A temática “tatuagens” tem sido explorada em diferentes campos do conhecimento, a partir de diferentes quadros teóricos e metodológicos, porém deixando a atividade “tatuar”, seja como ofício, ocupação ou profissão, aparentemente negligenciada. Nesse sentido, a partir de uma imersão de 19 meses em um estúdio de tatuagens em Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil, o trabalho de quem tatua emergiu como um campo empírico rico para observar e analisar atividades aparentemente desviantes, já que, apesar de uma parcela da sociedade não perceber o “tatuar” como profissão, as pessoas que tatuam têm clareza sobre seu status profissional. Nesse cenário as fronteiras da Administração e da Gestão de Pessoas emergiram e salientaram a importância em compreender, mais especificamente, como essas pessoas desempenham e desenvolvem suas vivências nessa atividade, orientadas, ou não, por uma vontade em serem reconhecidas pelos(as) outros(as) como profissionais. Por isso, o conceito central observado não foi o de Profissão, mas sim o de Carreira. Entendendo-a como uma ponte analítica entre indivíduo e instituição, a partir de Everett Hughes, sociólogo da Escola de Chicago, é através da compreensão da carreira das pessoas que tatuam que foi possível compreender como elas vivem, entendem e lidam com uma profissão, aparentemente, em formação. Assim, o problema de pesquisa apontado é o seguinte: como a pessoa que tatua vivencia sua carreira? Esse problema contempla a busca por compreender como a pessoa vive e narra sua carreira, focando nos elementos de sua ocupação, compreendida como ainda não objetivamente institucionalizada, mas subjetivamente estabelecida, explorando os status e papeis sociais que elas vivem, os pontos de inflexão que negociam e os elementos que as fazem entender sua ocupação como profissão. Assim, a carreira, ainda que contemple todos aspectos da vida, será enfocada analiticamente no aspecto profissional, pois a especificidade analítica é voltada à atividade laboral de quem fala. Isto se deve à inserção deste trabalho na área de Gestão de Pessoas da Administração, apontando como interesse a compreensão de carreiras e profissões aparentemente diferentes do status quo, de modo que possa gerar reflexões e inspirações para a área. Para responde-la, realizei uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo e exploratório, orientada pelo método de História de Vida, contemplando Narrativas, as quais foram utilizadas tanto para a coleta como para a análise e apresentação da trajetória. Além delas, também foram utilizadas como fontes de informação as visitas a campo, convenções, pesquisas bibliográficas específicas e redes sociais e de notícias na internet. Como resultados, parece que a pessoa que tatua vivencia sua carreira entendendo sua ocupação como profissão, determinando elementos, ao longo do percurso de vida, que comprovam a sua atividade como profissional; que há etapas pelas quais deve passar, bem como status, papeis e instituições; que passa por conflitos e dilemas frequentes durante a carreira e por um mercado de trabalho característico, que podem influenciar, também, na forma em zig zag que ela acaba se delineando. Em suma, parece formar-se uma “carreira padrão”, devido à repetição de algumas faixas temporais e vivências. Por fim, são apresentadas perspectivas de pesquisa futuras. / The topic “tattoo” have been explored in different fields of knowledge, from different theoretical and methodological frameworks, yet the activity of “tattooing”, either as craft, occupation or profession, have been, apparently, neglected. In this sense, from a immersion of 19 months at a tattoo studio in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, the work of “tattooists” emerged as a rich empirical field to observe and analyze apparently deviant activities, since, although a portion of society realize the “tattooing” as a profession, the “tattooists” or “tattoo artists” have clarity about their professional status. In this scenario, the borders of Administration and Human Resources Management emerged and stressed the importance in understanding, more specifically, how these people play and develop their experience in this activity, oriented or not by a desire to be recognized by others as professionals. Therefore, the central concept is not Professions, but Careers. Understanding it as an analytical bridge between individual and institution, by Everett Hughes, a sociologist at the Chicago School, is through understanding the career of “tattooists” that is possible to understand they live, comprehend and deal with a profession, apparently, not established. Thus, the research problem identified is the following: how the people who tattoos experiences their career? This issue includes the search for understanding how a person lives and narrates his/her career, focusing on elements of the occupation, understood as not yet institutionalized objectively, but subjectively established, exploring the status and social roles which he/she lives, the turning points that are negotiated and the elements that make them understand their occupation as a profession. Thus, career, still covering all aspects of life, is analytically focused on professional aspects. This is due to the inclusion of this work in the field of Management and Personnel Management, pointing to interest the understanding of seemingly different careers and occupations of the status quo, so that it can generate ideas and inspirations for the area. To answer it, I conducted a qualitative and exploratory research, guided by the method of Life History, contemplating Narratives, which were used both for the collection and for the analysis and presentation of the path. Besides them, were also used as sources of information visits to the field, conventions, specific literature searches, readings and social networking and news on the Internet. As a result, it seems that the person who experiences the Tattoo Career understands the occupation as a profession, determining elements along the path of life, proving the activity as a professional one; that there are steps that must pass as well as status, roles and institutions; that passing by conflicts and dilemmas during the career and in a characteristic labor market, which may influence, too, in the form of zig zag the path ends up outlining. In short, it seems to form a “standard career” due to repetition of some temporal tracks and experiences. Finally, future research perspectives are presented.

Estudo qualitativo que buscou, à luz do Interacionismo Simbólico, compreender o significado do linfedema na vida de mulheres com câncer de mama, na relação consigo mesmas, com os outros e com o mundo. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas e prontuários de 14 mulheres com linfedema de braço pós- cirurgia por câncer de mama, que freqüentam um serviço especializado em reabilitação pós-mastectomia. Procurou-se identificar unidades temáticas pela Análise de Conteúdo, nas seguintes categorias: 1- significado do linfedema, na relação consigo mesmas e 2- na relação com os outros e com o mundo. Na relação consigo mesmas, o linfedema significou preocupação com o aumento do volume do braço e complicações, mudança de hábitos, dificuldades diversas, alterações emocionais e busca de justificativas para a presença do linfedema, concluindo que ele é um problema estigmatizante. Na relação com os outros e com o mundo, elas indicaram instituições como a ciência, o trabalho, a família, os serviços de saúde e a sociedade, na construção do significado do linfedema, e reconheceram-se como tendo um corpo diferente pelo aumento do volume do braço, o que as torna pessoas estigmatizadas. Porém, revelam sinalizações de possibilidades de ações dos outros e inscrevem a criação de novos instrumentos sociais, o que evidencia sinais de mobilização para a construção de um mundo simbólico mais positivo e rico em contribuições. / This qualitative study aimed at, in the light of Symbolic Interactionism, understanding the meaning of lymphedema to women with breast cancer, observing their relations with themselves, with others and with the world. Data were obtained through interviews and record analysis with 14 women with lymphedema in the arm after the breast cancer surgery who attended a service specialized in post-mastectomy rehabilitation. The author searched to identify thematic units through Content Analysis in the selected categories: 1- the meaning of lymphedema in relation to themselves and 2- in relation to others and to the world. With respect to themselves, the lymphedema meant concern with the arm increasing volume and complications, habit changes, several difficulties, emotional alterations and the search for justifications about the presence of the lymphedema, concluding that it is a stigmatizing problem. Regarding the others and the world, they indicated institutions such as science, work, family, health services and society, in the construction of knowledge on lymphedema, and recognized themselves as having a different body due to the increase in arm volume, transforming them in stigmatized people. However, they revealed signs for possibilities of others’ actions and for the creation of new social instruments, evidencing signs of mobilization for the construction of a symbolic world more positive and rich in contributions.

A temática “tatuagens” tem sido explorada em diferentes campos do conhecimento, a partir de diferentes quadros teóricos e metodológicos, porém deixando a atividade “tatuar”, seja como ofício, ocupação ou profissão, aparentemente negligenciada. Nesse sentido, a partir de uma imersão de 19 meses em um estúdio de tatuagens em Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil, o trabalho de quem tatua emergiu como um campo empírico rico para observar e analisar atividades aparentemente desviantes, já que, apesar de uma parcela da sociedade não perceber o “tatuar” como profissão, as pessoas que tatuam têm clareza sobre seu status profissional. Nesse cenário as fronteiras da Administração e da Gestão de Pessoas emergiram e salientaram a importância em compreender, mais especificamente, como essas pessoas desempenham e desenvolvem suas vivências nessa atividade, orientadas, ou não, por uma vontade em serem reconhecidas pelos(as) outros(as) como profissionais. Por isso, o conceito central observado não foi o de Profissão, mas sim o de Carreira. Entendendo-a como uma ponte analítica entre indivíduo e instituição, a partir de Everett Hughes, sociólogo da Escola de Chicago, é através da compreensão da carreira das pessoas que tatuam que foi possível compreender como elas vivem, entendem e lidam com uma profissão, aparentemente, em formação. Assim, o problema de pesquisa apontado é o seguinte: como a pessoa que tatua vivencia sua carreira? Esse problema contempla a busca por compreender como a pessoa vive e narra sua carreira, focando nos elementos de sua ocupação, compreendida como ainda não objetivamente institucionalizada, mas subjetivamente estabelecida, explorando os status e papeis sociais que elas vivem, os pontos de inflexão que negociam e os elementos que as fazem entender sua ocupação como profissão. Assim, a carreira, ainda que contemple todos aspectos da vida, será enfocada analiticamente no aspecto profissional, pois a especificidade analítica é voltada à atividade laboral de quem fala. Isto se deve à inserção deste trabalho na área de Gestão de Pessoas da Administração, apontando como interesse a compreensão de carreiras e profissões aparentemente diferentes do status quo, de modo que possa gerar reflexões e inspirações para a área. Para responde-la, realizei uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo e exploratório, orientada pelo método de História de Vida, contemplando Narrativas, as quais foram utilizadas tanto para a coleta como para a análise e apresentação da trajetória. Além delas, também foram utilizadas como fontes de informação as visitas a campo, convenções, pesquisas bibliográficas específicas e redes sociais e de notícias na internet. Como resultados, parece que a pessoa que tatua vivencia sua carreira entendendo sua ocupação como profissão, determinando elementos, ao longo do percurso de vida, que comprovam a sua atividade como profissional; que há etapas pelas quais deve passar, bem como status, papeis e instituições; que passa por conflitos e dilemas frequentes durante a carreira e por um mercado de trabalho característico, que podem influenciar, também, na forma em zig zag que ela acaba se delineando. Em suma, parece formar-se uma “carreira padrão”, devido à repetição de algumas faixas temporais e vivências. Por fim, são apresentadas perspectivas de pesquisa futuras. / The topic “tattoo” have been explored in different fields of knowledge, from different theoretical and methodological frameworks, yet the activity of “tattooing”, either as craft, occupation or profession, have been, apparently, neglected. In this sense, from a immersion of 19 months at a tattoo studio in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, the work of “tattooists” emerged as a rich empirical field to observe and analyze apparently deviant activities, since, although a portion of society realize the “tattooing” as a profession, the “tattooists” or “tattoo artists” have clarity about their professional status. In this scenario, the borders of Administration and Human Resources Management emerged and stressed the importance in understanding, more specifically, how these people play and develop their experience in this activity, oriented or not by a desire to be recognized by others as professionals. Therefore, the central concept is not Professions, but Careers. Understanding it as an analytical bridge between individual and institution, by Everett Hughes, a sociologist at the Chicago School, is through understanding the career of “tattooists” that is possible to understand they live, comprehend and deal with a profession, apparently, not established. Thus, the research problem identified is the following: how the people who tattoos experiences their career? This issue includes the search for understanding how a person lives and narrates his/her career, focusing on elements of the occupation, understood as not yet institutionalized objectively, but subjectively established, exploring the status and social roles which he/she lives, the turning points that are negotiated and the elements that make them understand their occupation as a profession. Thus, career, still covering all aspects of life, is analytically focused on professional aspects. This is due to the inclusion of this work in the field of Management and Personnel Management, pointing to interest the understanding of seemingly different careers and occupations of the status quo, so that it can generate ideas and inspirations for the area. To answer it, I conducted a qualitative and exploratory research, guided by the method of Life History, contemplating Narratives, which were used both for the collection and for the analysis and presentation of the path. Besides them, were also used as sources of information visits to the field, conventions, specific literature searches, readings and social networking and news on the Internet. As a result, it seems that the person who experiences the Tattoo Career understands the occupation as a profession, determining elements along the path of life, proving the activity as a professional one; that there are steps that must pass as well as status, roles and institutions; that passing by conflicts and dilemmas during the career and in a characteristic labor market, which may influence, too, in the form of zig zag the path ends up outlining. In short, it seems to form a “standard career” due to repetition of some temporal tracks and experiences. Finally, future research perspectives are presented.

The aim of the study was to create an understanding of whether and how social workers converse on the topic of sexuality with youths. Further aspects studied were which factors social workers experienced to be challenging and enabling for these conversations and also differences regarding the gender of the youth. The empirical material is made out of semistructured interviews with social service workers and professionals who work with treatment of youths. The data has been analysed with the theory symbolic interactionism. The result of the study shows that social workers do talk about sexuality with youths, but in varying extent. Challenges expressed were for instance questions about secrecy and the difficulty of keeping information from the parents of the youth, as well as who was in the room at the time of the meeting. Enabling aspects were knowledge and personal interest in the subject. Regarding the question of how the topic of sexuality was brought up the answers varied. Some preferred to ask questions about sexuality straight out, while others preferred to ask questions about TV-shows and relationships to later get in to the topic of sexuality. All informants aimed to be neutral in the meeting with the youth, regardless of gender. However, examples were made of how differences were made on basis of what gender the youth had. The main perception was that girls were seen as victims while boys were seen as perpetrators. This had effects on how the conversations were conducted and several of the informants spoke about reflections regarding how these perceptions could lead to missing those who did not fit into the perceptions.

This dissertation draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 former youth in care to examine their experiences in Ontario’s child welfare system and the long-term impacts of those experiences. Using a symbolic interactionist approach, the study analyzes the biographical disruption that experiences in the care system represented for participants and how this affected their life trajectories. The findings are organized and discussed around three themes: a) participants’ involvement with the system – how they experienced entering, being in, and exiting the system; b) the stigma participants experienced while in care, and their efforts to neutralize or manage the stigma; and c) the impact that their care experiences had on participants as adults. The data reveal a range of challenges that participants encountered while they were in care, including loneliness, isolation, neglect, general mistreatment and in some cases, abuse. Particularly damaging were the stigma and assaults on “self” that participants experienced as a result of their care status. The data also reveal that in one way or another, these early experiences followed participants into their adult lives, leaving them with a myriad of issues and concerns. The dissertation ends with a discussion of the substantive and theoretical contributions of the findings, as well as a section that addresses the policy implications of the research. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 former youth in care to examine their experiences in the care system and the long-term impacts of those experiences. Participants described their time in care, including the stereotyping, stigma, abuse, and general mistreatment they encountered, as well as the loneliness and isolation they experienced. Leaving the care system also came with a distinct set of challenges that often persisted into their adult lives. The analysis focuses on impacts relating to identity, self-perception, and material circumstances for those who pass through Ontario’s child welfare system.

This thesis embodies the results of an investigation of a residence exclusively devoted to those who r blind. Working within the theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism, the primary focus of this study was to discover whether relationship existed between the pattern of group organization within the residence and the perception of the attitudes of the sighted towards the blind. Underlying its approach was the assumption that how the residents perceived the attitudes of the sighted was related to how they evaluated themselves. A second focus of this study was to determine the basis and extent of group formation within the residence. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The purpose of this qualitative ethnographic case study was to investigate how an adult agricultural educational program generates new learning spaces for military veterans. Utilizing Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Capital Theories this study illustrates how military veterans use and making new meanings of military symbols in an agricultural educational context. After leaving their military service, veterans often discharge with not only the physical scars of battle, but sometimes harboring mental and emotional distress that can prevent their abilities to successfully reintegrate into a civilian setting. For several veterans, adult agricultural programs can provide a vital educational experience to help them address physical and mental challenges, launch a new career in agriculture, and form new civilian identities. Findings from this research indicate that participants of this study transformation of a civilian identity is positively impacted when familiar symbols of the military are used in the implementation of agriculture education and that these symbols then take on new meanings supporting Blumer (1969) Symbolic Interactionism Theory. Further, mutually beneficial experiences occurred between veterans and community members, allowing for the veteran to build positive connection with civilians and move up in civilian society. This supports the concept of Pierre Bourdieu (1986) Cultural Capital Theory. Further, these finding show that military veterans are employing this adult agricultural education program to transform their cultural identity and re-assign symbolic military meanings of objects and self. They connect with familiar military constructed language, behaviors, and physical symbolism to represent their identity, during and after their service. For them, it is important to be able to express their military identity to civilians and other veterans. It is also, vital for them to participate and express their military identities through symbolic military behaviors. This military symbolism is critical to their ability to socialize with others, acquire a civilian identity, and navigate social mobility. When the use of symbolism is not applied, or is not recognized by civilians, it influences their civilian identity and for some, creates transition challenges and challenges to their connection to civilian population. / Ph. D. / The United States has been engaged in a number of wars and conflicts throughout the world, including the more recent wars in Iraq and in Afghanistan. Military members returning from wars sometimes come home with not only the physical scars of battle, but many times harboring mental and emotional distress that inhibit their abilities to successfully reintegrate into civilian life. As such, adult agricultural education programs that serve veterans have grown in number to assist these service members as they transition back into the civilian society, face physical and mental challenges, begin a new career in agriculture, and construct new identities. This process is enticing veterans across the country to enter farming educational programs and many of those veterans are reporting transformations in their self-identity and quality of life. The purpose of this qualitative ethnographic case study was to investigate how an adult agricultural educational program generates new learning spaces for military veterans. Utilizing Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Capital Theories, this study illustrates how military veterans use and make new meanings of military symbols in an agricultural educational context. Findings show that military veterans are employing this adult agricultural education program to transform their cultural identity and re-assign symbolic military meanings of objects and self. They connect with familiar military constructed language, behaviors, and physical symbolism to represent their identity, during and after their service. For them, it is important to be able to express their military identity to civilians and other veterans. It is also, vital for them to participate and express their military identities through symbolic military behaviors. This military symbolism is critical to their ability to socialize with others, acquire a civilian identity, and navigate social mobility. When the use of symbolism is not applied, or is not recognized by civilians, it influences their civilian identity and for some, creates transition challenges and challenges to their connection to civilian population

Hooking up can carry a vast array of definitions, embody a multitude of implications, and is still somehow an almost unavoidable part of college life. The present study applies identity theory to the relatively new culture of sex and dating at college, more predominantly known as hookup culture, in order to examine the types of identities that might affect hookup behaviors. Identity theory is a particularly useful framework to understanding hookup culture because of its ability to examine how the individual (college student) situates oneself in the larger social environment (college). This study also incorporates commitment to identity as well as how certain meanings reflect that identity. Utilizing two waves of data from the "College Identity Study"—collected between 2015-2016 and surveying college students at a large, southeastern public university, aged 18-24 (n=187). Regression analyses were run in order to predict hookup behaviors using the partier identity, commitment to partier identity, and partier identity meanings. Ultimately, the model supports the hypothesis that college students who claim the partier identity are more likely to hook up, though commitment to this identity is low overall. / Master of Science / Hooking up can mean many different things to different people, but is still somehow an almost unavoidable part of college life. This paper looks at this relatively new culture of sex and dating on campus, also known as hookup culture, in order to better understand who is more likely to hook up. By using survey data from a “College Identity Study”—collected between 2015-2016 at a large, southeastern public university, from students aged 18-24—the study analyzes what kinds of college identities are most likely to engage in hooking up behaviors. Ultimately, the hypothesis that college students who claim the partier identity are more likely to hook up was supported, meaning there is a positive relationship between partying and hooking up.

<p>Recent research in classrooms has often had its focus on the pupil, the individual, and not on the different groups of students that exist. In a classroom there are normally several different groupings, each one having its own personal attitude towards the current lesson. If there had been more research we would find it easier to understand why pupils sometimes behave the way they do.</p><p>The purpose of this essay is to analyze how pupils` social relations create groupings. Furthermore I intend to investigate how and why pupils show their belonging to a certain group.</p><p>The two questions of the essay are:</p><p>1. How pupils’ social relations appear in a classroom?</p><p>2. What strategies do the pupils use to indicate their belonging to a grouping?</p><p>My final conclusion is that the pupils’ social relations appear in groupings, in which a certain standard dominates how the pupil should behave during a lesson. The members of a group use the same strategies to show their group belonging. For example, it can be different attitudes to the teacher’s lesson that mark a grouping.</p>

(Teacher of the Deaf-Mute – Teacher of Special Education – Teacher of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. The Content and Rationality Changes of a Teacher Education Program). This dissertation is a study of some aspects of Teachers of the Deaf (ToD) education programs using the theoretical perspectives of symbolic interactionism and concepts of rationalitites. Changes in Swedish ToD teacher education from 1873 to the 1990s are examined through the text analysis of documents such as government regulations and syllabi and other texts such as education journals. It is argued that, parallel with the dominant rationality of the period, strands of other rationalities are to be found. In an ongoing struggle for power, one dominant rationality is challenged and gradually replaced by another. The research indicates the dominance of a patriarchal values-rationality in the decades following 1873, an instrumentaltechnical rationality during the 1930s to the 1960s and a communicative rationality from the 1970s. Research was carried out at the National Upper Secondary School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in order to understand what characterizes Deaf education and the ToDs’ work, and what kind of professional skills are therefore required. The research was based on teacher interviews, student questionnaires and teaching observations in classes. Learning processes within a ToD teacher education course, as perceived by ToD students, are analysed by a study of written reflections, seminar observations and transcipts from tape-recorded seminars. ToD teacher education programs at universities in Washington D.C. and Edinburgh are also analysed. A model for ToD education is discussed. It is argued that even if the dimension of essentialism stressing ToD basic skills and knowledge is important, the main theories for understanding the ToD education process are communicative rationality and interactionism. It is further argued that, at societal level, the dominance of different rationalities implies different meanings of the ToD socialisation process, mediated through different historical and cultural contexts.