Orientador: Mariana Claudia Broens / Banca: Osvaldo Frota Pessoa Junior / Banca: Carmem Beatriz Milidoni / Resumo: A presente dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão crítica sobre dois modelos explicativos encontrados na Ciência Cognitiva, a saber, o modelo funcionalista e o modelo sistêmico. O primeiro desses modelos orientou epistemologicamente as pesquisas tradicionais da Ciência Cognitiva no que diz respeito a compreensão das capacidades cognitivas. O Segundo modelo, por sua vez, constitui uma vertente inovadora adotada pela Ciência Cognitiva Dinâmica. Ao apresentar as mudanças no percurso investigativo, do primeiro ao segundo modelo da Ciência Cognitiva, abordamos os fundamentos teóricos de cada um destes de modo a tratar dos seus principais pressupostos ontológicos. / Abstract: This work aims at presenting a critical reflexion on two explanation models found in Cognitive Science, that is the functionalist and systemic ones. The first has epistemologically directed traditional researches in Cognitive Science with regard to the comprehension of cognitive abilities. The second constitutes an innovative variant adopted by Dynamic Cognitive Science. By indicating the changes in the investigating course, from the first model to the second one, we will approach the theoretical foundations of each of those models thus dealing with their main ontological assumptions. / Mestre

Submitted by RICARDO PERAÇA CAVASSANE (ricardo.peraca@gmail.com) on 2018-09-21T17:47:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Contribuições da sistêmica para um método filosófico.pdf: 704167 bytes, checksum: 6e614cd3bd42ca5e68b8b2bf9cc45b3e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-09-21T20:31:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavassane_rp_me_mar.pdf: 704167 bytes, checksum: 6e614cd3bd42ca5e68b8b2bf9cc45b3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T20:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavassane_rp_me_mar.pdf: 704167 bytes, checksum: 6e614cd3bd42ca5e68b8b2bf9cc45b3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / Não recebi financiamento / Nesta dissertação de mestrado trataremos de como uma perspectiva sistêmica e interdisciplinar da filosofia poderia nos auxiliar a investigar diversos problemas éticos contemporâneos, cujas soluções por éticas dogmáticas ou relativistas têm se mostrado insatisfatórias. A fim de que possamos pensar a filosofia e a ética de uma perspectiva sistêmica, tentaremos mostrar como a filosofia e a ética de Wittgenstein já prenunciam em muitos aspectos o pensamento sistêmico, e como este último vai além da filosofia wittgensteiniana, permitindo que a filosofia trate de questões inéditas, para as quais nossos conceitos se mostram inapropriados ou insuficientes. / In this dissertation we will deal on how a systemic and interdisciplinary perspective of philosophy could help us investigate many contemporary ethical problems, whose solutions by dogmatic or relativistic ethics have shown to be unsatisfactory. In order to think philosophy and ethics from a systemic perspective, we will try to show how Wittgenstein’s philosophy and ethics already foreshadow, in many aspects, a systemic thought, and how this last one goes beyond Wittgensteinian philosophy, allowing philosophy to handle unprecedented questions, to which our concepts are inappropriate or insufficient.

La thèse se présente en trois parties qui reprennent les trois mots clés du titre et mettent en perspective la fonction d’observation territoriale, par une approche de la complexité essentiellement empirique et faisant référence de manière récurrente à la systémique.La première partie s’intéresse à la notion polysémique de territoire. La modélisation du processus de territorialisation permet alors de contourner la difficulté sémantique qui découle des multiples acceptions du terme rencontrées dans la littérature et au cours des entretiens conduits auprès de spécialistes. Le territoire se révèle alors sous la forme d’une représentation, combinant des dimensions matérielles et immatérielles, des représentations individuelles et collectives.La deuxième partie s’appuie sur des réalisations concrètes d’observatoires pour élaborer et mettre en oeuvre une approche comparée, entre une trentaine d’observatoires, sous l’angle de leur structuration et de leur fonctionnement. Cette seconde partie du travail révèle des situations très contrastées et l’absence d’un modèle consensuel qui sont les signes de réalisations opportunes, et non d’une approche normalisée de la fonction d’observation.La prise en compte des jeux d’acteurs s’opère au cours de la troisième partie qui traite de la gouvernance pour et par l’observation. Nous réinterrogeons alors les structures et les organisations qui se mettent en place autour des observatoires et d’un enjeu qui est celui de l’aide à la décision par l’instrumentation de l’information géographique. / The thesis is presented in three parts which include the three key words of the title and put intoperspective the function of territorial observation, with an approach to complexity mostly empiricaland constantly referring to systemics.The first part focuses on the polysemic notion of territory. Modeling the process of territorializationallows us to bypass the semantic difficulty that arises from multiple uses of the term in the literatureand in interviews conducted with experts. The territory is then revealed in different forms ofcombinations of tangible and intangible dimensions, and individual or collective representations.The second part is based on concrete achievements of observatories to develop and implement acomparative approach between thirty observatories according to their structure and functioning. Thissecond part of the work reveals sharp contrasts and lack of a consensual model which are the signs ofachievement and not an appropriate standard approach based on observation.Consideration sets of actors takes place during the third part which deals with governance for and byobservation. We raise questions about the structures and organizations which exist or should be set upso as to allow a better integration of observatories and an issue that is the decision support by theinstrumentation of geographic information

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_al_me_mar.pdf: 428304 bytes, checksum: 34283db3d1244b39181f61037e802cda (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão crítica sobre dois modelos explicativos encontrados na Ciência Cognitiva, a saber, o modelo funcionalista e o modelo sistêmico. O primeiro desses modelos orientou epistemologicamente as pesquisas tradicionais da Ciência Cognitiva no que diz respeito a compreensão das capacidades cognitivas. O Segundo modelo, por sua vez, constitui uma vertente inovadora adotada pela Ciência Cognitiva Dinâmica. Ao apresentar as mudanças no percurso investigativo, do primeiro ao segundo modelo da Ciência Cognitiva, abordamos os fundamentos teóricos de cada um destes de modo a tratar dos seus principais pressupostos ontológicos. / This work aims at presenting a critical reflexion on two explanation models found in Cognitive Science, that is the functionalist and systemic ones. The first has epistemologically directed traditional researches in Cognitive Science with regard to the comprehension of cognitive abilities. The second constitutes an innovative variant adopted by Dynamic Cognitive Science. By indicating the changes in the investigating course, from the first model to the second one, we will approach the theoretical foundations of each of those models thus dealing with their main ontological assumptions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_gcl_me_mar.pdf: 1075481 bytes, checksum: aaa7d51ba45d757b5a6f878845828d93 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Tradicionalmente a ação é explicada na Filosofia por meio de teorias que a consideram como o efeito de uma ou várias causas (DAVIDSON, 1968, 1980). Embora o princípio da causalidade mecânica – entendida como causa eficiente − seja satisfatório para explicar uma gama de eventos físicos, ele se mostra insuficiente na explicação da ação, conforme ressaltam filósofos, tais como von Wright (1973), Dretske (1981, 1988, 1995), Juarrero (1999), Emmeche (2006, 2007), Gonzalez (2005, 2006, 2007) e Üexküll (1982). No âmbito humano, por exemplo, esses filósofos indicam limites e problemas relativos à tentativa de explicar a ação como o resultado de uma sequencia de causas eficientes. Neste sentido, o objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar e discutir problemas centrais da filosofia da ação, em especial: (i) a distinção entre movimento e ação; (ii) limites da causalidade na explicação da ação; (iii) alcance da abordagem informacional da ação; (iv) a pertinência da concepção pragmática de informação genuína na explicação da ação significativa. No que diz respeito ao problema (i), focalizamos o papel da intenção presente na ação que a distingue de movimento. No que diz respeito ao problema (ii), examinamos em que medida seria válido o pressuposto segundo o qual uma teoria é explicativa quando descreve as causas mecânicas envolvidas na ação. Nossa hipótese central é a de que as explicações da ação não deveriam se limitar à relação causal mecânica, porque a ação, além do elemento causal, comporta uma intermediação sígnica que não se reduz ao plano diádico da ação-reação. Seguindo as trilhas de filósofos estudiosos da teoria da informação, argumentamos, na discussão do problema (iii), que a explicação da ação extrapola o domínio causal diádico e incorpora um patamar que inclui a manipulação de informação... / Action is traditionally explained in philosophy by means of theories that consider it to be the effect of one or several causes (DAVIDSON, 1968, 1980). Although the principle of mechanical causality – understood as efficient cause – may be sufficient to explain a range of physical events, it has been found to be inadequate to explain action, as pointed out by philosophers including von Wright (1973), Dretske (1981, 1988, 1995), Juarrero (1999), Emmeche (2006, 2007), Gonzalez (2005, 2006, 2007) and Üexküll (1982). In the human domain, for example, these philosophers indicate the existence of limits and difficulties related to the attempt to explain action as the result of a sequence of efficient causes. Hence, the objective of the present work is to analyze and discuss central problems of the philosophy of action, especially: (i) the distinction between movement and action; (ii) limits of causality in the explanation of action; (iii) extent of the informational approach to action; (iv) relevance of the pragmatic conception of genuine information in explanation of meaning action. Concerning problem (i), we focus on the role of intention, which is present in action and distinguishes it from movement. To address problem (ii), we examine the validity of the presupposition according to which a theory is explanatory when it describes the mechanical causes involved in action. Our central hypothesis is that explanations of action should not be limited to the mechanical causal relationship, because action, besides the causal element, also depends on an intermediation driven by signs that cannot be reduced to the dyadic plane of action-reaction. Following the line taken by earlier philosophers, in discussion of problem (iii), we argue that the explanation of action must extend beyond the dyadic causal domain and incorporate a level that includes the manipulation of meaningful information. In ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Ce tapuscrit propose de comprendre par l’approche communicationnelle le choix d’orientation des élèves de seconde d’un établissement de l’académie de Montpellier. Cette recherche est à visée exploratoire, elle part du postulat que le sens donné par l’élève de seconde à son choix d’orientation se construit en situation, ici et maintenant. Nous défendons une position épistémologique de « convention constructiviste ». Nous souhaitons répondre à la problématique suivante : quelles sont les interactions entre l’élève de seconde et le contexte dans lequel il évolue lors de son choix d’orientation ? Nous choisissons la technique d’analyse systémique qualitative des relations humaines permettant la mise en exergue des formes des échanges entre tous les acteurs (humains et idéels) en présence dans la situation observée. Cette analyse fait apparaître la dynamique du système et la règle du jeu qui s’instaure. Les formes des échanges prennent alors une signification lorsqu’elles sont replacées dans le système. Les conclusions issues de cette analyse offrent des angles d’interventions à différents niveaux. L’approche par les SIC d’un objet de recherche principalement étudié en Sciences de l’éducation, ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour aborder la thématique de l’orientation, et ce tout le long de la vie. / The aim of this typescript is to understand, through a communicative approach, the career choice of "seconde" pupils in the académie of Montpellier. Our exploratory research starts from the fact that the pupils choose their future career on a "here and now" basis. What we have here is the epistemological approach of a constructivist consensus. We will try to answer the following question : What are the interactions between the pupils and their environment at the moment of their career choice?We have chosen the technique of qualitative systemic analysis of human relations to underline the forms of exchange between all the actors (either human or conceptual) present in the observed situation. This analysis brings out the dynamics of the system and the rules that govern it. The exchange forms become meaningful when considered within the system. The conclusions drawn from this analysis provide angles of interventions on different levels. The SIC approach of a research object studied in the light of education Sciences opens up new perspectives in the field of career choice, and this, throughout life.

Orientador: Maria Eunice Quilici Gonzalez / Banca: Osvaldo Frota Pessoa Júnior / Banca: Alfredo Pereira Júnior / Resumo: Tradicionalmente a ação é explicada na Filosofia por meio de teorias que a consideram como o efeito de uma ou várias causas (DAVIDSON, 1968, 1980). Embora o princípio da causalidade mecânica - entendida como causa eficiente − seja satisfatório para explicar uma gama de eventos físicos, ele se mostra insuficiente na explicação da ação, conforme ressaltam filósofos, tais como von Wright (1973), Dretske (1981, 1988, 1995), Juarrero (1999), Emmeche (2006, 2007), Gonzalez (2005, 2006, 2007) e Üexküll (1982). No âmbito humano, por exemplo, esses filósofos indicam limites e problemas relativos à tentativa de explicar a ação como o resultado de uma sequencia de causas eficientes. Neste sentido, o objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar e discutir problemas centrais da filosofia da ação, em especial: (i) a distinção entre movimento e ação; (ii) limites da causalidade na explicação da ação; (iii) alcance da abordagem informacional da ação; (iv) a pertinência da concepção pragmática de informação genuína na explicação da ação significativa. No que diz respeito ao problema (i), focalizamos o papel da intenção presente na ação que a distingue de movimento. No que diz respeito ao problema (ii), examinamos em que medida seria válido o pressuposto segundo o qual uma teoria é explicativa quando descreve as causas mecânicas envolvidas na ação. Nossa hipótese central é a de que as explicações da ação não deveriam se limitar à relação causal mecânica, porque a ação, além do elemento causal, comporta uma intermediação sígnica que não se reduz ao plano diádico da ação-reação. Seguindo as trilhas de filósofos estudiosos da teoria da informação, argumentamos, na discussão do problema (iii), que a explicação da ação extrapola o domínio causal diádico e incorpora um patamar que inclui a manipulação de informação ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Action is traditionally explained in philosophy by means of theories that consider it to be the effect of one or several causes (DAVIDSON, 1968, 1980). Although the principle of mechanical causality - understood as efficient cause - may be sufficient to explain a range of physical events, it has been found to be inadequate to explain action, as pointed out by philosophers including von Wright (1973), Dretske (1981, 1988, 1995), Juarrero (1999), Emmeche (2006, 2007), Gonzalez (2005, 2006, 2007) and Üexküll (1982). In the human domain, for example, these philosophers indicate the existence of limits and difficulties related to the attempt to explain action as the result of a sequence of efficient causes. Hence, the objective of the present work is to analyze and discuss central problems of the philosophy of action, especially: (i) the distinction between movement and action; (ii) limits of causality in the explanation of action; (iii) extent of the informational approach to action; (iv) relevance of the pragmatic conception of genuine information in explanation of meaning action. Concerning problem (i), we focus on the role of intention, which is present in action and distinguishes it from movement. To address problem (ii), we examine the validity of the presupposition according to which a theory is explanatory when it describes the mechanical causes involved in action. Our central hypothesis is that explanations of action should not be limited to the mechanical causal relationship, because action, besides the causal element, also depends on an intermediation driven by signs that cannot be reduced to the dyadic plane of action-reaction. Following the line taken by earlier philosophers, in discussion of problem (iii), we argue that the explanation of action must extend beyond the dyadic causal domain and incorporate a level that includes the manipulation of meaningful information. In ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Cette thèse a pour objet d’aborder l’information en tant que lien essentiel entre les sciences de la nature et les sciences humaines. Il y est principalement fait état de principes de la science physique, alliés à un ensemble d’approches scientifiques issues, notamment, des théories de la complexité, du chaos, de l’information, de l’auto-organisation, des émergences et des écosystèmes. Les lois de la thermodynamique jouent un rôle central dans ce contexte, où l’organisation et la néguentropie sont directement inscrites dans le champ de la production d’informations. Il y est en particulier fait référence à la Loi de maximisation d’entropie (ou, autrement dit, de dissipation d’énergie), dont l’incidence sur le fonctionnement et le comportement des structures dissipatives que sont les humains est soulignée via un large éventail d’exemples pris dans la vie courante, incidences fondées à la base sur le rôle omniprésent de l’information. L’approche systémique, à laquelle il est fait appel dans un certain nombre de considérations, conduit ici à souligner en profondeur les incidences interactives de l’environnement (l’écosystème) - et des principes de la sélection naturelle qui le déterminent - avec le comportement humain et les phénomènes d’information qui définissent celui-ci. Les applications de l’approche globale de cette thèse s’expriment dans une grande variété de domaines, dont également ceux de la survie, du bien-être, de la conversation et de la robotique. / This thesis aims at considering the information as essential link between the sciences of the nature and the human sciences. It is mainly refered to principles of the natural science, allied in a set of scientific stemming approaches, in particular, theories of the complexity, of chaos, of information, auto-organization, emergences and ecosystems. The laws of the thermodynamics play a central role in this context, where the organization and the negentropy make directly part of the field of information production. There is in particular refered to Law of maximization of entropy Production (or, in other words, of energy dissipation), among which the incidence on the functioning and the behavior of the human being as a dissipative structure is underlined via a wide range of examples taken in the common life, incidence basically established on the omnipresent role of the information. The systemics approach, to which it is brought up in a number of considerations, leads here to underline the interactive incidences of the environment (the ecosystem) - linked to the principles of the natural selection which determines its evolution - with the human behavior linked to the information phenomena which define it. The applications of the global approach of this thesis appear in a broad variety of domains, of which also those of the survival, the well-being, the conversation and robotics.