Dans le cadre de projets pétroliers fortement externalisés, il a été demandé de modifier le processus et l’organisation du management des risques liés à cette sous-traitance dans le projet en phase contractualisation et exécution, tout en réduisant les risques de surcoûts et de retard sur le planning initial qui se produisent principalement après la signature des contrats.Les types de contrats actuels (EPC lump sum, EPCC reimbursable …) sont définis d’une manière statique pour tenter de figer les exigences et les paramètres du contrat. Toutefois, les risques peuvent survenir au cours du processus de développement du contrat, avec des conséquences beaucoup plus graves qui se produisent lors de l’exécution du contrat. Les types de contrats actuellement utilisés sont-ils encore adaptés au contexte actuel ?Le projet étant constitué de plusieurs contrats et un contrat faisant intervenir plusieurs parties prenantes, il existe donc une multitude d’interactions entre les acteurs. Elles prennent place à l’intérieure d’un contrat, mais aussi entre les contrats et peuvent se produire avec des temporalités synchrones ou asynchrones. Nous proposerons dans ce mémoire, une nouvelle approche et des moyens pour : aider les décideurs à anticiper les risques associés à ces interactions (à un niveau de détail se focalisant sur les contrats et la stratégie contractuelle), réduire les risques associés à ces interactions multi-phases, multi-domaines et en particulier multi-acteurs.Enfin, le mémoire sera conclu par une conclusion industrielle et académique explicitant aussi les perspectives à donner. / In the context of highly outsourced oil projects, it was requested to modify the process and the organization of the risk management related to this subcontracting in the project in contracting and execution phase, while reducing risks Incremental costs and delays in initial planning that occurs after the contracts are signed. The current contract types are defined in a static way for the purposes of parameters and contract parameters. However, risks can arise during the contract development process, with the far more serious consequences that occur during the performance of the contract. Are the types of contracts currently in use still adapted to the current context?Since the project consists of several contracts and a multi-stakeholder contract, there is a multitude of interactions between stakeholders. They take place inside a contract, but also in contracts and can be produced with synchronic or asynchronous synonyms. We propose in this paper a new approach and means to: help decision-makers anticipate the risks associated with interactions (at a level of detail focusing on contracts and contractual strategy), reduce risks associated with multi-phase interactions, Multi-domain and in particular multi-actor.Finally, the dissertation will be concluded by an industrial and academic conclusion also explaining the prospects to be given.

<p>The master thesis is about the Nord-Stream gas pipeline from Russia to Germany, which will cross the Baltic Sea and go through territorial waters of Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Nord-Stream is a complex project with different stakeholders and different interests. The main focus of the study is the representation of the Nord-Stream project in the media of Russia and Sweden as stakeholders in the deal. The period of media representation is 2009.</p>

Even though the management of large projects has been studied for many years, the track record is still poor, especially for those projects developing complex systems. This thesis studies projects such as these and attempts to find clues as to why some succeed while others do not. Among the challenges, is the specific yet basic need to create a shared understanding in a group of hundreds engineering specialists with their own ideas (biases) of how things actually work. Further, complex development projects are likely to change, especially those projects involved with new technologies that should be state of the art when they hit the market after several years of development time. Thus, there is a need for a tool that can be used to adapt to changes. An important part of this thesis is the evaluation of different diagram systems that have been used in different development projects. These diagrams function as a device to create a shared understanding of the project and enable those involved to maneuver the project through changes. The evaluation focuses on what the diagrams can express and how easy it is to understand their content. In terms of expressiveness, one of the three evaluated models: the Anatomy Model, answers the largest number of questions relevant to the total project manager. In terms of ease of use, the evaluation shows that the Anatomy did not only answer more questions relevant to the total project manager, but was also easier to maneuver through compared to the alternative models. The thesis concludes that when working with complex development projects, a model like the anatomy provides the project manager with a simple tool that can be used to maneuver through changes and create a communal understanding. Such a simplified model addresses more questions that are relevant to the project manager and is easier to update than the traditional tools that are suggested in most literature. / QC 20100519

The master thesis is about the Nord-Stream gas pipeline from Russia to Germany, which will cross the Baltic Sea and go through territorial waters of Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Nord-Stream is a complex project with different stakeholders and different interests. The main focus of the study is the representation of the Nord-Stream project in the media of Russia and Sweden as stakeholders in the deal. The period of media representation is 2009.

The speed of launching new products will accelerate and so the complexity of products and productions systems (Sorli et al 2006; Windt et al., 2008). Change is a natural effect of product development and it offers opportunities to develop the related production (Jarratt et al, 2011; Lager, 2002). To increase the launching, simultaneous development projects with a multi-project structure can be initiated (Araszkiewicz, 2017). This results in transmitted design changes from the product development project into the related production development project. In turn, the production development project needs to manage these transmitted design changes.  The study has investigated how transmitted design changes shall be managed in production development projects. This was performed by exploring theoretical fields of Engineering Change and Project Management and collecting empirical data from a studied complex production development project at Scania DT.  A standardized Transmitted Design Change process is recommended to use in order to achieve better communication in-between the interdependent projects and manage change with respect to risk and without harming other processes. Furthermore, project management methodologies and its characteristics were discussed in order to support and facilitate the management of transmitted design changes. The study concludes that both flexible and traditional project management methodologies shall be adopted in these complex development projects with high levels of interdependencies. The combined strategy supports changes and uncertainties with flexible iterations and controls the projects with standardized processes and structure.

Det ökande behovet av nationella IT-stöd inom hälso- och sjukvård har lett till att en nationell IT-strategi för vård och omsorg har utarbetats och att flera projekt inom ramen för denna strategi har startats. Ett av dessa projekt är utvecklingen och det nationella införandet av det nya ordinationsverktyget Pascal vilket innefattar samtliga landsting och kommuner. Förutsättningarna för projektet och dess storlek medför att ledningen måste finna tillämpbara strategier för att hantera dess komplexa förhållanden. Det har konstaterats att ett stort antal projektmisslyckanden kan bero på att komplexa projekt leds genom icke tillämpbara strategier. Ledning av komplexa projekt försvåras av det faktum att linjära strategier inte är tillämpbara, strategierna bör istället situationsanpassas och väljas efter de olika problemen som måste bemötas under projektets gång. Denna fallstudie ämnar identifiera vilka komplexiteter projektet uppvisar samt hur de kan hanteras utifrån projektets förutsättningar. Fallstudien gjordes genom en kvalitativ metodansats där elva intervjuer utfördes med personer från projektledningen, en kommunikatör samt ansvariga för landsting och kommuner. Slutsatserna var bland annat att stöd, transparens, god dialog, kunskapsutbyte och anpassningsbarhet var centrala faktorer för projektets framgång. / The increasing need for national IT support in health care has led to the development of a national IT strategy for health care services and the initiation of several IT projects in health care. One of these projects is the development and national introduction of the new prescription tool Pascal which includes all counties and municipalities. The projects initial conditions and its size entail that the management must find suitable strategies to cope with its complexity. It has been found that a large number of project failures can be caused by the fact that complex projects sometimes are led by unsuitable strategies. Managing complex projects can be complicated due to the fact that linear approaches are not suitable. The strategy selection should be situation dependent and determined by the problems at hand. This case study intends to identify how a complex project for the introduction of an innovation in the Swedish health care can be managed to deal with its complexity. The case study was executed by a qualitative method in which 11 interviews were conducted with members of the project management, a communicator, and people responsible for the implementation in municipalities and counties. The conclusions were that support, transparency, good dialogue, the exchange of knowledge and adaptability were the key elements to project success.

There are issues around complex products in multiple large companies such as Volvo Cars, Ericsson and ABB. This report focuses on Volvo Cars in an agile context with issues concerning dependencies and coordination. The subject which is investigated closer to solve this problem is system anatomies. System anatomies is a project management tool consisting of capabilities (boxes), formulated from a user perspective with dependencies (arrows) connecting them. This report is an abductive ethnographic study around the adoption of system anatomies in a department at Volvo Cars which is in the front of the agile transformation and develop digital tools other departments in the organisation uses in their development. The adoption of the system anatomy was firstly made through thoroughly done identification of preconditions favouring or disfavouring the system anatomy. Secondly an observation of a creation of a system anatomy was carried out which led to an actual system anatomy. In conclusion four interviews were held to examine the possibility continuously make the system anatomy bring value.  The purpose of the study is to investigate how different adoption of system anatomies can be modelled to be useful in a large organisation which is pursuing a transformation in going agile. The study results in that the creation of a system anatomy does not only give value in the form of the actual illustration of the system anatomy but also through the discussions which are held during the creation process. An important insight was that the created system anatomy is a static snapshot of the reality of the moment it is created and therefore must be maintained and updated to continue to contribute with maximum value. The interviews around the system anatomy have treated a number of context-objects, such as use case and architecture, which are other tools that are used in the coordination. Each context-object has been combined to the system anatomy to united views which shows the creating relation between these in order to identify misconceptions and contradictive dependencies is possible. With future research in the area, it is interesting with studies of system anatomies in similar environments since this study only is a study of explorative character. Other ways of future research include deeper investigation of the different sub-steps in the creation process of the system anatomy as well as a study of more context-objects. / På flera stora företag så som Volvo Cars, Ericsson och ABB upplevs problematik kring komplexa problem. Denna rapport behandlar Volvo Cars utifrån en agil kontext med problematik kring beroenden och koordination där ämnet som undersöks närmare för att lösa problematiken är systemanatomier. Systemanatomier är en typ av projektledningsverktyg som är en graf bestående av förmågor (noder), formulerade ur ett användarperspektiv med beroenden (bågar) sinsemellan. Följande rapport är en abduktiv etnografisk studie kring införandet av systemanatomier på en avdelning på Volvo Cars som har kommit långt i den agila transformationen och utvecklar verktyg som andra delar av organisation sedan ska använda i utvecklingen av nya produkter. Införandet följs först genom att ingående beskriva de förutsättningar som finns för en systemanatomi på Volvo Cars. Följande observeras ett framtagande av en faktisk systemanatomi och avslutningsvis hur denna systemanatomi kan fortsätta tillföra värde genom att skapa relationer mellan anatomin och kontextuella objekt. Syftet är att undersöka hur olika tillämpningar av systemanatomier kan utformas för att bli användbara i en stor organisation som genomför en transformation mot att bli agila. Studien resulterar främst i att framtagning av en systemanatomi inte bara ger värde i form av den faktiskt framtagna systemanatomin utan även av de diskussioner som förs vid framtagandet. Insikten att den framtagna systemanatomin är en statisk ögonblicksbild och därför måste underhållas och uppdateras för att kunna bidra med maximalt värde framåt har varit betydande. Intervjuer kring systemanatomin behandlade ett antal kontext-objekt, exempelvis use case och arkitektur, som är andra verktyg som används för koordination. Ur studien framkommer att anatomin kan kombineras med kontext-objekt för att skapa gemensamma vyer och det visade sig möjligt att identifiera relationer mellan dessa. Dessa relationer kan hjälpa att koordinera utvecklingen på Volvo Cars främst genom att tidigare i utvecklingsprocessen identifiera motsägande beroenden och missförstånd i lärandefasen av utvecklingen av nya produkter. Vid ett fortsatt arbete på området är det inte minst intressant med undersökningar av systemanatomier i liknande miljöer då denna undersökning enbart är av en explorativ karaktär. Andra spår för framtida arbete inkluderar att gå djupare in i delstegen för framtagning av systemanatomin liksom att undersöka fler kontext-objekt.