by Shuk-man Yuen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 108-121. / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Neural Regulation of Muscle Development --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Changes in Motoneuron Number, Motoneuron Properties and Innervation during Development" / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Decrease in Motoneuron Number --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Reduction of Synaptic Connections --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Changes in Motoneuron Properties during Development --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Neural Influence on Muscle Properties in Adult Mammals / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Effect of Denervation on Muscle Properties --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Plasticity of Muscle Properties --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Partial Denervation --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- General Plan --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Normal Unoperated Group / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Innervation of the SOL and EDL --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Tension Recordings --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Contributions of L4 and L5 to Normal Tension of the SOL and EDL --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Young Denervated and Adult Denervated Groups / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Unilateral Partial Denervation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Tension Recordings --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Measurement of Contraction and Relaxation Speeds --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Recovery in Tension of Partially Denervated Muscles --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Motor Unit Number and Size --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Resting Membrane Potential --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Histometric Analysis and Histochemical Study --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Immunocytochemical Study on Different Types of Myosin --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Histological Study on Innervation of Muscle Fibres --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Retrograde HRP Labelling for HRP Group --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistic Analysis --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Contribution of Spinal Nerves to Tension in Normal Unoperated Group --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results from Young Denervated and Adult Denervated Groups / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Recovery in Tension --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Changes in Other Contractile Properties --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Motor Unit Number and Size --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Resting Membrane Potential of Adult Denervated Group --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Changes in Cross-sectional Area of Whole Muscle and Number of Muscle Fibres --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Histochemical Properties and Types of Myosin --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Histological Study on Innervation of Partially Denervated Muscles --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results of HRP Group --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Contribution of Spinal Nerves to Tension Development --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2 --- Recovery of Partially Denervated Muscles --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3 --- Time Courses of Functional Recovery --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of Partial Denervation on Properties of Muscles --- p.100 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.106 / REFERENCES --- p.108

No description available.

Interactions between neurons and glia occupy a central role in many aspects of development, maintenance, and function of the central nervous system (CNS). A fundamental event in CNS development is the elaboration of two distinct neuronal processes, axons and dendrites. The overall aim of this research was to characterize the interactions between central nervous system neurons and astroglial cells that regulate dendrite growth from cerebral cortical neurons. Embryonic (E18) mouse cerebral cortical neurons were cocultured with early postnatal (P4) rat astroglia derived from cerebral cortex, retina, olfactory bulb, mesencephalon, striatum and spinal cord. Axon and dendrite outgrowth from isolated neurons was quantified using morphological and double-labeling immunohistochemical techniques at 18 hours and 1, 3 and 5 days in vitro. Neurons initially extended the same number of neurites, regardless of the source of glial monolayer; however, astroglial cells differed in their ability to maintain primary dendrites. Homotypic cortical astroglia maintained the greatest number of primary dendrites. Astroglia derived from the olfactory bulb and retina maintained intermediate numbers of dendrites, whereas only a small number of primary dendrites were maintained by astroglia derived from striatum, spinal cord or mesencephalon. Initially longer axons were observed from neurons grown on astroglia that did not maintain dendrite number. After 5 days in vitro, axon growth was similar on the various monolayers, total primary dendrite outgrowth, however, was nearly threefold greater on astroglia derived from the cortex, retina and olfactory bulb than on astroglia derived from mesencephalon, striatum or spinal cord. This effect was principally on the number of primary dendrites rather than the elongation of individual dendrites and was independent of neuron survival. Similar morphological differences were observed after 5 days in vitro when cortical neurons were grown on polylysine in either a noncontact coculture system where astroglia continuously conditioned the culture medium or in astroglial conditioned medium. Preliminary biochemical analysis of the medium conditioned by cortical astroglia using heat and trypsin degradation, ultracentrifugation, dialysis, and heparin affinity chromatography suggested that a heparin binding protein with a molecular weight between 10 and 100kDa may be responsible for astroglial mediated dendrite growth. Neurons that were grown in medium conditioned by either mesencephalic or cortical astroglia for the first 24 hours followed by culture medium from astroglia of the alternate source for 4 days in vitro, confirmed that astroglia maintained, rather than initiated, the outgrowth of the primary dendritic arbor. In the next series of experiments, E18 mouse cortical neurons were cocultured with neonatal (P4) or mature (P12) rat astroglia derived from cortex and mesencephalon or astroglia derived from P4 and P12 lesioned cortex. After 5 days in vitro, the maturational age of astroglia did not appear to alter the extent of primary dendrite growth; instead dendrite growth reflected the region of the CNS from which the astroglia were derived. By contrast, a reduced ability to support axon growth from mouse cortical neurons in culture was observed on astroglia derived from mature rat cortex or mesencephalon. Reactive astroglia demonstrated similar neurite supporting characteristics to mature astroglia and were able to maintain dendrite growth, principally primary dendrite number. Axon elongation, however, was reduced on both neonatal and mature reactive astroglia. Neuron survival did not correlate with the ability of the various astroglia to support process outgrowth. Collectively these results indicate: 1) neuron-glial interactions are critical for the regulation of process outgrowth from embryonic cortical neurons in vitro, 2) axon and dendrite growth appear to be differently controlled by astroglia, 3) CNS astroglia demonstrate regional differences in maintaining, but not initiating growth of the primary dendritic arbor, 4) this effect may be due, in part, to release of a diffusible heparin binding protein factor, and 5) mature and reactive astroglia support primary dendrite, but limited axon growth. We propose therefore that the local astroglial environment maintains primary dendrite growth from neurons until synaptic contacts can be established. A mechanism that maintains the primary dendritic arbor and allows separate regulation of axon and dendrite growth, prior to the arrival of afferents, may be critical for establishing appropriate and specific synaptic connections. These findings have important implications in understanding development and function of the mammalian central nervous system and may lead to novel strategies for intervention in acute and chronic neurological disorders.

Denna rapport behandlar projektet: Open Source Security and Quality Assessment (OSSQA) som utvecklades på uppdrag av cybersäkerhetsföretaget Advenica AB. Detta projekt genomfördes av åtta studenter i kursen TDDD96, Kandidatprojekt i programvaruutveckling på Linköpings universitet, under våren 2024. Rapporten presenterar projektets genomförande, resultat och slutsatser och går dessutom in i detalj på bland annat hur värde skapades för kunden, vilka erfarenheter som har lyckats samlas in av medlemmarna i gruppen under projektet samt andra relevanta aspekter av projektet. Resultatet av projektet blev en produkt som analyserar mjukvaruprojekt och betygsätter dess beroenden för att till sist presentera ett resultat på säkerheten och kvaliteten på hela projektet. Den resulterande produkten ansågs ha god användarvänlighet som uppmättes till 77,5 poäng enligt SUS-metoden. Kunden fick därmed en produkt levererad som uppnådde deras förväntningar och som var enkel både att använda och att vidareutveckla. Projektgruppen har även lyckats samla in många värdefulla erfarenheter.

There are issues around complex products in multiple large companies such as Volvo Cars, Ericsson and ABB. This report focuses on Volvo Cars in an agile context with issues concerning dependencies and coordination. The subject which is investigated closer to solve this problem is system anatomies. System anatomies is a project management tool consisting of capabilities (boxes), formulated from a user perspective with dependencies (arrows) connecting them. This report is an abductive ethnographic study around the adoption of system anatomies in a department at Volvo Cars which is in the front of the agile transformation and develop digital tools other departments in the organisation uses in their development. The adoption of the system anatomy was firstly made through thoroughly done identification of preconditions favouring or disfavouring the system anatomy. Secondly an observation of a creation of a system anatomy was carried out which led to an actual system anatomy. In conclusion four interviews were held to examine the possibility continuously make the system anatomy bring value.  The purpose of the study is to investigate how different adoption of system anatomies can be modelled to be useful in a large organisation which is pursuing a transformation in going agile. The study results in that the creation of a system anatomy does not only give value in the form of the actual illustration of the system anatomy but also through the discussions which are held during the creation process. An important insight was that the created system anatomy is a static snapshot of the reality of the moment it is created and therefore must be maintained and updated to continue to contribute with maximum value. The interviews around the system anatomy have treated a number of context-objects, such as use case and architecture, which are other tools that are used in the coordination. Each context-object has been combined to the system anatomy to united views which shows the creating relation between these in order to identify misconceptions and contradictive dependencies is possible. With future research in the area, it is interesting with studies of system anatomies in similar environments since this study only is a study of explorative character. Other ways of future research include deeper investigation of the different sub-steps in the creation process of the system anatomy as well as a study of more context-objects. / På flera stora företag så som Volvo Cars, Ericsson och ABB upplevs problematik kring komplexa problem. Denna rapport behandlar Volvo Cars utifrån en agil kontext med problematik kring beroenden och koordination där ämnet som undersöks närmare för att lösa problematiken är systemanatomier. Systemanatomier är en typ av projektledningsverktyg som är en graf bestående av förmågor (noder), formulerade ur ett användarperspektiv med beroenden (bågar) sinsemellan. Följande rapport är en abduktiv etnografisk studie kring införandet av systemanatomier på en avdelning på Volvo Cars som har kommit långt i den agila transformationen och utvecklar verktyg som andra delar av organisation sedan ska använda i utvecklingen av nya produkter. Införandet följs först genom att ingående beskriva de förutsättningar som finns för en systemanatomi på Volvo Cars. Följande observeras ett framtagande av en faktisk systemanatomi och avslutningsvis hur denna systemanatomi kan fortsätta tillföra värde genom att skapa relationer mellan anatomin och kontextuella objekt. Syftet är att undersöka hur olika tillämpningar av systemanatomier kan utformas för att bli användbara i en stor organisation som genomför en transformation mot att bli agila. Studien resulterar främst i att framtagning av en systemanatomi inte bara ger värde i form av den faktiskt framtagna systemanatomin utan även av de diskussioner som förs vid framtagandet. Insikten att den framtagna systemanatomin är en statisk ögonblicksbild och därför måste underhållas och uppdateras för att kunna bidra med maximalt värde framåt har varit betydande. Intervjuer kring systemanatomin behandlade ett antal kontext-objekt, exempelvis use case och arkitektur, som är andra verktyg som används för koordination. Ur studien framkommer att anatomin kan kombineras med kontext-objekt för att skapa gemensamma vyer och det visade sig möjligt att identifiera relationer mellan dessa. Dessa relationer kan hjälpa att koordinera utvecklingen på Volvo Cars främst genom att tidigare i utvecklingsprocessen identifiera motsägande beroenden och missförstånd i lärandefasen av utvecklingen av nya produkter. Vid ett fortsatt arbete på området är det inte minst intressant med undersökningar av systemanatomier i liknande miljöer då denna undersökning enbart är av en explorativ karaktär. Andra spår för framtida arbete inkluderar att gå djupare in i delstegen för framtagning av systemanatomin liksom att undersöka fler kontext-objekt.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram obter medidas antropométricas faciais, a medida interincisiva máxima e proporções faciais em crianças, verificar se há diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias das medidas e proporções faciais, segundo idade e sexo, comparar a distância do canto externo do olho ao cheilion do lado direito com o lado esquerdo da face e comparar as médias das medidas antropométricas faciais desta amostra com os padrões de normalidade para crianças norte-americanas. Participaram 254 crianças, 117 do sexo masculino e 137 do sexo feminino, com idades entre 7,0 e 11,11 anos, leucodermas, em dentição mista, sem queixas fonoaudiológicas e/ou histórico de tratamento fonoaudiológico prévio e/ou atual. As medidas antropométricas faciais obtidas foram lábio superior, lábio inferior, filtro, terço superior da face, terço médio da face, terço inferior da face e distância entre o canto externo do olho e o cheilion no lado direito e esquerdo da face. As proporções faciais obtidas foram as estabelecidas entre o lábio superior e o lábio inferior, entre o terço superior da face e o terço médio da face e entre o terço médio da face e o terço inferior da face. O instrumento utilizado foi o paquímetro digital marca Starrett Série 727. Os resultados mostraram que, para o lábio superior e para o filtro, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias segundo idade, em ambos os sexos. Nas demais medidas faciais, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias, segundo idade. Na maioria das medidas faciais, as meninas apresentaram médias inferiores às obtidas para os meninos. As proporções faciais não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias segundo idade, em ambos os sexos. As médias da distância entre o canto externo do olho e o cheilion no lado direito da face foram estatisticamente maiores do que as médias dessa distância no lado esquerdo da face. Os resultados obtidos nesta amostra para o lábio superior, o lábio inferior e o terço inferior da face encontram-se abaixo das médias descritas para as crianças norte-americanas. Os resultados desta amostra, referentes ao filtro, coincidem com as médias descritas para as crianças norte-americanas. / The purposes of this study were to obtain anthropometric facial measurements, the maximum distance between incisors and facial proportions in children, to verify if there is statistically significant difference among the averages of the facial measurements and proportions, according age and sex, to compare the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion of the right side that of the left side of the face and to compare the averages of the anthropometric facial measurements of this sample with the North American norms. 254 children participated, 117 male and 137 female, with ages ranging from 7,0 to 11,11 years, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech and swallowing disorders or treatment. The collected anthropometric facial measurements were upper lip, lower lip, philtrum, upper face, middle face, lower face and the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion of each side of the face. The collected facial proportions were between the upper lip and lower lip, between the upper face and middle face and between middle face and lower face. The used instrument was the electronic digital sliding caliper Starrett Series 727. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference among averages according age, in both sexes, to the upper lip and to the philtrum. In others facial measurements, statistically significant difference among averages according age was observed. In the majority of facial measurements, girls showed lower averages than boys. The facial proportions did not show statistically significant difference among averages according to age, in both sexes. The averages of the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion in right side of the face were statistically higher than the averages of the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion in left side of the face. The results of this sample referring to upper lip, lower lip and lower face were lower than the North American norms for children. The results of this sample referring the philtrum were the same as the North American norms for children.

A avaliação da morfologia orofacial sob o enfoque antroposcópico, bem como a mensuração das estruturas orofaciais, é importante aspecto do exame fonoaudiológico, contribuindo para a determinação do diagnóstico, do planejamento terapêutico e do prognóstico dos indivíduos com respiração oral. Os objetivos desta tese foram: 1. descrever as características posturais e morfológicas dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios de crianças respiradoras orais, segundo a idade; 2. descrever as medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais, segundo a idade e; 3. comparar as medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais com as medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças sem queixas fonoaudiológicas, segundo a idade. A tese encontra-se dividida em três estudos: Estudo I -Características posturais e morfológicas dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios de crianças respiradoras orais: enfoque antroposcópico; Estudo II - Medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais; e Estudo III -Comparação entre medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais e de crianças sem queixas fonoaudiológicas. Participaram dos estudos 100 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre sete anos e 11 anos e 11 meses, leucodermas, em dentição mista, com diagnóstico de respiração oral. No Estudo III, o grupo controle foi composto de 254 crianças, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária entre sete anos e 11 anos e 11 meses, leucodermas, em dentição mista e sem queixas fonoaudiológicas. As características posturais e morfológicas dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios das crianças respiradoras orais pesquisadas no Estudo I foram posição habitual de lábios e de língua, possibilidade de vedamento labial, hiperfunção do músculo mentual durante a oclusão labial, mordida e morfologia do lábio inferior, das bochechas e do palato duro, por meio da antroposcopia. Os resultados indicaram que os aspectos mais comuns na amostra foram posição habitual de lábios entreaberta, posição habitual de língua no assoalho oral, possibilidade de vedamento labial, hiperfunção do músculo mentual durante a oclusão dos lábios, mordida alterada, lábio inferior com eversão, simetria de bochechas e palato duro alterado. Nos Estudos II e III, as crianças foram submetidas à avaliação antropométrica, sendo que as medidas orofaciais obtidas foram lábio superior, lábio inferior, filtro, terço superior da face, terço médio da face, terço inferior da face, lados da face e distância interincisiva máxima. O instrumento utilizado foi o paquímetro eletrônico digital marca Starrett Série 727. Os resultados do Estudo II evidenciaram que não houve diferença estatisticamente entre a maioria das médias das medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais, segundo a idade. Os resultados do Estudo III mostraram que para algumas medidas e proporções orofaciais houve diferença estatística entre as duas populações estudadas. Conclui-se, ao analisar os três estudos, que as alterações antroposcópicas parecem ser mais evidentes nos respiradores orais do que as alterações antropométricas. Por fim, tem-se que a antropometria mostra-se útil na avaliação fonoaudiológica, complementando o julgamento visual com medidas quantitativas. / The evaluation of the orofacial morphology made by anthroposcopic approach, as well as the measurement of orofacial structures, is an important aspect from the speech-language pathology assessment that contributes to determination of diagnosis, management and prognosis of mouth breathing individuals. The purposes of this thesis were: 1. to describe the postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children, according to age; 2. to describe the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children, according to age and; 3. to compare the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children to those of children with no history of speech-language pathology disorders, according to age. The thesis is divided in three studies: Study I - Postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children: anthroposcopic approach; Study II - Orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children; and Study III - Comparation between measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children and children with no history of speech-language pathology disorders. 100 children participated in the studies, of both sexes, with ages ranging from seven to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition period, with mouth breathing diagnosis. In Study III, the control group was comprised of 254 children, of both sexes, with ages ranging from seven to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech-language pathology disorders. The postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children researched in Study I were labial and lingual resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, mentalis muscle hyperfunction during labial occlusion, bite and morphology of lower lip, cheeks and hard palate, observed by anthroposcopy approach. The results indicated that the most common aspects in the sample were half-open lips in resting position, tongue lowered on the mouth\'s floor in resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, mentalis muscle hyperfunction during labial occlusion, alteration of the bite, labioverted, symmetry of the cheeks and alteration of the hard palate. In Studies II and III, the children were submitted to anthropometric assessment and the orofacial measurements obtained were upper lip, lower lip, philtrum, upper face, middle face, lower face, sides of the face and maximum interincisal distance. The instrument used was the electronic digital sliding caliper Starrett Series 727. The results of Study II showed that there was no statistically difference between the most of averages of the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children, according to ages. The results of Study III showed that in some orofacial measurements and proportions there was statistically difference between the two studied populations. In analysis of the three studies, it can be concluded that the anthroposcopic alterations seems to be more evident in mouth breathers than anthropometric alterations. Finally, the anthropometry shows useful in speech-language pathology assessment and supplements visual judgment with quantitative measurements.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram obter medidas antropométricas faciais, a medida interincisiva máxima e proporções faciais em crianças, verificar se há diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias das medidas e proporções faciais, segundo idade e sexo, comparar a distância do canto externo do olho ao cheilion do lado direito com o lado esquerdo da face e comparar as médias das medidas antropométricas faciais desta amostra com os padrões de normalidade para crianças norte-americanas. Participaram 254 crianças, 117 do sexo masculino e 137 do sexo feminino, com idades entre 7,0 e 11,11 anos, leucodermas, em dentição mista, sem queixas fonoaudiológicas e/ou histórico de tratamento fonoaudiológico prévio e/ou atual. As medidas antropométricas faciais obtidas foram lábio superior, lábio inferior, filtro, terço superior da face, terço médio da face, terço inferior da face e distância entre o canto externo do olho e o cheilion no lado direito e esquerdo da face. As proporções faciais obtidas foram as estabelecidas entre o lábio superior e o lábio inferior, entre o terço superior da face e o terço médio da face e entre o terço médio da face e o terço inferior da face. O instrumento utilizado foi o paquímetro digital marca Starrett Série 727. Os resultados mostraram que, para o lábio superior e para o filtro, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias segundo idade, em ambos os sexos. Nas demais medidas faciais, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias, segundo idade. Na maioria das medidas faciais, as meninas apresentaram médias inferiores às obtidas para os meninos. As proporções faciais não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias segundo idade, em ambos os sexos. As médias da distância entre o canto externo do olho e o cheilion no lado direito da face foram estatisticamente maiores do que as médias dessa distância no lado esquerdo da face. Os resultados obtidos nesta amostra para o lábio superior, o lábio inferior e o terço inferior da face encontram-se abaixo das médias descritas para as crianças norte-americanas. Os resultados desta amostra, referentes ao filtro, coincidem com as médias descritas para as crianças norte-americanas. / The purposes of this study were to obtain anthropometric facial measurements, the maximum distance between incisors and facial proportions in children, to verify if there is statistically significant difference among the averages of the facial measurements and proportions, according age and sex, to compare the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion of the right side that of the left side of the face and to compare the averages of the anthropometric facial measurements of this sample with the North American norms. 254 children participated, 117 male and 137 female, with ages ranging from 7,0 to 11,11 years, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech and swallowing disorders or treatment. The collected anthropometric facial measurements were upper lip, lower lip, philtrum, upper face, middle face, lower face and the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion of each side of the face. The collected facial proportions were between the upper lip and lower lip, between the upper face and middle face and between middle face and lower face. The used instrument was the electronic digital sliding caliper Starrett Series 727. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference among averages according age, in both sexes, to the upper lip and to the philtrum. In others facial measurements, statistically significant difference among averages according age was observed. In the majority of facial measurements, girls showed lower averages than boys. The facial proportions did not show statistically significant difference among averages according to age, in both sexes. The averages of the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion in right side of the face were statistically higher than the averages of the distance from the exocanthion to the cheilion in left side of the face. The results of this sample referring to upper lip, lower lip and lower face were lower than the North American norms for children. The results of this sample referring the philtrum were the same as the North American norms for children.

A avaliação da morfologia orofacial sob o enfoque antroposcópico, bem como a mensuração das estruturas orofaciais, é importante aspecto do exame fonoaudiológico, contribuindo para a determinação do diagnóstico, do planejamento terapêutico e do prognóstico dos indivíduos com respiração oral. Os objetivos desta tese foram: 1. descrever as características posturais e morfológicas dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios de crianças respiradoras orais, segundo a idade; 2. descrever as medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais, segundo a idade e; 3. comparar as medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais com as medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças sem queixas fonoaudiológicas, segundo a idade. A tese encontra-se dividida em três estudos: Estudo I -Características posturais e morfológicas dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios de crianças respiradoras orais: enfoque antroposcópico; Estudo II - Medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais; e Estudo III -Comparação entre medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais e de crianças sem queixas fonoaudiológicas. Participaram dos estudos 100 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre sete anos e 11 anos e 11 meses, leucodermas, em dentição mista, com diagnóstico de respiração oral. No Estudo III, o grupo controle foi composto de 254 crianças, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária entre sete anos e 11 anos e 11 meses, leucodermas, em dentição mista e sem queixas fonoaudiológicas. As características posturais e morfológicas dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios das crianças respiradoras orais pesquisadas no Estudo I foram posição habitual de lábios e de língua, possibilidade de vedamento labial, hiperfunção do músculo mentual durante a oclusão labial, mordida e morfologia do lábio inferior, das bochechas e do palato duro, por meio da antroposcopia. Os resultados indicaram que os aspectos mais comuns na amostra foram posição habitual de lábios entreaberta, posição habitual de língua no assoalho oral, possibilidade de vedamento labial, hiperfunção do músculo mentual durante a oclusão dos lábios, mordida alterada, lábio inferior com eversão, simetria de bochechas e palato duro alterado. Nos Estudos II e III, as crianças foram submetidas à avaliação antropométrica, sendo que as medidas orofaciais obtidas foram lábio superior, lábio inferior, filtro, terço superior da face, terço médio da face, terço inferior da face, lados da face e distância interincisiva máxima. O instrumento utilizado foi o paquímetro eletrônico digital marca Starrett Série 727. Os resultados do Estudo II evidenciaram que não houve diferença estatisticamente entre a maioria das médias das medidas e proporções orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais, segundo a idade. Os resultados do Estudo III mostraram que para algumas medidas e proporções orofaciais houve diferença estatística entre as duas populações estudadas. Conclui-se, ao analisar os três estudos, que as alterações antroposcópicas parecem ser mais evidentes nos respiradores orais do que as alterações antropométricas. Por fim, tem-se que a antropometria mostra-se útil na avaliação fonoaudiológica, complementando o julgamento visual com medidas quantitativas. / The evaluation of the orofacial morphology made by anthroposcopic approach, as well as the measurement of orofacial structures, is an important aspect from the speech-language pathology assessment that contributes to determination of diagnosis, management and prognosis of mouth breathing individuals. The purposes of this thesis were: 1. to describe the postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children, according to age; 2. to describe the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children, according to age and; 3. to compare the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children to those of children with no history of speech-language pathology disorders, according to age. The thesis is divided in three studies: Study I - Postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children: anthroposcopic approach; Study II - Orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children; and Study III - Comparation between measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children and children with no history of speech-language pathology disorders. 100 children participated in the studies, of both sexes, with ages ranging from seven to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition period, with mouth breathing diagnosis. In Study III, the control group was comprised of 254 children, of both sexes, with ages ranging from seven to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech-language pathology disorders. The postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children researched in Study I were labial and lingual resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, mentalis muscle hyperfunction during labial occlusion, bite and morphology of lower lip, cheeks and hard palate, observed by anthroposcopy approach. The results indicated that the most common aspects in the sample were half-open lips in resting position, tongue lowered on the mouth\'s floor in resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, mentalis muscle hyperfunction during labial occlusion, alteration of the bite, labioverted, symmetry of the cheeks and alteration of the hard palate. In Studies II and III, the children were submitted to anthropometric assessment and the orofacial measurements obtained were upper lip, lower lip, philtrum, upper face, middle face, lower face, sides of the face and maximum interincisal distance. The instrument used was the electronic digital sliding caliper Starrett Series 727. The results of Study II showed that there was no statistically difference between the most of averages of the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children, according to ages. The results of Study III showed that in some orofacial measurements and proportions there was statistically difference between the two studied populations. In analysis of the three studies, it can be concluded that the anthroposcopic alterations seems to be more evident in mouth breathers than anthropometric alterations. Finally, the anthropometry shows useful in speech-language pathology assessment and supplements visual judgment with quantitative measurements.