Migration occurs among many animal species for the purpose of, among other things, finding food or to reproduce. Spawning migration is a form of migration that occurs among many fish species where they move to another site for reproduction. The movement can be obstructed by migration barriers like road culverts. Barriers to migration pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions in freshwater. They impair the connectivity of watercourses and may prevent fish from improving reproductive success or completing their life histories altogether. There are both benefits and costs with migration, benefits such as increased survival for the adults and offspring, and costs such as increased energy consumption and increased mortality. The costs are often dependent on the morphological traits of the individual, like body shape and size. In this study, the spawning migration of two species of fish of the family Cyprinidae, ide (Leuciscus idus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) was investigated. Few studies have been made on ide or on roach compared to other cyprinids and salmonids. This study might therefore enhance the overall knowledge of these two species. The overall aims of this project are to study and compare phenotypic correlates of spawning migration behaviour of ide and roach. The field studies were performed in Oknebäcken, Mönsterås (SE632310-152985), Sweden in March and April 2020. To describe the watercourse and define the location and characteristics of different potential migration barriers, a simplified biotope mapping method was used. The fish were caught in a hoop net and then measured, weighted, sexed, and injected with passive integrated transponder using the bevel down method. In order to register in stream movement of fish, reading stations with antennas were placed, at two locations upstream from the marking station and one downstream at the estuary. The sex ratio differed from the expected 1:1 with a majority of females for both species. This might be a result of fluctuations in survival of spawn coupled with different age-at-maturity between sexes. We found that individuals that arrived early to the stream were larger for both study species, as other studies also reported. Also, male ide was both larger and arrived before female ide. There might be an energy cost associated with early arrival to the stream and therefore, larger individuals arrive first. For roach, there was no difference in arrival time between the sexes although female roach were larger. There was no difference in the time spent in the stream between the species. For ide, females stayed for a longer period of time in the stream than males. However, the opposite was true for roach. This may be because male roach might benefit from more fertilization events when staying longer. There might therefore be a trade-off between the energy cost in staying in the stream and the increased fitness advantage in fertilization events. We found no correlation between any of the morphological traits and migration distance. However, since very few individuals were registered at the upstream reading stations, there might be an effect of migration barriers on the spawning migration. The mortality after spawning was higher for roach than for ide. For ide, a larger proportion of females than males died. For roach, individuals that arrived early was classified as alive to a greater extent than those who arrived late. Both similarities and differences between the species were discovered in this study which concludes that even closely related species might differ substantially from each other.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

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Im Grußwort zum hochschulöffentlichen Open Access-Tag 2015 formulierte Herr Professor Heinrich Lang, Prorektor für Forschung und wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs: "Open Access schafft Strukturen und Verfahren zur Bereitstellung von Forschungsergebnissen im Internet, die einen freien und langfristigen Zugang zu diesen Ressourcen gewährleisten. Im Zeitalter digitaler Wissensverbreitung ist Open Access damit ein Garant für die Wahrung der Publikations- und Informationsfreiheit, für deren Einklang und die Wissenschaften voranzutreiben." Am Vormittag des 02.11.2015 kamen Bibliothekare aus sieben sächsischen Hochschul- und Spezialbibliotheken zum 2. Workshop der Open Access Community Sachsen zusammen. Sie präsentierten und diskutierten Strategien und Dienstleistungen zur Unterstützung von Open-Access-Publikationen. In Sachsen wird es dazu eine intensive Zusammenarbeit geben. Danach trafen sich die Wissenschaftler/innen und Studierenden der TU Chemnitz im zentralen Hörsaalgebäude. Das Programm wurde vom Open-Access-Team der Universitätsbibliothek koordiniert und von der Bibliotheksdirektorin, Frau Angela Malz moderiert. Als Referenten konnten anerkannte Experten aus dem Urheberrecht, dem Verlagswesen und der Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen sowie Wissenschaftler der TU Chemnitz gewonnen werden. Es ergab sich eine anregende Diskussion zu den Umwälzungen im wissenschaftlichen Publikationswesen aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln. Der jährliche Informations- und Aktionstag ist Ausdruck des Engagements der Universitätsbibliothek, Wissenschaftler/innen bei der Open Access Publikation zu unterstützen. / In his welcome speech of the Open Access Day 2015 at the Technische Universität Chemnitz Professor Dr. Heinrich Lang, Vice-Rector for Research and Promotion of Young Scientists, statet that „Open Access creates structures and procedures for the online provision of research results and thereby ensures the free and long-term access to those resources. In the era of the digital dissemination of knowledge, Open Access protects the freedom of publication as well as the freedom of information, whose unity is the basis of scientific advancement.“ The morning session on 2 November 2015 was dedicated to the second workshop of Saxony‘s Open Access Community in which librarians from seven university and specialised libraries got together to discuss strategies and services for the support of Open Access publications. To this end, there will be a close collaboration of Saxon libraries. For the afternoon session of the Open Access Day scientists and students of the Technische Universität Chemnitz gathered in the central lecture hall. The program was coordinated by the University Library and was moderated by the Head Librarian, Angela Malz. Lectures were delivered by experts on copyright law, renowned representatives from the publishing industry and the alliance of scientific organisations in Germany, as well as highly respected scientists of the Technische Universität Chemnitz. Their various perspectives on the transformation processes in academic publishing initiated lively discussions with the audience. This annual day of information and action reflects the dedication of the University Library Chemnitz to support scientists and scholars in publishing Open Access.

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Det finns idag väldigt många olika handelsföretag, vilket medför att konkurrensen om konsumenterna är stenhård. Butiker använder många olika former av marknadsföring för att nå fram till sina respektive målgrupper, marknadsföring är ett väldigt brett begrepp och involverar många olika åtgärder som butiken kan använda sig av. Det här arbetet fokuserar på tre olika former av säljfrämjande åtgärder som är relativt vanliga idag. Det som studeras i denna rapport är huruvida kupongerbjudanden, SMS erbjudanden och erbjudandet ’tag 2 betala för 1’ påverkar olika konsumenters beteenden och om de blir mer benägna till köp när de utsätts för dessa. Erbjudandet ’tag 2 betala för 1’ kan användas på flertal lika sätt men författarna har endast sett på erbjudandet som en kommunikationskanal i butiksmiljö, såsom skyltning och förpackningar. Forskningsfrågan som kommer att belysa hela arbetet är: hur påverkas konsumenters beteenden av rabatterbjudanden? Vi belyser i arbetet de skillnader och likheter som framkommit mellan olika generationer och ur ett genusperspektiv. Vi ser även över vilka eventuella risker respektive möjligheter som kan finnas genom att använda sig av dessa tre olika sorters besparingserbjudanden. Författarna har valt att genomföra en kvantitativ ansats och inspirationen till vår enkätundersökning grundar sig på tidigare forskning. Enkätundersökningen har utförts på 100 respondenter som tillfrågats via e-post och slumpvis utvalda personer i Katrineholms centrum. Deltagarna som tillfrågats är uppdelade i fyra kategorier, utifrån ålder och kön.Enkätundersökningen gav författarna belägg för att påvisa att konsumenter reagerar olika beroende på vilken typ av säljfrämjande åtgärder dessa utsattes för. Författarna kan se tydliga skillnader mellan dessa typer av erbjudanden. ’Tag 2 betala för 1’ som avser en kommunikationskanal i butiksmiljö var det erbjudande som samtliga deltagare föredrog. Kategorin som behandlar äldre män var de deltagare som överlag inte föredrog olika typer av rabatterbjudanden. / There are many trading companies today, which bring fierce competition over the customers. Stores use a lot of different kinds of marketing to reach respective target groups, marketing is a very wide term and involves many different measures that the stores can use. Our study focuses on three different kinds of sales promotion who are relative common today. We have studied whether the coupon offers, SMS offers and offer ‘buy one get one for free’ affects different consumer behavior and if consumers become more inclined to buy when they are exposed to them. The offer ‘buy one get one for free’ can be used in several similar ways, but the authors have only seen the offer as a communication channel in the retail environment, such as signage and packaging. The research question that will illuminate the entire work is how consumer behavior is influenced by the discount offers? The things that are investigated are if coupons, text message offers and ‘buy one get one for free’ have an effect on consumers behavior and if they become more liable to purchase when they are exposed of these promotions. In our study we will express the highlights of the differences and similarities that emerged between different generations and through a gender perspective. We have also checked the possible risks respective opportunities that may be found using these three different kinds of saving offers. The authors have chosen to implement a quantitative approach and the inspiration for our survey is based on previous research. The survey has been conducted on 100 respondents questioned by e-mail and randomly selected in Katrineholm city. The participants surveyed are divided into four categories according to age and gender.The survey gave the authors evidence to demonstrate that consumers react differently depending on the type of promotion they were subjected. The authors can see a clear difference between these types of offers. 'Buy one get one for free' which refers to a communication channel in the retail environment was the offer that all participants preferred. The category with older men was the participants who generally did not prefer different types of discount offers.

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia hordei is an important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in many regions of the world. Yield losses up to 62% have been reported in susceptible cultivars. The Rph5 gene confers resistance to the most prevalent races (8 and 30) of barley leaf rust in the United States. Therefore, the molecular mapping of Rph5 is of great interest. Genetic studies were performed by analysis of 93 and 91 F2 plants derived from the crosses 'Bowman' (rph5) x 'Magnif 102' (Rph5) and 'Moore' (rph5) x Virginia 92-42-46 (Rph5), respectively. Linkage analysis positioned the Rph5 locus to the extreme telomeric region of the short arm of barley chromosome 3H at 0.2 cM proximal to RFLP marker VT1 and 0.5 cM distal from RFLP marker C970 in the Bowman x Magnif 102 population. Synteny between rice chromosome 1 and barley chromosome 3 was employed to saturate the region within the sub-centimorgan region around Rph5 using sequence-tagged site (STS) markers that were developed based on barley expressed sequence tags (ESTs) syntenic to the phage (P1)-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones comprising distal region of the rice chromosome 1S. Five rice PAC clones were used as queries to blastn 370,258 barley ESTs. Ninety four non-redundant EST sequences were identified from the EST database and used as templates to design 174 pairs of primer combinations. As a result, 10 EST-based STS markers were incorporated into the 'Bowman' x 'Magnif 102' high-resolution map of the Rph5 region. More importantly, six markers, including five EST-derived STS sequences, co-segregate with Rph5. Genes, represented by these markers, are putative candidates for Rph5. Results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of rice genomic resources for efficient deployment of barley EST resources for marker saturation of targeted barley genomic region. / Ph. D.

Dans ces travaux, nous explorons comment les techniques de Générations Automatiques de Langue Naturelle (GLN) peuvent être utilisées pour aborder la tâche de génération (semi-)automatique de matériel et d'activités dans le contexte de l'apprentissage de langues assisté par ordinateur. En particulier, nous montrons comment un Réalisateur de Surface (RS) basé sur une grammaire peut être exploité pour la création automatique d'exercices de grammaire. Notre réalisateur de surface utilise une grammaire réversible étendue, à savoir SemTAG, qui est une Grammaire d'Arbre Adjoints à Structure de Traits (FB-TAG) couplée avec une sémantique compositionnelle basée sur l'unification. Plus précisément, la grammaire FB-TAG intègre une représentation plate et sous-spécifiée des formules de Logique de Premier Ordre (FOL). Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous étudions la tâche de réalisation de surface à partir de formules sémantiques plates et nous proposons un algorithme de réalisation de surface basé sur la grammaire FB-TAG optimisé, qui supporte la génération de phrases longues étant donné une grammaire et un lexique à large couverture. L'approche suivie pour l'optimisation de la réalisation de surface basée sur FB-TAG à partir de sémantiques plates repose sur le fait qu'une grammaire FB-TAG peut être traduite en une Grammaire d'Arbres Réguliers à Structure de Traits (FB-RTG) décrivant ses arbres de dérivation. Le langage d'arbres de dérivation de la grammaire TAG constitue un langage plus simple que le langage d'arbres dérivés, c'est pourquoi des approches de génération basées sur les arbres de dérivation ont déjà été proposées. Notre approche se distingue des précédentes par le fait que notre encodage FB-RTG prend en compte les structures de traits présentes dans la grammaire FB-TAG originelle, ayant de ce fait des conséquences importantes par rapport à la sur-génération et la préservation de l'interface syntaxe-sémantique. L'algorithme de génération d'arbres de dérivation que nous proposons est un algorithme de type Earley intégrant un ensemble de techniques d'optimisation bien connues: tabulation, partage-compression (sharing-packing) et indexation basée sur la sémantique. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous explorons comment notre réalisateur de surface basé sur SemTAG peut être utilisé pour la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices de grammaire. Habituellement, les enseignants éditent manuellement les exercices et leurs solutions et les classent au regard de leur degré de difficulté ou du niveau attendu de l'apprenant. Un courant de recherche dans le Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL) pour l'apprentissage des langues assisté par ordinateur traite de la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices. Principalement, ces travaux s'appuient sur des textes extraits du Web, utilisent des techniques d'apprentissage automatique et des techniques d'analyse de textes (par exemple, analyse de phrases, POS tagging, etc.). Ces approches confrontent l'apprenant à des phrases qui ont des syntaxes potentiellement complexes et du vocabulaire varié. En revanche, l'approche que nous proposons dans cette thèse aborde la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices du type rencontré dans les manuels pour l'apprentissage des langues. Il s'agit, en d'autres termes, d'exercices dont la syntaxe et le vocabulaire sont faits sur mesure pour des objectifs pédagogiques et des sujets donnés. Les approches de génération basées sur des grammaires associent les phrases du langage naturel avec une représentation linguistique fine de leur propriété morpho-syntaxiques et de leur sémantique grâce à quoi il est possible de définir un langage de contraintes syntaxiques et morpho-syntaxiques permettant la sélection de phrases souches en accord avec un objectif pédagogique donné. Cette représentation permet en outre d'opérer un post-traitement des phrases sélectionées pour construire des exercices de grammaire / In this work, we explore how Natural Language Generation (NLG) techniques can be used to address the task of (semi-)automatically generating language learning material and activities in Camputer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL). In particular, we show how a grammar-based Surface Realiser (SR) can be usefully exploited for the automatic creation of grammar exercises. Our surface realiser uses a wide-coverage reversible grammar namely SemTAG, which is a Feature-Based Tree Adjoining Grammar (FB-TAG) equipped with a unification-based compositional semantics. More precisely, the FB-TAG grammar integrates a flat and underspecified representation of First Order Logic (FOL) formulae. In the first part of the thesis, we study the task of surface realisation from flat semantic formulae and we propose an optimised FB-TAG-based realisation algorithm that supports the generation of longer sentences given a large scale grammar and lexicon. The approach followed to optimise TAG-based surface realisation from flat semantics draws on the fact that an FB-TAG can be translated into a Feature-Based Regular Tree Grammar (FB-RTG) describing its derivation trees. The derivation tree language of TAG constitutes a simpler language than the derived tree language, and thus, generation approaches based on derivation trees have been already proposed. Our approach departs from previous ones in that our FB-RTG encoding accounts for feature structures present in the original FB-TAG having thus important consequences regarding over-generation and preservation of the syntax-semantics interface. The concrete derivation tree generation algorithm that we propose is an Earley-style algorithm integrating a set of well-known optimisation techniques: tabulation, sharing-packing, and semantic-based indexing. In the second part of the thesis, we explore how our SemTAG-based surface realiser can be put to work for the (semi-)automatic generation of grammar exercises. Usually, teachers manually edit exercises and their solutions, and classify them according to the degree of dificulty or expected learner level. A strand of research in (Natural Language Processing (NLP) for CALL addresses the (semi-)automatic generation of exercises. Mostly, this work draws on texts extracted from the Web, use machine learning and text analysis techniques (e.g. parsing, POS tagging, etc.). These approaches expose the learner to sentences that have a potentially complex syntax and diverse vocabulary. In contrast, the approach we propose in this thesis addresses the (semi-)automatic generation of grammar exercises of the type found in grammar textbooks. In other words, it deals with the generation of exercises whose syntax and vocabulary are tailored to specific pedagogical goals and topics. Because the grammar-based generation approach associates natural language sentences with a rich linguistic description, it permits defining a syntactic and morpho-syntactic constraints specification language for the selection of stem sentences in compliance with a given pedagogical goal. Further, it allows for the post processing of the generated stem sentences to build grammar exercise items. We show how Fill-in-the-blank, Shuffle and Reformulation grammar exercises can be automatically produced. The approach has been integrated in the Interactive French Learning Game (I-FLEG) serious game for learning French and has been evaluated both based in the interactions with online players and in collaboration with a language teacher

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Systematic studies of basal nonsense suppression, orthogonality of tRNAPyl variants, and cross recognition between codons and tRNA anticodons are reported. E. coli displays detectable basal amber and opal suppression but shows a negligible ochre suppression. Although detectable, basal amber suppression is fully inhibited when a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)-tRNAPyl_CUA pair is genetically encoded. trnaPyl_CUA is aminoacylated by an E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase at a low level, however, this misaminoacylation is fully inhibited when both PylRS and its substrate are present. Besides that it is fully orthogonal in E. coli and can be coupled with PylRS to genetically incorporate a NAA at an ochre codon, tRNAPyl_UUA is not able to recognize an UAG codon to induce amber suppression. This observation is in direct conflict with the wobble base pair hypothesis and enables using an evolved M. jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNAPyl_UUA pair and the wild type or evolved PylRS-tRNAPyl_UUA pair to genetically incorporate two different NAAs at amber and ochre codons. tRNAPyl_UCA is charged by E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, thus not orthogonal in E. coli. Mutagenic studies of trnaPyl_UCA led to the discovery of its G73U form which shows a higher orthogonality. Mutating trnaPyl_CUA to trnaPyl_UCCU not only leads to the loss of the relative orthogonality of tRNAPyl in E. coli but also abolishes its aminoacylation by PylRS.