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Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) maintain the viability of Gram-negative bacteria by functioning as receptors, transporters, ion channels, lipases, and porins. Folding and assembly of OMPs involves synchronized action of chaperones and multi-protein machineries which escort the highly hydrophobic polypeptides to their target outer membrane in a folding competent state. Previous studies have identified proteins and their involvement along the OMP biogenesis pathway. Yet, the mechanisms of action and the intriguing ability of all these molecular machines to work without the typical cellular energy source of ATP, but solely based on thermodynamic principles, are still not well understood. Here, we highlight how different single-molecule studies can shed additional light on the mechanisms and kinetics of OMP biogenesis.

<p>Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.Caroline Groth, Department of archaeology and osteology, Gotland University, 2010.Sura Gamla Kyrka – Analysis of pathological and skeletal changes in seven individuals.Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.</p> / Osteoporosis och osteoarthritis då och nu

Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.Caroline Groth, Department of archaeology and osteology, Gotland University, 2010.Sura Gamla Kyrka – Analysis of pathological and skeletal changes in seven individuals.Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life. / Osteoporosis och osteoarthritis då och nu

Syftet: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka färgstabiliteten hos manuellt infärgad hög-translucent zirkonia efter åldring i drycker med lågt pH-värde (vin och Coca Cola) och vatten. Material och metod: I studien användes 30 provkroppar i hög-translucent zirkonia. Provkropparna frästes fram i runda diskar med måtten 6 mm i diameter och 3 mm i tjocklek och färgades in manuellt med infiltreringsvätska genom doppteknik och därefter skedde sintring. Provkropparna förvarades i rött vin, Coca Cola eller destillerat vatten i 12 dagar. Färgkoordinaterna L*a*b* mättes genom spektrofotometer före (kontrollgrupp) och efter förvaring i respektive vätska. Medelvärdet av L*a*b* registrerades och färgskillnaderna (ΔEab, NBS) beräknades. Resultatet analyserades med Fisher՚s exact test samt One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test med signifikansnivån α=0,05. Resultat: I jämförelse mellan grupperna hade gruppen som vinförvarats högst medelvärde i färgskillnad följt av vatten och Coca Cola. Färgskillnaden för gruppen som vinförvarats var kliniskt icke-acceptabel och visade en statistiskt signifikant skillnad jämfört med vatten och Coca Cola. Ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad observerades mellan de resterande grupperna vatten och Coca Cola. Signifikanta skillnader för färgskillnaden, ΔEab, observerades mellan kontrollgruppen mot övriga grupper för samtliga parametrar L* a* b* med p-värde&lt;0,001 efter åldring i de olika dryckerna. Slutsats: Färgstabilitet hos manuellt infärgad hög-translucent zirkonia påverkas av åldring i drycker med lågt pH-värde såsom vin och Coca Cola, där vin påverkar mer än Coca Cola och vatten. Hög-translucent zirkonia som förvarats i vin uppvisar en rödare ton medan förvaring i Coca Cola uppvisar en gulare ton. / Purpose: This study investigated the color stability of manually infiltrated high translucent zirconia after immersion in beverages with low pH-value (wine and Coca Cola) and water.  Material and method: 30 specimens of high translucent zirconia were prepared. The specimens were milled into round discs and colored manually with infiltration liquid before sintering and were stored in red wine, Coca Cola, or distilled water for 12 days. The color coordinates L*a*b* were measured by spectrophotometer before and after storage in the specific beverage. The mean value of L*a*b* was recorded and the color differences (ΔEab, NBS) were calculated. The results were analyzed with Fisher's exact test and One-way ANOVA, Tukey's test with the significance level α=0.05. Results: In comparison between the groups, the wine group had the highest mean value in color difference followed by water and Coca Cola. Results from wine storage showed a statistically significant difference compared to water and Coca Cola which was clinically non-acceptable. No statistical significant difference was observed between the remaining groups.  Conclusion: Color stability of manually colored high translucent zirconia is affected by aging in beverages with a low pH-value such as wine and Coca Cola, where wine affected more as compared to Coca Cola and water. High translucent zirconia stored in wine exhibited a redder tone, while storage in Coca Cola exhibited a yellower tone.

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur den orala hälsan påverkas hos patienter med gastroesofagael reflux sjukdom (GERD) med frågeställningarna: Förekommer orala sjukdomar och/eller kliniska tecken hos patienter med GERD? och Hur påverkas oral hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos patienter med GERD? Metod: Sökningen av artiklar i denna litteraturstudie utfördes i tre databaser: Dentistry &amp; oral sciences source (DOSS), MEDLINE och CINAHL. Artiklarna vilka inkluderades i denna litteraturstudie var publicerade mellan åren 2011–2022 och besvarade studiens syfte samt frågeställningar. Totalt valdes 17 st relevanta artiklar till studiens resultat. Resultat:  Gastroesofagael reflux sjukdom (GERD) kan påverka den orala hälsan negativt samt minska individens livskvalitet på olika sätt, då den kan bidra till ökad risk för olika orala sjukdomar och tillstånd såsom karies, gingivit och parodontit. GERD kan även leda till tandsubstansförlust framför allt genom erosionsskador. Högre prevalens av munslemhinneförändringar, minskad salivsekretion, oral halitosis och ilningar kunde ses hos personer med GERD sjukdomen. Slutsats: Det finns ett samband mellan GERD och negativ påverkan på den orala hälsan, välbefinnandet samt oral livskvalitet. Mer forskning kring hur GERD påverkar den orala hälsan krävs, för att i framtiden kunna skapa hälsofrämjande och preventiva åtgärder som reducerar konsekvenserna av GERD på den orala hälsan. / Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how the oral health is affected regarding patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with the focus on the following questions: Does oral diseases and/or clinical signs occur in patients with GERD? and How is oral health related quality of life effected in patients with GERD? Method: In this literature study the searching of articles was performed in three databases: Dentistry &amp; Oral Sciences Source (DOSS), MEDLINE and CINAHL. The included articles were published between 2011–2022 and were relevant to the aim of the study. In total there were 17 relevant articles selected for the study’s results. Results: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can adversely affect the oral health and reduce the individual's quality of life in different ways, as it can lead to an increased risk of different oral diseases and conditions such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. GERD can also lead to tooth surface loss, especially due to dental erosions. A higher prevalence of mouth mucosa changes, reduced saliva secretion, oral halitosis and tooth sensitivity were seen in people with GERD disease. Conclusion: There is a connection between GERD and a negative impact on the oral health, well-being, and oral quality of life. More research on how GERD affects oral health is required, in order to create health-promoting and preventive measures that reduce the consequences of GERD on oral health.

Sura sulfatjordar (SSJ) bildas på tidigare havsbottnar med sulfidhaltiga sediment som med landhöjningen har lyfts upp ur havet och genom grundvattensänkande aktiviteter  exponerats för syre. Vörå å är ett vattendrag  i västra Finland som är kraftigt SSJ-påverkat. Närings-, trafik- och miljöcentralen i Österbotten har gjort vattenmätningar i Vörå å i flera decennier och syftet med detta arbete var att strukturera, beskriva och tolka tidigare obehandlade data från vattenmätningar som gjorts mellan 1969 och 2017 och därmed synliggöra årstidsvariationer och förändringar i vattnets kemiska sammansättning över tid. Vattenkvaliteten i Vörå å var allra sämst under höst och vår: pH &lt;5, höga sulfathalter och konduktivitet om 25–100 mS/m.  Suspenderat material och turbiditet var som högst i april medan pH, konduktivitet, järnhalt och COD var som högst under sommaren. Variationerna i vattnets kemiska sammansättning var minst under våren och störst under sommaren då flera variabler uppvisade en mycket stor spridning. I slutet av mätperioden uppvisade många variabler en liten bättring och vad denna beror på är oklart. I och med klimatförändringar har årsmedeltemperaturerna i Finland stigit vilket skulle kunna tänkas påverka tiden för högflöden. Det finns tecken i datan som tyder på sådana förändringar sedan 1970-talet. Metallmätningar som gjorts under 2000-talet jämfördes mot bakgrundsvärden, vissa uppvisade förhöjda värden. / Acid sulphate soils (ASS) form in sulphide bearing marine sediments that have been exposed to atmospheric oxygen caused by eustatic uplift and draining of cultivated fields. The river Vörå å, in western Finland, is a small stream that is severely affected by ASS. Finnish authorities have during decades sampled and analysed the water, but the data has not been interpreted. The objective of this study was to structure, describe and interpret previously untreated analyses data of the water samples from the years 1969 to 2017. Wa-ter quality was in general very bad and the worst situations occurred during springs and late autumns with pH &lt;5, high sulphate concentrations and EC between 25–100 mS/m. Suspended solids and turbidity peaked in April while pH, EC, iron concentration and COD were highest during the summer. The variations in the chemical composition of the water were lowest during the spring and most widespread during the summer. At the end of the measurement period, many variables showed a slight improvement, the reason for this is unclear. Due to climate change the mean temperatures in Finland have increased, this may possibly affect the timing for snow melt in the spring and the time for flooding during the autumn. There are signs in the data indicating such changes. Metal concentra-tions from samples collected since 2005/2010 were compared with regional background values. Some metals demonstrated high concentrations.