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There is no sustainability without responsibility. This research considers the connection between collaboration and responsibility. Responsible tourism has been discussed together with sustainable tourism, but who is responsible for increasing sustainability have not been researched widely. The research focus is on the nature tourism network. The tourism network consists of multiple public and private stakeholders with different agreements. All the stakeholders have their agendas, but sustainability can be seen as a common goal for each stakeholder in the nature tourism network. The question is how to implement more sustainability within tourism stakeholders and how much public-private partnerships affect the responsibility of sustainability. The qualitative research was done by mixed methods. The survey for SMEs and semi-structured interviews for SMEs and DMOs. The research area in coastal Finland includes multiple nature destinations which are owned by the state. In the previous research, it was stated that a sustainable tourism destination needs collaboration. In this research was found that SMEs cannot work without cooperation, especially in nature-based tourism destinations. The purpose of this paper was to see how the quality of collaboration between the stakeholders influences taking responsibility for sustainability actions. The lack of communication and cooperation between the public-private sector may lead to misunderstandings in sustainable tourism cooperation. Miscommunication of the delegation for the responsibilities affects the success of the sustainability implementations. This research highlights the importance of efficient stakeholder management and future research on sharing responsibility for achieving sustainability in the tourism sector.

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The Sami indigenous peoples in Northern Scandinavia face ongoing pressures to maintain their traditional way of life. Today, scholars of resilience and sustainability studies have looked towards indigenous tourism to deliver income diversity and cultural preservation. However, to date, this realization has been slow. Thus, the landmark ruling on the 23rd of January 2020 whereby one Sami community, the Girjas Sameby, was awarded the exclusive rights to administer hunting and fishing licenses against the Swedish State, could present a new opportunity to achieve these goals. Against this backdrop, a mixed-methods case study was conducted within their district to investigate if this verdict translated into opportunities for sustainable tourism development. Particularly as this case sets a legal precedent, many other Sami communities are expected to follow. Twenty-four respondents from three stakeholder groups, namely the Sami, tourism entrepreneurs and tourists, highlighted challenges for sustainable tourism development due to the new exclusionary rules instituted by the Sami and still weak sustainable travel trends in the region. The data emphasizes strained relationships between stakeholders and notes an increase in conflicts subsequent to the verdict. Arguably, the most significant opportunity presents itself not in the growth of tourism but rather in the preservation of nature and the now unavoidable convergence stakeholders are forced into, which, until recently, has been limited. Presenting the prospects for building collaborative relationships, which ultimately can help break down age-old stigmas as mutual trust and respect are developed.

The purpose of this essay is to put focus on sustainability and tourism in Cuba and to explore the phenomenon of "tourism apartheid” and its implications on human rights and sustainable development. This is done by studying prior research on the subject and secondary research sources as well as new material and data collected through qualitative and quantative methods. This study tries to contribute to the overall research material regarding sustainable tourism with focus on Cuba and its circumstances by adding and analyzing new material as well as exploring the strategic measures Cuba has taken before in the tourism sector and in what direction Cuba is moving right now. The second aim of the essay is to explore the research gap that I have found in the literature which is the link between tourist apartheid and the lack of sustainable tourism and development. This is done by research in secondary resourses and by semi-structured interviews and surveys in order to get peoples opinions about this matter. Furthermore I try to make a contribution to the existing research gap regarding alternative touristmodels that better meassure up to the sustainable development criteria. This is done by introducing an old concept ,but in new form. It is called ground level tourism and I clarify the purpose, the structure and how it is linked to sustainable development in the essay in a special section. This form of traveling is not new as a concept but it is new to Cuba because of the Cuban authorities wish to have control over the tourist market. This is explained and discussed in the essay together with the concept tourism apartheid and with a brief resumé of the history of tourism in Cuba. At the end the new research findings are presented and analysed. Finally the conclusions drawn from the research and the findings is presented before the appendix.

The Covid-19 pandemic which is still ongoing at the time of writing has had significant impacts on the tourism industry globally. This situation may offer a chance to improve the sector regarding sustainability. Therefore, this thesis has researched the impacts that the pandemic has had on the tourism industry in Iceland with regards to the opportunity to make it more sustainable. Qualitative results from an open-ended questionnaire sent to stakeholders of companies in the tourism industry in Iceland were analyzed and compared to secondary data gathered from reliable databases in the industry. The study shows that there is an opportunity to improve the tourism industry in Iceland, but that lack of incentive from the government is problematic in stakeholders opinions. The future of tourism in Iceland postCovid-19 depends on how the pandemic unfolds and the demand for tourism after it.

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Breadcrumbs is a continuation of the collaboration between Robertsfors municipality, ARKNAT, and Umeå School of Architecture, to create site-specific wind shelters along the hikingpath of fiske- and flottarstigen aiming to revitalize the path and promote a new experience in nature. The objective with “Breadcrumbs” is to attract attention and promote tourism in the municipality without solely relying on the anticipated railway project Norrbottniabanan by creating an architectural spectacle that aligns with the aesthetic expression of one of the wind shelters. The concept of nanotourism is used as a tool throughout the project as a critique towards the social and environmental strains associated with tourism. By doing so “Breadcrumbs” aim to cultivate a sense of pride and ownership within the local community and be mindful of the rural context. The project establishes a network of information spots along the hiking path, where the primary material is wood. These spots, strategically located near bus stations to encourage car-less transportation, feature bulletin boards displaying current events, maps of activities and detours, and a leisure library offering equipment like skis, and bikes to borrow. This enriches the hiking experience and enhances the attractiveness of the path. Medborgarhuset serves as the central node of the network. Lanterns are designed to be the structure's load-bearing elements. Medborgarhuset acts as a destination in itself due to its design, programs, and location, but also serves as the starting point for the exploration of the rest of Robertsfors.

Dags att kasta loss? (Time to sail away?) explores the area of Smögen, Bohuslän, Swedenfrom a perspective of visual communication and sustainable tourism. As a person with aconnection to the area, this project grew from a wish to care for its present and future. Inthe beginning of the project, I only knew I wanted to use my role as a visual communicatorto protect and teach of the local ecosystems by growing curiosity and responsibility withintourists visiting during high season. Through the help of local collaborators, I could latersteer the focus towards littering by boat tourists as it is an ongoing problem around one ofthe most visited attractions; Smögenbryggan. Using storytelling and easily recognizableelements of Smögen as tools, the result is an illustrated sign highlighting the problem andpotential consequences of littering in the area. It aims to leave the target group with a senseof self-awareness in their inhabiting of the space and a sustainable mindset to reduce litteringin the water.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the opinions of tour operators and travel agencies regarding carbon offsetting in air travel. Since it is known already that the number oif participants among travelers in voluntary carbon offsetting is low, the study also aims to examine the travel companies' perceptions of who is responsible for increasing the number of carbon offsetts in air travel. The study was conducted on the basis of qualitative methods. Four semi-structured interviews were held with four different travel companies, of which two of these were travel agencies and two were tour operators. Thematic anaysis was used to analyze the collected data. The results are discussed in relation to previous research which lies behind the research questions. The study shows that there are two different types of values that support why companies offer voluntary carbon offsetting to their customers during air travel; environmental value and market value. Further, the findings highlights the importance of managing carbon offsetting in relation to other environmental sustainable development. To get more travelers involved in participating in carbon offsetting means engaging in overall environmental management at different levels of society. The travel companies mean that they can themselves provide the option for customers to carbon offset, and inform and communicate about this. In addition, school must strenghten knowledge about environmental issues among the people of society and politicians must direct these people towards more climate friendly actions. This will lead to a process of change in overall environmental behaviour, which is needed for more people to want to participate in activities such as carbon offsetting.