According to the survey Profile of Brazilian municipalities (2012) from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), around 63\\% of the municipalities in Brazil made use of \"mechanisms to attract companies\". Localities offer benefits to the companies with the interest of receiving future gains from the increase in economic activity. Among these mechanisms is the tax on services (ISS), which affects directly the services companies. In this context, this study aims to analyze the main determinants of the tax rates set by municipalities, including the interaction with neighbors municipalities in the tax setting. Using a database of São Paulo state municipalities, a tax decision equation is estimated, making use of some Spatial Econometrics methods. Moreover, to add robustness to the results, the choice of the best spatial weights matrices is made by a comparison of log-likelihoods. Finally, a Tobit model is estimated, extending the model of tax decision to incorporate the institutional arrangements that limit the range of the tax rate set by municipalities. The results achieved indicate that the characteristics of neighboring municipalities have a significant influence in the local tax rate setting, and also the estimation indicates the presence of interaction among the localities in the tax rates setting for some groups of service / De acordo com a pesquisa Perfil dos municípios brasileiros de 2012, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, cerca de 63\\% dos municípios do país faziam uso de \"mecanismos de atração de empreendimentos\". Os municípios buscam oferecer benefícios às empresas visando ganhos futuros decorrentes do aumento da atividade econômica. Dentre os mecanismos que as localidades podem usar está o Imposto sobre Serviços (ISS), que aparece como um alvo importante de debate, pois afeta diretamente as empresas de serviços. Usando uma base de dados dos municípios do estado de São Paulo, um modelo para explicar a definição das alíquotas de ISS é estimado. Devido à inclusão das alíquotas da vizinhança no modelo, são utilizadas técnicas de Econometria Espacial. Ademais, para adicionar robustez aos resultados, a escolha das matrizes de pesos espaciais é feita por meio de uma comparação das log-likelihoods. Por fim, um modelo Tobit é estimado, para levar em consideração os limites institucionais das alíquotas de ISS, que poderiam limitar as funções de reação estimadas. Os resultados indicam uma relevante importância das variáveis da vizinhança na determinação das alíquotas locais, bem como a presença de interação significativa entre as municipalidades na definição das alíquotas de alguns grupos de serviços.

O presente trabalho tem por objeto os direitos fundamentais em matéria tributária, mais especificamente as restrições a que tais direitos se sujeitam sob a justificativa da realização de bens coletivos. Toma-se como premissa que o controle de proporcionalidade é o método que melhor cumpre os propósitos de: a) garantir a máxima eficácia possível a esses direitos; b) permitir o mais intenso controle intersubjetivo de decisões judiciais acerca de restrições a eles impostas. Assume-se como parâmetro de trabalho os direitos de igualdade assegurados ao contribuinte, especialmente o direito à graduação de impostos conforme a capacidade contributiva, em busca da definição dos pressupostos e limites à aplicação do controle de proporcionalidade em matéria tributária. Discute-se o forte consenso que existe sobre a classificação das normas tributárias em fiscais e extrafiscais, concluindo-se que tal classificação é possível. Por conta disso, também se conclui não poder tal classificação servir de critério para delimitar os casos em que o controle de proporcionalidade é devido ou possível. Os pressupostos para aplicação do controle de proporcionalidade em matéria tributária, portanto, são em relação a cada direito fundamental: de um lado, sua construção interpretativa sob a forma de princípio, com um amplo âmbito de proteção; de outro, identificarem-se, em medidas estatais, efeitos restritivos sobre tal direito. / This work aims at the constitutional rights concerning tax matters, specially the restrictions to which such rights are subjected, due to justifications related to collective goods. It takes for granted the proportionality principle as the method which: a) ensures the best realization possible to theses rights; b) enables the most intense inter-subjective control over judicial decisions regarding the mentioned restrictions. The equality rights granted to taxpayers, specially the ability to pay principle were chosen as a pattern on searching to define the requirements and limits to the application of the proportionality principle in tax matters. It questions the strong doctrine of the classification of tax norms according to its fiscal or non-fiscal purposes, concluding that such a classification is not possible. Because of this, it also concludes that this distinction can not be the criteria to define the cases to which the proportionality principle is possible and should be done. The requirements to the application of the proportionality principle in tax matters, concerning each constitutional right, are therefore: a) its interpretative construction with the structure of a legal principle, with a wide realm of protection; b) the identification of State measures that restrict such a realm.

<p>The transformed municipality – Economic and social growth in Örnsköldsvik 1997-2007</p><p>Author: Kristina Hansson</p><p>This thesis focuses on the economic and social growth in the municipality of Örnsköldsvik. It is a single case study and the municipality is studied through economic theories concerning regional growth in the period of 1997-2007. The aim is to analyse whether these theories, such as Åke E. Anderssons and Ulf Strömquists K-society, and other more or less microeconomic assumptions, also are applicable in smaller local contexts. The aim is fulfilled through a mix of text analyses, interviews with leading politicians, civil servants and executives, together with definitions of several quantitative characteristics of economic and social growth. Alternative theories in the thesis concern identity, trust and social capital. Seven independent variables are studied: infrastructure, economic and commercial policy, steering by goals, streamlining, public purchase, marketing and higher education. The results show that while Örnsköldsvik has experienced an extraordinary economic growth, the social growth lags behind. The conclusion is therefore, that economic theories are not enough to explain both economic and social growth at the municipality level. This strengthens the assumption that the explanation to municipal growth in reality lays in the local forces.</p><p>Keywords: structural change, local growth, municipal taxes, public- private cooperation, state-subsidized stimulating measures</p>

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1993

This thesis consists of five papers. Paper [1] analyzes one possible way of replacing dynamic Pigouvian taxes by a static approximation of such taxes from the point of view of social accounting. The idea is to approximate a Pigouvian emission tax by using the instantaneous marginal willingness to pay to reduce the stock of pollution. If this approximation is close enough to the correct Pigouvian tax it will be useful for at least two reasons: (i) it brings the economy close to the socially optimal solution; and (ii) it provides information relevant for social accounting by closely approximating the value of additions to the stock of pollution. Paper [2] analyzes the welfare effects of an agreement between countries to slightly increase their emission taxes. The results indicate that such an agreement need not necessarily increase the global welfare level, even if each individual country has set its prereform emission tax to be lower than the marginal social cost of pollution. Paper [3] provides an economic framework for analyzing the global warming problem, emphasizing the use of forests as a means of carbon sequestration. We explore the difference between the decentralized economy and the socially optimal resource allocation, and discuss the appropriate tax system required to implement the first best optimum. Paper [4] incorporates the uncertainty involved in the production of nuclear energy into a dynamic general equilibrium growth model. We compare the resource allocation in the decentralized economy with the socially optimal resource allocation and design the dynamic Pigouvian taxes that make the decentralized economy reproduce the socially optimal resource allocation. Paper [5] treats externalities from nuclear power in a dynamic differential game framework involving two countries, which differ with regard to their nuclear technology. The model is solved numerically, where one country is considered relatively safe and the other relatively less safe. / <p>Härtill 5 delarbeten.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Venture capital finances high-risk, high-return projects. In addition to financing, venture capitalists provide advice and expertise in management, commercialization, and development that enhance the value, success, and marketability of projects. Venture capitalists also have skills in selecting projects with potentially high returns. The first chapter investigates the contracting relationship between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs in a setting where the venture capitalist and entrepreneur contribute intangible assets (advice and effort) to a project that are non-contractible and non-verifiable. In general, in the private market equilibrium, advice provided by the venture capitalist and the number of projects funded are lower than the social optimum. Government tax and investment policies may alleviate these market failures. The impact of a capital gains tax, a tax on entrepreneur’s revenue, an investment subsidy to venture capitalists, and government run project enhancing programs are evaluated. Finally, we analyze the effects of a government venture capital firm competing with private venture capital. The second chapter focuses on competition in venture capital markets. We model a three-stage game of fund raising, investment in innovative projects and input of advice and effort, where fund raising is used as an entry deterrence mechanism. We examine the impacts of taxes and subsidies on venture capital market structure. We find that a tax on venture capitalist revenue and a tax on entrepreneur revenue increase the likelihood of entry deterrence and reduce the number of projects funded in equilibrium. A subsidy on investment reduces the likelihood of entry deterrence and increases the number of projects funded. The third chapter examines the venture capitalist's choice of investment in project selection skills and investment in managerial advice. We model, separately, a private venture capitalist and a labour-sponsored venture capitalist (LSVCC) with different objectives. A LSVCC is a special type of venture capitalist fund that is sponsored by a labour union. The private venture capitalist maximizes its expected profits, while the LSVCC maximizes a weighted function of expected profits and returns to labour. Consistent with empirical evidence, the quality of projects, determined by project selection skills and managerial advice, is higher for the private venture capitalist.

As the federal government seeks ways to stimulate our economy and reduce our national debt, understanding public attitudes on the role and size of government and the taxes that support it is important. This thesis evaluates how US public opinion towards government and taxes has changed from 1990 to the present, and analyzes several potential causes for changes that have occurred. It is intended to be an update of William G. Mayer’s 1992 book entitled The Changing American Mind, which analyzed changing public opinion from 1960-1988. In following his analysis, the causes I have analyzed are generational replacement, fiscal and economic indicator data, and important political events. Through and examination of public polling data from the last twenty years, I have concluded that attitudes fluctuated relatively mildly on these issues since 1990. My analysis reveals that generational replacement exerted little influence on opinions. However, analysis also reveals that major changes in fiscal and economic indicator data and various major policy initiatives induced the greatest swings in public opinion of the last two decades. I believe that these changes reflect that American aggregate opinion remains constructed on a post-Ronald Reagan ideological foundation, whose features include an inherent suspicion of government and resistance to taxes. Understanding this is crucial to understanding the nation’s political trajectory.

This paper examines contemporary American politics through the lens of The Federalist Papers, focusing on two specific issues: factionalism as addressed in Federalist Papers 9-10 and taxation, the subject of Federalist Papers 30-36.

Venture capital finances high-risk, high-return projects. In addition to financing, venture capitalists provide advice and expertise in management, commercialization, and development that enhance the value, success, and marketability of projects. Venture capitalists also have skills in selecting projects with potentially high returns. The first chapter investigates the contracting relationship between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs in a setting where the venture capitalist and entrepreneur contribute intangible assets (advice and effort) to a project that are non-contractible and non-verifiable. In general, in the private market equilibrium, advice provided by the venture capitalist and the number of projects funded are lower than the social optimum. Government tax and investment policies may alleviate these market failures. The impact of a capital gains tax, a tax on entrepreneur’s revenue, an investment subsidy to venture capitalists, and government run project enhancing programs are evaluated. Finally, we analyze the effects of a government venture capital firm competing with private venture capital. The second chapter focuses on competition in venture capital markets. We model a three-stage game of fund raising, investment in innovative projects and input of advice and effort, where fund raising is used as an entry deterrence mechanism. We examine the impacts of taxes and subsidies on venture capital market structure. We find that a tax on venture capitalist revenue and a tax on entrepreneur revenue increase the likelihood of entry deterrence and reduce the number of projects funded in equilibrium. A subsidy on investment reduces the likelihood of entry deterrence and increases the number of projects funded. The third chapter examines the venture capitalist's choice of investment in project selection skills and investment in managerial advice. We model, separately, a private venture capitalist and a labour-sponsored venture capitalist (LSVCC) with different objectives. A LSVCC is a special type of venture capitalist fund that is sponsored by a labour union. The private venture capitalist maximizes its expected profits, while the LSVCC maximizes a weighted function of expected profits and returns to labour. Consistent with empirical evidence, the quality of projects, determined by project selection skills and managerial advice, is higher for the private venture capitalist.

On 1 January 2007 abolished Sweden as one of the last countries in EU the wealth tax. This wealth tax was in Sweden for almost 100 years. As the great debate in the context of tax reform in 1910 was not so much about the introduction of a wealth tax. The discussion was instead on the wealth tax would be proportional or progressive together with the income tax. When the government with and there finance minister, Carl Swartz, presented its government bill, 1910:88, 11 March 1910, the draft regulation on income and wealth tax was said, that now they had finally made a shift in the direct tax to the state. A change had been sought and it would have been great difficulties to be overcome and it would have been deeply entrenched ideas about this tax reform impossible. Despite all the protests from the wealthy in society, so continue this conservative government through reform with the strong support of many conservative politicians who had most to lose from this tax reform. The government also succeeded in compromising with liberals and social democrats that supported the reform. Heavy respondents in Sweden in 1910, as Kammarrätten and Bevillningsutskottet supported almost without any comment the proposal. Thus, Sweden had been given a modern tax system that applies even today more than 100 years later Introduction of the combined income and wealth tax was in continuation a great tax pump in Sweden when the governments needed to find funding for their reforms.