Cops and Robbers on Graphs (C & R) is a vertex-to-vertex pursuit game played on graphs first introduced by Quilliot (in 1978) and Nowakowski (in 1983). The cop player starts the game by choosing a set of vertices which will be the cops’ starting positions. The robber player responds by choosing its own start vertex. On each player’s turn, the player may move its tokens to adjacent vertices. The cops win if the robber is captured (they occupy the same vertex). The robber wins if it can avoid capture indefinitely. The question, then, is to determine the smallest number of cops required to guarantee the robber will be captured. A variation of C & R called Zombies and Survivors (Z & S) was recently proposed and studied by Fitzpatrick. Z & S is the same as C & R with the added twist that the zombies are required to move closer to the survivor (by following a shortest path from the zombie to the survivor). Whenever multiple shortest paths exist, the zombies are free to choose which one to follow. As in C & R, we are interested in the minimum number of zombies required to guarantee the survivor will be caught. Chapter 1 summarizes important results in vertex-pursuit games. In Chapter 2 we give an example of a planar graph where 3 zombies always lose, whereas Aigner and Fromme showed in 1984 that three cops have a winning strategy on planar graphs. In Chapter 3 we show how two zombies can win on a cycle with one chord.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Long-term survivors (LTSs) of breast cancer are defined as patients who have been in remission for a year or longer. Even after being declared breast-cancer-free, many LTSs have questions that were not answered by clinicians. Although online resources provide some content for LTSs, none, or very little, provide immediate answers to specific questions. Thus, the aim involves proposing specifications for a system, the Health Electronic Learning Platform (HELP), that can assist survivors by becoming an all-inclusive resource for LTSs of breast cancer. To achieve this, relevant information from the literature was used to assess the needs of LTSs. Also, data from a study involving the breast cancer survivor’s forum project that had been filtered to include posts with mentions of features to be added to the website and usability issues encountered. To complete the actual design of the system, a synthesis of the results obtained from these two sources was performed. HELP is simple in terms of its layout and consists of a main search-bar, where LTSs are able to ask questions using their own terms and language. This navigator should not be taken as definitive solution, but instead, should be used as a starting point toward better patient-centered care.

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Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att undersöka hur vuxna överlevare från sexuella övergrepp i barndomen hanterar sia erfareneheter och läker effekterna av traumat. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med fem informanter. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna av materialanalysen är följande: Relationen till make eller annan partner har större positivt inflyttande på läkningsprocessen än relationen till terapeut eller internetbaserade relationer till andra överlevare. Överlevare kan under läkningsprocessen finna en positiv mening i förmågor de tillägnat sig för att överleva traumat. I läkningsprocessen kan överlevare ändra sina grundantaganden i positiv riktning. Generaliserbarheten av uppsatsens resultat kan ifrågasättas på grund av det låga antalet informanter. Resultatet kan dock vara intressant att använda som jämförelse med andra studier på samma ämnesområde. / The main purpose of the essay is to investigate how adult survivors of chilhood sexual abuse cope with their experiences and heal the effects of the trauma. Qualitative interviews were conducted with five subjects. The main findings of the material analysis are the following suggestions: Relationship with husband or other partner has greater positive influence on healing process than relationship with therapist or internet based relationships with other survivors. Survivors can during healing process find a positive meaning to abilities gained in the surviving of trauma. In the healing process survivors can change their basic assumptions in a positive way. The generalisability of essay results is questionable due to the low number of subjects. The findings might be interesting when used in comparison with other studies on the field. The essay is written in Swedish.

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Since 2018 and what is referred to as the “Oxfam scandal” it seems that the practices around the prevention of sexual violence in the aid sector have evolved but it is difficult to estimate how much has changed. This research focuses on the specific point of view of managers in aid organizations. They have a specific role with regards to safeguarding because they manage a team and are involved in project design.  This study’s aim is to understand how humanitarian managers perceive and experience their responsibilities towards safeguarding. Based on the analysis of interviews with 6 managers, it examines how they perceive their responsibilities with regards to safeguarding and the risks of sexual violence. It also questions how equipped they feel to mitigate these risks and whether they have observed a change in the past few years, with regards to sexual violence in the aid sector.  This qualitative research relies on the framework of gender-based violence, the concept of intersectionality, the concept of situated knowledge of Donna Haraway and the theory of competencies, one of the theories of adult learning.  It demonstrates that the perceptions of sexual violence by managers of the aid sector are linked to their personal ethics and experiences and that although they consider themselves responsible to prevent sexual violence, their perceptions of the risks are not homogenous. This study lays the ground for further research on safeguarding from the perspectives of managers, with a stronger emphasis on intersectional and decolonial approaches.

Sepsis, a life-threatening response to infection, represents a substantial global health concern. Each year, about 48,9 million people are affected by sepsis. While survival rates have improved, sepsis survivors often experience numerous challenges after discharge from the hospital. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe patients’ experience of their life situation after surviving sepsis. A literature review was carried out using Friberg’s four step model for analyzing quantitative and qualitative research. The data were collected from seven quantitative and four qualitative studies. The analysis revealed two themes and eight subthemes: (1) Difficulties adjusting to new living conditions, (2) A challenging recovery process. The first theme had four subthemes: Changed quality of life after sepsis, Physical limitations in everyday life, The challenge of becoming dependent on others and The importance of social relationships. The second theme had four subthemes: A mental struggle to return to a normal life, Traumatization and fears of relapse, The importance of recovery, and Educational and informational gaps. Among sepsis survivors, various problems and challenges have been identified that impact their daily life. Numerous survivors suffered from persistent residual symptoms primarily related to physical, psychological, and cognitive domains. Survivors were widely dissatisfied with the information and education about sepsis and its aftermath provided by the healthcare system. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term consequences of sepsis survivorship, and to improve the healthcare guidelines and interventions aimed at improving the well-being of this patient group

Background: Cancer is a collective name for many different diseases and occurs when the balance in a cell is disturbed and transforms into a tumor cell. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Suffering from cancer affects a person physically and psychologically, and surviving cancer can be just as wearing.  Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe people's experiences of surviving a cancer disease. Method: A literature study was used as a method. 12 articles were selected for the result. The articles were found in the databases Cinahl and PsycInfo. Results: The result gave rise to three main themes: "Loss of trust in healthcare", "Living with consequences" and "Feelings about the future". With seven associated subthemes: "Not getting information", "Feeling forgotten", “Lack of identity”, “Strategies for change”, “Having someone to talk to”, "Not feeling safe'' and “Daring to dream”. The results show how complicated the aftercare of cancer can be, both for healthcare professionals but not least for cancer survivors. Experiences of having survived cancer differed depending on the support network around. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the healthcare system is lacking in several aspects when it comes to aftercare for cancer survivors. Where the healthcare system failed, there were family, friends and people with similar experiences as support. Fear of relapse, fear of dying and anxiety were leading emotions in the study's results.

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC)-specific symptoms have a substantial impact on health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine whether self-reported dysphagia, voice problems and pain of HNC patients changed over time and whether specific clinical or sociodemographic variables were associated with these symptoms. Methods: HNC patients (n = 299) in an outpatient setting answered questionnaires (Eating Assessment Tool-10; questions from the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC H&N35) on dysphagia, voice problems and pain, collected with the software “OncoFunction” at three different timepoints (t1–t3) after diagnosis. The mean score changes from t1 to t3 were expressed in terms of effect sizes d. The impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors on the course of the variables was tested with multivariate analyses of variance. Results: Dysphagia, voice impairment and pain in HNC survivors significantly improved over a period of approximately 14 months after diagnosis. Tumor site, stage, treatment modality, occupational state and ECOG state were significantly correlated with self-reported functional outcome. The pain level of the HNC patients was rather low. Conclusions: Patients suffer from functional impairments after HNC treatment, but an improvement in self-reported symptoms could be demonstrated within this time period.

A review of the literature reveals a high incidence of body-image distress among breast cancer survivors who have undergone surgery, which is a natural response to the significant changes in their appearance. Reconstructive surgery, utilizing implants or flaps, may be employed to restore breast size and shape. Medical tattooing can simulate the nipple-areola complex and decorative appliques can conceal scars and skin color variations. Both reconstructive surgery and medical tattoos are associated with patient-reported satisfaction, yet further research is necessary to understand their combined impact on body-image distress. To investigate this, a survey was distributed among national breast cancer support groups and advocacy organizations, yielding 207 responses from individuals meeting the study's criteria. The participants were categorized into two groups: those who received a post-surgical medical tattoo (n = 61) and those who did not (n = 146). The study also examined how participants evaluated the cosmetic and decision satisfaction of patients who made various cosmetic intervention choices post-mastectomy. This was accomplished by having participants rate images of patients who had received three types of intervention: mastectomy and reconstruction only, mastectomy and medical tattooing only, and mastectomy, reconstruction, and medical tattooing. Using linear regression and multilevel modeling that controlled for demographic and clinical factors associated with body-image distress, the findings demonstrated that participants with medical tattoos reported significantly lower levels of body-image distress, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress compared to those without medical tattoos. Furthermore, participants rated images of patients who underwent both reconstruction and medical tattooing post-mastectomy as having significantly higher cosmetic and decision satisfaction ratings than images of patients who received reconstruction or medical tattooing alone.