Risker och oförutsägbara händelser är ett högst aktuellt ämne i dagens värld. Beslutsfattare och företag världen över behöver reagera och agera på olika kriser inom ekonomi, miljö, energi och transport eftersom riskerna i sin tur skapar utmaningar och störningar på internationella försörjningskedjor. Klädindustrin, vilket är en av världens mest globaliserade sektorer, är utsatt för risker då försörjningskedjan är uppbyggd på snabba leveranser med långa transportsträckor, vilket är ett resultat av globalt spridda aktörer. Globaliseringen har resulterat i framväxten av internationella försörjningskedjor, vilket antas som en affärsstrategi av företag för att uppnå affärsmässiga fördelar, likväl av företag inom klädindustrin. Inom klädindustrin utkontrakteras vanligen produktionen till geografiskt avlägsna lågkostnadsländer, vilket har gör internationella försörjningskedjor mer komplexa. Detta medför i sin tur osäkerhet i försörjningskedjans processer och en sårbarhet för risker och oförutsägbara händelser. När företag verkar på den internationella marknaden är inte riskhantering av det enskilda företaget tillräckligt då internationella försörjningskedjor är mer riskfyllda än inhemska försörjningskedjor, eftersom dessa kopplar samman ett brett nätverk av aktörer, vilket kräver mer omfattande riskhantering. Tidigare forskning inom riskhanteringsstrategier har främst genomförts på storskaliga varumärkesägande klädföretag medan det finns en betydligt mindre andel forskning avseende hur små och medelstora varumärkesägande klädföretag påverkas av risker och hur små och medelstora varumärkesägande klädföretag arbetar med riskhantering relaterat till företagets samverkan på den internationella försörjningskedjan. Vetenskapligt framställda riskhanteringsstrategier tenderar att vara modeller som inkluderar en rad olika steg som ska utföras linjärt, vilket är argument för att de tenderar att vara teoretiska snarare än praktiska. I linje med detta tenderar vetenskapligt framställda riskhanteringsmetoder att vara beroende av omfattande resurser, vilket gör dessa modeller mindre kompatibla för ett företag av små eller medelstor storlek. Med hänsyn till små och medelstora varumärkesägande klädföretags sårbarhet för oförutsägbara händelser och externa risker, samt för att täcka ovanstående forskningsgap, är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur små och medelstora varumärkesägande klädföretag med internationella försörjningskedjor påverkas av risker samt hur dessa företag arbetar för att lindra riskernas påverkan på dess verksamhet. Vi kommer att jämföra relationen mellan empiriska datan med vad tidigare teorier illustrerar som viktiga aspekter för risk och riskhantering. I denna studie har vi genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från sex små och medelstora varumärkesägande klädföretag. Det empiriska materialet transkriberas, kodas samt kategoriseras genom en tematisk analys. Studiens resultat visar att små och medelstora varumärkesägande klädföretag identifierar liknande typer av risker och påverkas i liknande omfattning av risker. Externa risker innefattar oförutsägbara händelser som uppkommer utanför företaget och försörjningskedjans kontoll, medan interna risker uppkommer till följd av försörjningskedjans struktur och hantering, vilket avser inneboende element i företaget och dess försörjningskedja. Vi fann vidare att de risker som identifieras av respondenterna redan inträffat och därmed fått ett utfall, samt haft en direkt inverkan på företaget och dess försörjningskedja. Resultatet visar även att ytterligare en intern risk för små och medelstora varumärkesägande klädföretag finns, begränsade ekonomiska resurser, vilket inte betraktats av tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar dessutom att företagens riskhantering är baserat på hur risken uppstår, där det finns en skillnad mellan kortsiktig riskhantering, vilket främst innefattar kostnadskontroll, och långsiktig riskhantering, vilket innefattar ett proaktivt och förebyggande arbete mot risker.

The ongoing semiconductor shortage impacts organizations throughout the supply chain operationally and financially. Limited material for a sudden increase in demand during the Covid-19 pandemic led to a heightened supplier power and result in the prioritization of customers. Companies like the test-bench producer for the automobile industry Loccioni face thereby the challenges of being a relatively small and thereby almost invisible company in the automotive supply chain. The purpose of this master thesis is to research what pre- and post-disruptive strategies mitigate the negative impact of supply disruptions for organizations with small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) character in the context of the semiconductor shortage. Additionally, it aims to understand the supplier-buyer power shift during such events and how supply chain trends like lean management contribute to the vulnerability of organizations to such risks. To answer the research question, a qualitative case study was conducted with the high-tech manufacturer Loccioni. Data was collected through a period of ethnography and un-/semi-structured interviews and assessed through thematic analysis. The developed conceptual framework provides a wholesome guidelinefor SMEs or SME alike companies on how to incorporate reactive risk management by considering the whole disruption cycle (pre- and postdisruptive) to mitigate impacts caused by the semiconductor shortage or similar crisis. The findings of this case study show that it is important to lower dependencies on single suppliers and strive for a flexible working culture to encourage turning challenges into opportunities and being decisive during disruptive events. Following a lean approach with a just-in-time strategy is considered a high risk when not having an evolved supply risk monitoring and analyzing system implemented. Therefore, proactive risk-mitigating approaches, such as safety buffers, building few but close relationships and engaging in cooperative activities, are encouraged. Also, even though the resources of SMEs are limited, is alertness towards supply chain risks considered crucial requiring activities like supplier audits and a well supporting IT infrastructure. During disruption, crucial quick and flexible reactions are enabled by agile project management and entrepreneurial efforts fostered by the company culture. Keeping a balance between being too flexible and structured is mandatory to act efficiently. It is important to create a database and safety stock of the critical material and adjust procurement strategies by multi-sourcing and increased escalation efforts. Internally and externally combined efforts can be key to optimizing operations, sourcing the shortage materials and finding alternative technologies to substitute. Strategic collaborations with supply chain partners, exploitationof customer relationships and continuous communication are crucial for smaller enterprises to maintain customer satisfaction. However, there is no single solution for every organization, but rather suggestions which need to be adjusted and evaluated against a company’s business strategy and competitive advantage.

Effective supply chain risk management has become crucial for companies as supply chains have become more complex and integrated due to decades of globalization. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the fragility of global supply chains and the necessity of manufacturing companies to have a robust supply chain in order to be resilient towards supply chain disruptions. The recent sourcing difficulties of critical components have been exacerbated due to many organizations utilizing tactical sourcing strategies which have relied on ''just in time'' principle in an effort to source as cost-efficiently as possible. However, this has created supply chains which lack the ability to manage idiosyncratic risks effectively. Supply chains which are based on the ''just in case'' principle have instead more redundancy and flexibility in the supply chain that allows them to better mitigate supply chain risk. Though the reduction in risk and strengthening of supply chain means a drop in operational efficiency. Therein lies the problem for companies when it comes to creating a supply chain; how to manage the trade-off between robustness and effectiveness. Businesses have therefore been forced to reconsider risk management strategies and practices in relation to sourcing and balancing of supply chain capabilities in order to manage disruptions in the supply chain and fluctuations in the business cycle. A case study has been conducted in order to analyze how the difference in approach towards supply chain risk management on tactical and operational level affects deployment of risk mitigation strategies in relation to supply management. The research has been conducted through a literature review and a series of semi-structured interviews at a case company involved with manufacturing. The findings from this study indicate a contrast in selection of risk mitigation strategies between those operating at tactical and operational level. Differences in approach between these groups in regard to decision-making therefore affects deployment of risk mitigation strategies. This may result in ineffective risk management as mitigation strategies might ultimately become negated and prove ineffective on an aggregated level due to conflict with decisions made on the tactical and operational level. In an effort to minimize differences which exit in approach towards risk mitigation in the organizational structure, a tool has been developed which allows for the comparison of various mitigation strategies and their impact on performance. Thereby helping guide businesses on which mitigation strategies to pursue in a way that there is minimal contradiction through focusing on addressing risks that have positive dependence rather than a negative one. Whilst also aiming to narrow the gap between in how differing decision levels perceive risk and risk management. / Effektive riskhantering av försörjningskedjor har blivit allt viktigare för företag då försörjningskedjor har ökat i komplexitet och blivit alltmer integrerade genom årtionden av globalisering. Utbrottet av Covid-19 har demonstrerat hur pass känsliga globala försörjningskedjor är samt behovet av tillverkningsföretag att utveckla robusta försörjningskedjor som kan motstå störningar. Svårigheter med inköp av kritiska komponenter har förvärrats av att många företag använt sig av taktiska inköpsstrategier vilka förlitar sig på ''precis i tid'' principen, som strävar att hantera inköp så pass kostnadseffektivt som möjligt. Dock har det skapat försörjningskedjor som saknar förmågan att hantera idiosynkratiska risker effektivt. Försörjningskedjor som istället använder sig av ''utifall att'' principen har större redundans och flexibilitet som gör att dessa försörjningskedjor kan mitigera risker mer effektivt. Dock leder den ökade riskreducerings förmågan till att den operationella effektiviteten reduceras. Däri ligger svårigheten för företag att skapa försörjningskedjor, hur hanterar man önskan om att ha operationell effektiva och robusta försörjningskedjor. Företag måste därför utvärdera sina riskhanterings- och inköpsstrategier i förhållande till hantering av försörjningskedjor samt balansering av försörjningskedjans förmågor så att störningar i försörjningskedjor och variationer i affärscykeln kan hanteras. En fallstudie har genomförts för att analysera hur skillnaden i tillvägagångssätt i förhållande till riskhantering av försörjningskedjor mellan den taktisk och operationella nivån i en organisation påverkar användandet av riskreducerande strategier i relation till säkerställande av material. Forskningen har genomförts genom en litteraturstudie samt en serie av semistrukturerade intervjuer hos ett tillverkningsföretag som deltagit i fallstudien. Resultaten i denna rapport indikerar att det råder en kontrast i val av riskreducerande strategier mellan de i den taktisk och operationella nivån i en organisation. Skillnader i tillvägagångssätt mellan dessa grupper i förhållande till beslutsfattande påverkar valet av riskreducerande strategier. Detta kan leda till ineffektiv riskhantering då det finns en chans att valda riskreducerande strategier kan motverkar varandra och därigenom bli verkningslösa på en aggregerad nivå på grund av besluts som fattats på den taktiska och operationella nivån står i kontrast till varandra. I ett försök att minska skillnader som existerat i den organisatoriska strukturen i förhållande till riskreducerande strategier så har ett verktyg utvecklats som möjliggör en jämförelse av flera riskreducerande strategier samt deras påverkan på förmågan. Därmed kan det hjälpa företag att välja riskreducerande strategier så att de inte motarbetar varandra genom att fokusera på risker som är positivt korrelerade istället för negativt korrelerade. Medans också minska gapet mellan hur olika beslutsfattande nivåer förhåller sig till risk och riskhantering.

Genom en rad globala kriser har de senaste åren tydliggjort hur en ökad global osäkerhet,inramad genom VUCA-teorin (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity), harpåverkat företags riskhanteringsstrategier för lagerhantering och lokaliseringsbeslut. Studienundersöker Just in Time, Just in Case, reshoring- och regionaliseringsstrategier som svar påglobala kriser likt COVID-19, Suezkanalsblockaden samt Ryssland-Ukraina-konflikten.Händelserna har tydliggjort de globala leveranskedjornas sårbarhet, vilket medfört enomvärdering av supply chain management med ett ökat fokus på robusthet mot externaförändringar. Riskminimerande strategier likt omlokalisering av leverantörer och ökadlagerhållning kan dock medföra ökade kostnader. Studien ämnar därmed att undersöka omkriserna i närtid har haft en påverkan på företags strategier gällande risktagande samt vilkatrender som kan urskiljas mellan geografiska beslut och lagerhållningsstrategier. Studien harundersökt forskningsområdet genom kvalitativ forskning där datainsamling genomförtsgenom bland annat intervjuer med personer med insyn och ansvar inom sex globala företagsleveranskedjor. Resultatet visar på ett förhållande mellan stora säkerhetslager, Just in case,samt möjlighet att förlägga leverantörer med lång geografisk distans, offshoring. Motsatvishar även ett förhållande funnits mellan riskhanteringsstrategin med närliggande leverantörer,reshoring/regionalisering och möjlighet att tillämpa små lagernivåer, Just in time. Studien hardärmed bidragit med insikter om hur företags riskhanteringsstrategier förändrats till följd avomvärldsosäkerhet, samt hur de geografiska och lagerhållningsmässiga strategiernaprioriteras av globala företag.

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The globalization of business has contributed to an increased risk within companies' supply chains. To manage these changes and risks within the supply chain, Supply Chain Risk Management has been important for businesses in order to be able to better detect, predict, avoid or reduce effects with a negative impact within the supply chain.The Covid-19 pandemic has caused disruptions and risks to companies' supply chains on a global level, which has put robustness and resilience to the test. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate how companies handle risks and disruptions as a result of Covid-19 in the supply chain.The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize disruptions that have been caused as a result of global disruptions such as the Covid-19 pandemic with the aim of being able to contribute with risk reduction measures for these types of disruptions. This was carried out through a case study at a manufacturing company in the forest industry, where the risks were identified through a review of documents, theory and proposals from the head of department at Supply Chain Management Logistics. Semistructured interviews with a total of ten informants were conducted in order to obtain information on how several of these risks have caused disruptions and consequences.In order to be able to prioritize the risks, risk assessments have been carried out by the same informants from the case company where the risks were valued and classified in risk matrices. The study showed that risks related to disrupted production, staff shortages, political disruptions, natural disasters, uncertain business scenarios, fully booked ferries, driver shortages, delivery disruptions, cargo shortages and risks linked to contractors at the production unit have caused consequences within the global supply chain.The two aggregated risk matrices showed that the risks related to staff shortages, natural disasters, disrupted production and risks linked to contractors in the production unit were the most serious and should therefore be prioritised and require risk mitigation measures.

<p>Today's highly integrated supply chains are exposed to various types of risks which disrupt the normal flow of goods or services within a supply chain network. Since most of these individual risks are interconnected, a mitigation strategy to tackle one risk may result in the exacerbation of another.</p> <p>Risk dependencies have been modelled using two approaches in the financial insurance literature : (i) random variables, and (ii) copulas. In this dissertation these studies are reviewed and extended. Also, applications for these models for different supply chain network configurations are presented. Then, a Poisson process model for risk propagation is proposed. Unlike the existing models, the transition rate of the proposed model not only expresses the time dependency, but also captures other possible dependencies in the network. Finally, the thesis is summarized and general directions and suggestions for future research on risk dependency and propagation modelling are provided.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Background: Nowadays, organizations face an increased occurrence and magnitude ofsystemic risks in their supply chain. For SMEs, these risks are even more prominent due toresources and capacity constraints, especially if they are positioned within global trade dyadssuch as the Europe-Asia dyad. As is it reasonable to assume that the near future will see otherexamples of disrupting events within this dyad, this study focuses on SMEs in the Europe-Asiadyad facing systemic risks. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to uncover how European SMEs within Europe-Asiadyads can strategically navigate and optimize their SCRM approach to counter systemic risks,harmonizing the adoption of the SCRM process and a cost-benefit approach to enhance theirrisk preparedness. Methods: This study has a qualitative and deduction approach with an exploratory purpose.Data is gathered though semi structured interviews within five case companies. Findings/Contribution: SMEs who are more dependent on the Europe-Asia dyad usually havemore SCRM practices in place. As a result, SMEs with solid SCRM processes have an increasedlevel of risk preparedness. However, SMEs also aim to stay agile to leverage for their smallsize and limited resources. The empirical findings also show that SMEs with less preparednessoften rely on a fast and agile reactive measure to tackle risks in their Europe-Asia supply chain.This level of preparedness directly influences the level of which SMEs use CBA within SCRM,which the leads to even more preparedness to systemic risks. Furthermore, SMEs with a highlevel of preparedness utilize CBA on a more advanced level than SMEs who showcase lowerpreparedness. It also offers valuable insights for both academics and practitioners on optimizingSMEs' risk management strategies. Keywords: Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) – Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM)– Europe-Asia Dyad – Systemic Risks – Risk Preparedness – Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Much of the confusion about the effectiveness of information security programs concerns not only how to measure, but also what to measure — an issue of equivocality. Thus, to lower uncertainty for improved decision-making, it is first essential to reduce equivocality by defining, expanding, and clarifying risk factors so that metrics, the "necessary measures," can be unambiguously applied. We formulate a system that (1) allows threats to be accurately measured and tracked, (2) enables the impacts and costs of successful threats to be determined, and (3) aids in evaluating the effectiveness and return on investment of countermeasures. We then examine the quality of controls implemented to mitigate cyber risk and study how effectively they reduce the likelihood of security incidents. Improved control quality was shown to reduce the likelihood of security incidents, yet the results indicate that investing in maximum quality is not necessarily the most efficient use of resources. The next manuscript expands the discussion of cyber risk management beyond single organizations by surveying perceptions and experiences of risk factors related to 3rd parties. To validate and these findings, we undertake in an in-depth investigation of nearly 1000 real-world data breaches occurring over a ten-year period. It provides a robust data model and rich database required by a decision support system for cyber risk in the extended enterprise. To our knowledge, it is the most comprehensive field study ever conducted on the subject. Finally, we incorporate these insights, data, and factors into a simulation model that enables us study the transfer of cyber risk across different supply chain configurations and draw important managerial implications. / Ph. D.

Submitted by Claudia Alessandra Barbuio (claudiaalessandra.barbuio@alumni.esade.edu) on 2018-01-19T21:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3631268 bytes, checksum: 41c463a1f715d81b0c5c398c7ecc4c40 (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Claudia, It’s necessary to correct some details in your work, please, see below: The title is different of the informed initially, we have: SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL: INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: REVERSE LOGISTICS' PLAYERS, if the change was authorized by your advisor, she needs to send this information for us; Page 3: It is missing the “Ficha Catalográfica” number, given by Library, please withdraw the last page. Page 4: Put a line below each professor members, according the model sendt; Pages 5 and 6: The texts (abstract and resumo) cannot be in Capital letters; After corrections, please, post again. on 2018-01-23T10:17:05Z (GMT) / Submitted by Claudia Alessandra Barbuio (claudiaalessandra.barbuio@alumni.esade.edu) on 2018-01-25T21:32:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3589584 bytes, checksum: cd6ee048257547f7d3a9010c863aefb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2018-01-29T11:17:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3589584 bytes, checksum: cd6ee048257547f7d3a9010c863aefb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T11:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3589584 bytes, checksum: cd6ee048257547f7d3a9010c863aefb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01 / The research objective of this dissertation is to identify the main risks and challenges that affect the recycling industry in Brazil and the practices adopted by this industry’s players to face them. The recycling industry is an expanding sector that still presents many obstacles. an exploratory research based on one case study, is developed with the aim of identifying the risks specifically related to recycling in Brazil and the strategies that have been implemented by recycling players in Brazil. The case selected for this study is TriCiclos, a company based in Brazil that is inserted in the recycling supply chain of the city of São Paulo. The data collected on this company through interviews and observations are analyzed in the light of the literature review on the topic to obtain results in terms of strategy definition for facing risks. The contribution of this work to management and organizations will be a thorough review and presentation of possible improvements, based on interviews results, of those strategies used to stem risks away and build an effective recycling supply chain considering the barriers peculiar to the recycling industry. The final purpose is to create a basis for a future discussion on the best strategy for realizing an efficient integration of the different players in the recycling supply chain. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os principais riscos e desafios que afetam a indústria de reciclagem no Brasil e as práticas adotadas pelos atores dessa indústria para enfrentá-los. A indústria de reciclagem é um setor em expansão que ainda tem muitos obstáculos. Uma investigação exploratória baseada em um estudo de caso, é desenvolvida com o objetivo de identificar os riscos especificamente relacionados com a reciclagem no Brasil e as estratégias que foram aplicadas por os atores desta indústria no Brasil. O caso selecionado para este estudo é TriCiclos, uma companhia baseada no Brasil que é incluída na cadeia de fornecimento de reciclagem da cidade de são Paulo. Os dados coletados sobre esta companhia através de entrevistas e observações são analisados à luz da revisão da literatura sobre o tópico para obter resultados em termos de definição de estratégia para enfrentar os riscos. A contribuição deste trabalho à gestão e organizações será uma realização e apresentação de possíveis melhorias, resultados de entrevistas, das estratégias utilizadas para enfrentar os riscos e construir uma cadeia de fornecimento de reciclagem eficaz considerando as barreiras peculiares à indústria de reciclagem. O objetivo final é criar a base de uma discussão futura sobre a melhor estratégia para realizar uma integração eficiente dos diferentes atores na cadeia de fornecimento de reciclagem.