The purpose of this thesis is an analysis of changes in Czech substantive private law resulting from the New Civil Code no. 89/2012 Coll, and the Act on Business Corporations no. 90/2012 Coll., with an impact on tax law as a part of finance law, in particular on regulation of income taxes. The thesis comprises of three parts. In the first one, terminological and material changes contained within the recodification which require amendment of tax legislative are introduced - new terminology of the new private law regulation, new legal institutes and changes in current institutes (e.g. public-benefit persons, extensive notion of a thing or trusts as a separate ownership without legal personality). The second part of the thesis analyses the governmental draft of the Act on Amendment of Tax Legislative in Relation to Recodification of Private Law and on Amendment of Certain Acts and reflection of the recodification in Act no. 586/1992 Coll., on Income Taxes as amended. Institute of public-benefit taxpayers or taxation of income arising in respect of inheritance are examined among other changes. Other amendments not directly related to the recodification (e.g. integration of inheritance and gift taxes or exemption of shares in profit of business corporation from taxation) are also briefly mentioned. Finally, the...

Předkládaná diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou transakcí s pohledávkami v daňovém právu a to se zaměřením na postoupení a vklady pohledávek a poskytuje ucelený pohled na danou oblast, jak z pohledu obecné právní úpravy, tak z pohledu finančněprávních norem. Problematika je řešena nejdříve v obecné části, kde jsou vymezeny základní právní normy a pojmy v dané oblasti spojené s pohledávkami. Vzhledem k rekodifikaci soukromého práva účinné počínaje 1. lednem 2014 jsou rovněž analyzovány změny, které přináší nový občanský zákoník a zákon o obchodních korporacích. Rovněž je pojednáno o ekonomických aspektech možných způsobů (forfaiting, faktoring, vklad) financování prostřednictvím pohledávek. V aplikační části diplomové práce jsou analyzovány jednotlivé právní normy daňového práva z pohledu zvoleného tématu s hlavním zaměřením na zákon o daních z příjmů, který obsahuje nejobsáhlejší úpravu a pokrývá velké množství odlišných situací v případě transakcí s pohledávkami (např. speciální režim pro obchodníky s pohledávkami). Vzhledem k otevřenosti české ekonomiky jsou rovněž rozebírány daňové implikace v případě účasti daňových nerezidentů na transakcích s pohledávkami. Ekonomická realita se vyvíjí velmi rychle a daňová legislativa nemusí být vždy schopna reflektovat tyto změny včas, proto je velmi...

The present diploma thesis is focused on the analysis and the assessment of the state of the art of legal regulations of rights and duties of the persons who participate in the administration of taxes in relation to basic principles of tax administration. The core legal regulation which is relevant for the theme under study is the tax rules that comprise a basic survey of principles applicable by the entities of the administration of taxes in practice. The tax rules is thus a main source of the findings for the enforcement of individual as well as partial rights and duties by tax payers and third persons that participate in the administration of taxes, and at the same time it determines the scope of the powers of the administrator of the tax which he administers against these. Basic principles of tax administration, together with the other legal principles which could also be applied at the administration of taxes, are main principles of the tax procedural law, for which they have significant importance in the form of constitutionally and legally regulated correctives. In contrast to the previous legal regulation contained in the Act to Administer Taxes and Charges, better systematization of principles, and consequently more effective use in contact especially of tax payers with the tax...

The study tries to show how the private university to operate as a charitable society, especially in terms of accounting, tax and audit. The work is devoted to basic legal characteristics and responsibilities of public service companies in a particular case of private CEVRO Institute. The aim is to show consistency tax accounting with an emphasis on the interconnectedness of these aspects of the audit.

The thesis is focused on problems concerning taxing in the insurance industry. Insurance industry is characteristic with specific labels, which involve also taxation. The main subject of the examination is taxation on incomes in connection with insurance. The first part is focused on personal income taxation, especially taxing of insurance benefits. Then the thesis deals with tax concessions of the life insurance. The main theme of the second part is taxing of insurance companies' incomes. From the view of corporate income tax, the main differences are caused by actuarial provisions, so the main attention is paid to them. Both parts include the international comparison.

El 20 de mayo de 2008 se promulgó la Ley N° 29230 “Ley que Impulsa la Inversión Pública Regional y Local con Participación del Sector Privado” el cual regula el mecanismo denominado “Obras por Impuestos”, creado por el Gobierno del Perú con el fin de agilizar e incentivar la ejecución de la inversión pública en el país a través de una alianza entre el sector público y privado. Posterior a ello, se emite el Certificado de Inversión Pública Regional y Local (CIPRL) que será utilizado por la empresa privada única y exclusivamente para su aplicación contra los pagos a cuenta y de regularización del Impuesto a la Renta de tercera categoría. Cabe precisar que el sector financiero representa el 33% del total de empresas que participan del mecanismo de Obras por Impuestos (OxI); por ello, en la presente investigación se abordará el uso del mecanismo y el impacto tributario que genera, sobretodo, en las entidades bancarias como sector representativo, ya que posee la mayor inversión en este mecanismo. Finalmente, se analizará el problema que afrontó uno de los bancos del Perú al tratar de compensar el CIPRL en el pago del impuesto a la renta anual de tercera categoría en el ejercicio 2017. Cabe indicar que este problema no es excluyente, es decir, puede presentarse en cualquier entidad bancaria que esté acogida al mecanismo. En base a ello, se identificará qué aspectos de la legislación en Obras por Impuestos se ven involucrados directamente con la finalidad de proponer mejoras que contribuyan a un mejor entendimiento y aplicación de este mismo. / On May 20, 2008, Law No. 29230 “Law to Promote Regional and Local Public Investment with Private Sector Participation” was promulgated, which regulates the mechanism called “Works for Taxes”, created by the Government of Peru in order to streamline and encourage the execution of public investment in the country through an alliance between the public and private sectors; lately giving the Certificates of Regional and Local Public Investment (CIPRL) which will be used by the private company solely and exclusively for its application against the payments on account and regularization of the Income Tax of the third category. It should be noted that the financial sector represents 33% of the total number of companies that participate in the Works for Taxes mechanism. That’s the reason that in the present investigation, the use of the WxT mechanism and the tax impact generated will be addressed, especially in the banking sector, because of its greater investment with this mechanism. Finally, a case faced by one of the Peruvian banks when trying to compensate the CIPRL in the payment of the third category annual income tax in the year 2017 will be analyzed. It should be noted that this problem is not exclusive, that is, it can be presented in any bank that is covered by the mechanism. Based on this, it will be identified which aspects of the Works for Taxes legislation are directly involved in order to propose improvements that contribute to a better understanding and application of said mechanism. / Tesis

Thesis (M.A. (Anthropology))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Social Sciences, 2016. / Governments, like South Africa, are implementing carbon tax and carbon credit programs to incent businesses to lower their GHG emissions. That is not to say there are not loftier motivations in the wider world, but in this study we have mostly encountered Homo Economicus. Our observations have noted that people either want to make money or save money by way of participating in the green economy. Earth’s threatening posture is yet to change our “habitus”. The changes so far are from economic coercion and not ecological conviction. And it’s primarily prompted through the scientific community, who are understandably, the first responders to a threat with slow and mostly imperceptible reverberations. The responses of those trying to make money, involve participating in the process of carbon commodification. CERs are a new form of currency available to those able to deploy labor and capital in efforts to capture carbon molecules and prevent their creation. The looming South African carbon tax has spurred organizations to lower their emissions so as not to effect bottom-line profitability. [Taken from the conclusion. No abstract provided] / MT2017

The theme of this dissertation thesis is: The perspectives of harmonization of direct income taxes in the European Union. The reason for choosing this topic was firstly the current issue, which offers a wide scope for research and polemic over new approaches and solutions in the European and international tax law. The European Union is a supranational organization founded on the principle of conferral of powers. The ideas of the approximation of the laws are not only its own, but occur throughout the world community, because thanks to the harmonization of certain legislation the benefits of international trade can maximize. The idea of exclusion from economic cooperation today is practically unrealistic. In the European Union the harmonization of laws is directly related to the development of the internal market. The European Union has a long-term goal to create a market that acts as a market of one country. The instrument of harmonization seeks to eliminate differences in legal systems so as not to impede the implementation of the four fundamental freedoms of the internal market. Taxation is a very specific and also sensitive area. The area of taxation is traditionally perceived as a sovereign expression of state sovereignty. The aim of this thesis is the attempt to find the best solutions how to...

The objective of this thesis is to place trust fund into the system of tax law and the analyse of this position from different angles. The main objective is to describe, how are trust funds and the persons connected with them, taxed. One of the aims of this thesis is to show trust funds within a broader context and therefore it describes the tax aspects of English common law trust as well. Common law trust can be considered as a role model for institute like the Czech trust fund. The thesis therefore consists of two parts - trust and trust fund. The first chapter describes historical development of trusts and illustrate how was this development influenced by then tax legislature. Also, this chapter explains some aspects of English law, with focus on difference between common law and equity. The grasp of the difference between these parallel systems is essential for the understanding of trust. The second chapter deals mainly with substantive aspects of trust. It strives to answer the question, what is trust and how can we definite it. It also shows, how the tax legislature defines trust and connected person for tax purposes. It is also briefly mentioned the duty of trust to register into newly established trust register. The third chapter deals with taxation of trust itself. Different types of trusts and...

We develop a job search model with self-employment and savings to understand occupation choice in the United Kingdom (UK). In the UK, self-employment has steadily grown from the beginning of the 2000s and comprised more than 14% of the workforce in 2015. We estimated the model using the method of moments and data from two longitudinal surveys, the Wealth and Assets Survey and the Understanding Society for the period 2010-12. We then use the model to simulate counterfactual policies to promote employment via entrepreneurship such as lower profit taxation and entry barriers into self-employment, or through changes in wage taxes and unemployment benefits. The results show that a rise in self-employment can be mostly associated with an increase in the payroll tax or a reduction on the self-employment income tax / Desenvolvemos um modelo de busca por emprego que inclui o trabalhador autônomo e a riqueza para estudar a escolha ocupacional no Reino Unido. No Reino Unido, o trabalho por conta própria vem crescendo desde o início da década de 2000 e ultrapassou 14 % da força de trabalho em 2015. Estimamos o modelo usando o método de momentos e dados de duas pesquisas longitudinais, a Wealth and Assets Survey e a Understanding Society, para o período 2010-12. Em seguida, utilizamos o modelo para simular políticas contrafactuais de incentivo ao emprego através do empreendedorismo, com a menor tributação de lucros, redução às barreiras de entrada no trabalho por conta própria, ou através de alterações no imposto salarial e auxílio desemprego. Os resultados mostram que um aumento do emprego autônomo pode estar associado principalmente a um aumento do imposto sobre os salários ou a uma redução do imposto sobre o rendimento do trabalho por conta própria