ein hoher Bedarf besteht. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Beteiligung des P2X7-Rezeptors an den pathophysiologischen Vorgängen nach einem Hirninfarkt untersucht. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit lag dabei auf dem Einfluss, den der Rezeptor auf die Bildung eines begleitenden, oftmals fatalen Hirnödems ausübt. In einer Wirkstoffbibliothek enthaltene zugelassene Pharmaka und Naturstoffe wurden auf ihre Wirksamkeit am rekombinant exprimierten humanen P2X7-Rezeptor (hP2X7) getestet. Dazu wurde gemessen, inwiefern diese Wirkstoffe den P2X7-vermittelten Ca2+-Einstrom modulieren können. Für potenziell selektive Substanzen wurden Konzentrations-Wirkungs-Kurven erstellt. Für den potenten Inhibitor Tanshinon II A-Sulfonat (TIIAS) und den chemisch verwandten Wirkstoff Tanshinon II A (TIIA) erfolgte diese Untersuchung auch an den rekombinant exprimierten P2X7-Rezeptoren von Maus (mP2X7) und Ratte (rP2X7). Weiterhin erfolgte eine detaillierte, auf elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen basierende Darstellung der pharmakodynamischen Eigenschaften von TIIAS. Die Selektivität der Wirkung gegenüber P2X2 und P2X4 wurde mithilfe entsprechender Zelllinien geprüft. Die Wirkung modulierender Pharmaka am nativen Rezeptor wurde in humanen, aus peripheren Blutmonozyten gereiften Makrophagen überprüft, wozu neben der Darstellung des Ca2+-Einstroms auch ein IL-1β-ELISA eingesetzt wurde. In allen Experimenten wurde die Beteiligung von P2X7 über bekannte Antagonisten verifiziert. Um zu klären, inwiefern P2X7 die pathophysiologischen Abläufe nach Hirninfarkt beeinflusst, wurde bei 20 P2X7-defizienten Mäusen (P2X7-/-) und bei 22 zugehörigen Wildtyp-Mäusen (WT) eine zerebrale Ischämie induziert, indem die mittlere Zerebralarterie mit einem dünnen Faden für 60 Minuten transient verschlossen wurde (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO). In den folgenden 72 Stunden wurde über klinische Methoden und Magnetresonanzuntersuchungen die Entwicklung neurologischer Defizite, der Infarktgröße und des begleitenden Hirnödems evaluiert. Nach schmerzloser Tötung und Hirnentnahme wurden immunhistologisch die Aktivierung und Verteilung von Mikroglia und Astrozyten sowie der Zustand des Gefäßendothels untersucht. Sham-operierte Tiere dienten in allen Experimenten als Kontrollen. TIIAS hemmte hP2X7 mit einer IC50 von 4.3 μM, während die Potenz an mP2X7 geringer war und rP2X7 kaum geblockt wurde. TIIA modulierte P2X7 nicht. TIIAS hemmte als allosterischer Antagonist die Öffnung des Ionenkanals und band vermutlich an eine intrazelluläre Bindestelle. Die Wirkung von TIIAS wurde in humanen Makrophagen bestätigt, in denen der Wirkstoff den Ioneneinstrom und die IL-1β-Freisetzung hemmte. Obwohl die neurologische Untersuchung von P2X7-/-- und WT-Mäusen nach MCAO keine signifikanten Unterschiede ergab, zeigte sich in der bildgebenden Diagnostik, dass P2X7-/--Mäuse binnen 24 Stunden nach der OP ein signifikant stärkeres Hirnödem entwickelten, welches nicht durch Unterschiede in der Infarktgröße bedingt war. Der Infarkt führte in beiden Gruppen zu einer Gliaaktivierung, die im Fall der Mikroglia in Abwesenheit von P2X7 allerdings reduziert war. Differenzen hinsichtlich der Aktivierung von Astrozyten und der Expression von Laminin im Kapillarendothel wurden nicht festgestellt. Im Gegensatz zu TIIA, das häufig als gleichwertiger Wirkstoff eingesetzt wird, blockt TIIAS hP2X7 speziesspezifisch mit einer hohen Potenz. Maus und Ratte scheiden aufgrund der geringen Wirkung von TIIAS leider als Tiermodelle aus, um die Wirkung von TIIAS in vivo zu prüfen. Weitere Arbeiten sind notwendig, um die Potenz von TIIAS in anderen Spezies zu evaluieren oder Alternativen zum Tierversuch zu finden und eine mögliche therapeutische Anwendung bei Erkrankungen mit P2X7-Beteiligung zu testen. P2X7 beeinflusst die pathophysiologischen Vorgänge nach einem Hirninfarkt und begrenzt die Entwicklung eines zytotoxischen Hirnödems, nicht aber die des vasogenen Hirnödems, das sich zeitversetzt einstellt. Eine mögliche Erklärung für diesen Sachverhalt bieten die unterschiedlichen Funktionen, die Gliazellen zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach zerebraler Ischämie übernehmen. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auch darauf hin, dass verschiedene Tiermodelle des zerebralen Infarkts nicht in allen Punkten vergleichbar sind.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purinerge Signaltransduktion.......................................................................... 1 1.2 P2X-Rezeptoren.............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Pharmakologie des P2X7-Rezeptors............................................................... 3 1.4 Physiologische und pathophysiologische Bedeutung des P2X7-Rezeptor...... 5 1.5 Gegenstand dieser Arbeit............................................................................... 7 2 Veröffentlichungen............................................................................................. 9 2.1 Erste Publikation............................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Tanshinone II A sulfonate, but not tanshinone II A, acts as potent negative allosteric modulator of the human purinergic receptor P2X7................................. 9 2.1.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur ersten Publikation.......................................... 22 2.2 Zweite Publikation......................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery................................................................................. 30 2.2.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur zweiten Publikation......................................... 42 2.2.3 Erratum to: Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery occlusion............................................ 46 3 Diskussion........................................................................................................ 49 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................... 55 5 Summary.......................................................................................................... 57 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................................... 59 7 Danksagung..................................................................................................... 66 / ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 is a purinergic cell surface receptor which is mainly expressed on immune and glia cell. Upon activation of P2X7, proinflammatory cytokines are released, reactive oxygen species are generated and the cell cycle may be altered. In this regard, it has been shown that P2X7 plays a role in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. However, results regarding protective or detrimental effects mediated by P2X7 under particular conditions are often inconsistent. Thus, up to now, any therapeutic modulation of the receptor remains a challenge. Although intensive research has been conducted to find selective, potent P2X7-modulators, no active compound has been developed beyond phase II clinical trials. The first part of this work describes a study realized to identify new P2X7 modulators and to characterize them in terms of pharmacodynamic properties like potency and species specificity. This study was aimed at providing a basis for the development of new therapeutic agents, which are urgently needed. During the second part of this work, the involvement of P2X7 in pathophysiological processes after cerebral infarction was examined. Particular attention was paid to the influence of the receptor on the development of an accompanying and often fatal brain edema. A compound library containing approved drugs and natural compounds was screened for modulators of the recombinantly expressed human P2X7 receptor (hP2X7). Therefor, their effect on P2X7-mediated Ca2+ influx was evaluated. Concentration-response-curves were established for potentially selective compounds. Tanshinone II A sulfonate (TIIAS) turned out to be a potent inhibitor of P2X7. Both TIIAS and tanshinone II A (TIIA), the natural compound TIIAS has been derived from, were also tested on recombinantly expressed mouse and rat P2X7 (mP2X7 and rP2X7, respectively). Furthermore, electrophysiological assays were conducted for a detailed characterization of mechanisms of P2X7 inhibition. Antagonist selectivity was revised using cell lines expressing purinergic receptors P2X2 and P2X4. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were used in fluorometric calcium and dye-uptake assays as well as an IL-1ß ELISA to evaluate the effects of modulating compounds on native P2X7. In all experiments, involvement of P2X7 was verified using established P2X7 antagonists. In order to evaluate whether modulation of P2X7 may affect the outcome after cerebral infarction, cerebral ischemia was induced in 20 P2X7-deficient mice (P2X7-/-) and 22 mice of their corresponding wild type (WT) by transiently occluding their middle cerebral artery for 60 minutes with a thin filament (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO). During 72 hours following surgery, neurological deficits, infarct size and edema development were monitored, applying clinical examinations and magnetic resonance measurements. After humane killing and brain removal, different antibodies were used in order to evaluate the distribution and activation state of microglia and astrocytes as well as the condition of the vascular endothelium. Sham-operated animals were used as negative controls in all experiments. TIIAS blocked hP2X7 with an IC50 of 4.3 μM, whereas it proved to be less potent at mP2X7 and poorly modulated rP2X7. TIIA did not modulate P2X7. TIIAS acted as an allosteric antagonist and reduced the opening of the ion channel; it presumably bound to an intracellular binding site. The effect of TIIAS could be confirmed in human macrophages. In these cells, TIIAS inhibited the ATP-induced Ca2+ entry, dye-uptake and release of IL-1β. Although neurological examinations did not reveal significant differences between P2X7-/- and WT mice that underwent MCAO, diagnostic imaging revealed that P2X7-/- mice developed significantly more severe brain edema within 24 hours after surgery, a development that was not due to differences in infarct sizes. Both groups displayed clear signs of activation of glia cells, but only microglia activation was attenuated in the absence of P2X7. Differences regarding the activation state of astrocytes or the expression of laminin by capillary endothelial cells could not be detected. TIIAS species specifically blocks hP2X7 with a high potency. TIIA does not convey this effect although both compounds are frequently used interchangeably. Due to the low potency TIIAS displays at mP2X7 and rP2X7, these species unfortunately cannot be used as animal models to evaluate the drug’s effect in vivo. Further research is necessary to evaluate the potency of TIIAS at other species’ P2X7 receptors or to find alternativespurinerge Signaltransduktion, P2X7, Tanshinon II A-Sulfonat, zerebrale Ischämie, Hirnödem to animal testing in order to study possible therapeutic applications of TIIAS in P2X7-related diseases. P2X7 does affect pathophysiological events following cerebral ischemia and restricts cytotoxic brain edema development, but does not limit vasogenic cerebral edema formation, which develops at a later stage of the disease. The different functions fulfilled by glia cells at distinct points in time after infarction may provide an explanation for this interesting fact. The results presented also imply that diverse animal models of cerebral ischemia may not be entirely comparable due to differences regarding the pathogenesis of brain edema.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purinerge Signaltransduktion.......................................................................... 1 1.2 P2X-Rezeptoren.............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Pharmakologie des P2X7-Rezeptors............................................................... 3 1.4 Physiologische und pathophysiologische Bedeutung des P2X7-Rezeptor...... 5 1.5 Gegenstand dieser Arbeit............................................................................... 7 2 Veröffentlichungen............................................................................................. 9 2.1 Erste Publikation............................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Tanshinone II A sulfonate, but not tanshinone II A, acts as potent negative allosteric modulator of the human purinergic receptor P2X7................................. 9 2.1.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur ersten Publikation.......................................... 22 2.2 Zweite Publikation......................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery................................................................................. 30 2.2.2 Ergänzende Materialien zur zweiten Publikation......................................... 42 2.2.3 Erratum to: Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery occlusion............................................ 46 3 Diskussion........................................................................................................ 49 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................... 55 5 Summary.......................................................................................................... 57 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................................... 59 7 Danksagung..................................................................................................... 66

In this diploma thesis, the interactions between polyelectrolyte and surfactant at low and also at high concentration were studied. There was used pyrene as fluorescent probe during the fluorescence spectroscopy measurement, a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and as a main polyelectolyte has been chosen sodium polystyrene sulfonate at 1 MDa molecular size. In the medium containing 0.15 M NaCl we could observed a creation of the complexes – precipitates in the surrounding of CMC concentration and behind of this concentration. In the mixtures containing sodium polystyrene sulfonate and hyaluronan together, there was stronger tend to keep aggregation properties of sodium polystyrene sulfonate during difference concentration ratios. Beyond CMC concentration, hyaluronan starts to influence the aggregation properties of the system as well.