This thesis focuses on environmental taxes and their gradual introduction in the Czech Republic within the ecological tax reform. The work mentions the history of environmental policy in the European Union, implementation and harmonization processes in the whole community in the area of ecology. Briefly touches on the objectives and principles of environmental protection that the European Union has set out the current environmental taxes and charges in the individual Member States. Among EU countries, details the history of the introduction of environmental taxes in Denmark and Sweden. The work is a general view of the reform in the country. Her appreciation and potential impacts of reform.

The economic crisis has affected more or less all areas of human life. One of them is of courese the issue of municipal budgets, whose incomes have experienced some changes during the crisis. In this paper first discribes the various tax revenues of municipalities, briefly characterize how the revenues from shared taxes and revenues from municipal taxes and property tax. It also discusses the situation in specific cities, which are Ždírec na Doubravou, Nová Paka and Teplice, where I analyze their individual income tax and municipal taxes policy and policy related to property tax. In the last part complete my analysis some answers to questions which I gave to members of city council of the reasons to some information. Based on collected information, I found that cities in times of economic crisis, fought with a reduction in the budget and trying to change the structure of local taxes and by increasing property tax rates, but each city dealt with this situation differently.

The aim of my thesis was to examine in how far Barack Obama was capable to realize his promises he had given to American voters during his electoral campaign. This task were completed in two time lines: Firstly, I focused on realization of his agenda during the fist year in the office. Secondly, I researched how many of the promises and how far did he manage to realize before the Midterm election changed the constitution of the Congress to his disadvantage. To provide a solid analysis, I chose to narrow the topic and concentrated on three spheres only: tax policy, health care reform and foreign policy. However, the last one mentioned was far too extensive, so I selected three main issues Obama was addressing during his campaign: the war in Afghanistan, Iraq and the detention facility in Guantanamo. During the research I examined Obama's promises and actual policies. To illustrate what Obama was getting into I also characterized the situation in the field before his presidency.

This thesis deals with the development of various types of cooperation in tax matters and consequently historical development efforts of the harmonization and coordination. First of all, the thesis is focused on the income tax and current developments within the European Union and the impact of the economic crisis on the region. Income taxes are one of the most important issues, as they affect almost everyone. Development in this area has a significant relationship with development of economic conditions and with increasing mobility of the subject of tax. Used tax policy in the income tax area, affects overall competitiveness of individual countries, and EU as whole.

The content of the diploma thesis are incentives in trade relationships from the view of accounting and taxes. The thesis is focused mainly on incentives in lease relationships, bonuses, rebates, discounts and customer loyalty programs. The thesis discusses different possibilities of accounting solutions from the view of provider and recipient. It is also deals with the tax solution. The comparison of accounting solution according to Czech regulation and International financial reporting standards IFRS is part of this thesis.

This Diploma work is supposed to bring important information concerning the principles of outsourcing of taxable, accountant and wage services. The theoretical - methodical part is specialized on the explanation of the word "outsourcing", its principal, form and historical development. The problematic of advantages and disadvantages is being solved as well as the risks connected. The reasons for realization of outsourcing are being described and also the phases of development of outsourcing project and the mistakes during the implementation are being explained. A definition of outsourcing contract and its main belongings is also a part of this work. There was a concrete outsourcing agency - Auditmax,s.r.o., handling accounting, taxes and wages of external companies, chosen in the practical part. There is an analysis of present state of the agency, an identification of insufficiency and a suggestion of their removal using newly created procedures that would contribute to more efficient provision outsourcing services. The result is a complex of advises and measures that might be used by and outsourcing agency for further development.

This thesis comprises of a theoretical taxation background of German and Dutch holding companies with respect to the Czech Republic. It analyzes different incomes generated by the holding companies and focuses on comparison of possible tax scenarios. The scope of the work extends beyond mere description and analysis of relevant taxation - it attempts to add value by comparing advantages and disadvantages of the aforesaid countries for establishing a holding company. The work has always its firm foundations in the Czech legislation and continues to scrutinize a network of international double taxation treaties and a system of European directives. The core lies in analysis of different holding structures and in analysis of different income taxation, in particular income from dividends, capital gains, interests and royalties. Additionally, the thesis touches on issues related to permanent establishments, transparent entities and beneficial owners of the entire holdings. There are three real-based examples of individuals or entities which plan on establishing a holding company either in Germany or in the Netherlands and follows their decision making process. They are (i) US based software producer, (ii) individual investor in organic farming, and (iii) investment fund with minority shares in projects....

nÃo hà / A progressividade à um conceito da teoria da tributaÃÃo em que se analisa o comportamento da alÃquota efetiva do tributo sobre as pessoas em funÃÃo da sua faixa de renda. Diz-se que um tributo à progressivo se a sua alÃquota efetiva cresce com a renda. Ou seja, numa tributaÃÃo progressiva, as pessoas pagam uma fraÃÃo maior de sua renda em tributos à medida que a renda cresce. O objetivo desta dissertaÃÃo à analisar a progressividade da tributaÃÃo sobre o consumo no Estado do CearÃ, um dos estados mais pobres da federaÃÃo, e comparÃ-la com a do Estado de SÃo Paulo, o estado mais rico. A anÃlise teve como fonte principal o banco de dados de consumo da POF 2008/2009 e as alÃquotas dos tributos sobre o consumo (PIS, COFINS, IPI, ICMS e ISS) extraÃda a partir da legislaÃÃo dos referidos tributos. Adotou-se a metodologia de anÃlise grÃfica para a identificaÃÃo da progressividade ou regressividade do sistema, a partir do cÃlculo estatÃstico das alÃquotas efetivas para os principais itens de despesa da POF 2008/2009. Os resultados apontam para uma tributaÃÃo total sobre o consumo regressiva em ambos os estados, embora haja alguns setores com tributaÃÃo progressiva como nos casos de itens de consumo bÃsico, como alimentaÃÃo, vestuÃrio, transporte, higiene e cuidados pessoais. / Progressivity is a concept of the theory of taxation in that it analyzes the behavior of the effective rate of tax on people depending on their income bracket. It is said that a tax is progressive if its effective tax rate increases with income. That is, a progressive tax, people pay a larger fraction of their income in taxes as the income grows. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the progressivity of taxation on consumption in the State of CearÃ, one of the poorest states of the federation, and compare it with the State of SÃo Paulo, the richest state. The analysis was the main source database use the POF 2008/2009 and the rate of taxes on consumption (PIS, COFINS, IPI, ICMS and ISS) extracted from the legislation of those taxes. We adopted the method of graphical analysis to identify the progressivity or progressivity of the system, from the statistical calculation of the effective rates for the major expenditure items in the POF 2008/2009. The results point to a full tax on consumption down in both states, although some sectors with progressive taxation as in cases of basic consumer items such as food, clothing, transportation, hygiene and personal care.

Esta pesquisa busca analisar a influência da tributação e da governança corporativa sobre as políticas de dividendos das companhias de capital aberto brasileiras no período de 1986 a 2011, através de estimações Probit e Tobit com dados em painel. Particularmente no Brasil houve diversas mudanças na legislação tributária dentro do período analisado, sendo assim uma boa oportunidade para esse estudo. Os resultados empíricos sugerem que: a) quando houve aumento no Lucro Por Ação, o percentual do lucro distribuído em forma de proventos foi maior nos períodos em que não houve incidência de tributação e menor quando houve incidência de tributação; b) companhias estatais distribuíram menos dividendos do que companhias privadas; c) companhias que distribuíram dividendos também distribuíram Juros Sobre Capital Próprio; d) companhias que possuem governança corporativa tendem a distribuir mais dividendos. / This paper investigates the influence of taxes and corporate governance on dividend policy of Brazilian public companies in the years 1986 to 2011, using panel data Probit and Tobit estimation. There are several tax law changes particularly in Brazil within the period analyzed, creating a good opportunity to study dividend policy. Empirical results suggests that (a) when Earnings Per Share increased, the percentage of profits distributed in the form of dividends was higher in periods in which there was no incidence of taxation and lower when there was incidence of taxation; (b) state owned companies paid less dividends than private companies; (c) companies that paid dividends also paid Interest On Equity Capital; (d) companies under corporate governance best practices tend to pay more dividends.

Os Custos de Conformidade à tributação ? compliance costs of taxation, em inglês ? correspondem ao custo dos recursos necessários ao cumprimento das determinações legais tributárias pelos contribuintes. Declarações relativas a impostos, informações ao fisco federal, estadual e municipal, inclusões e exclusões realizadas por determinações das normas tributárias, atendimento a fiscalizações, alterações da legislação, autuações e processos administrativos e judiciais, quanto custam os recursos que se dedicam a essas atividades nas empresas? Trata-se de tema relevante que, surpreendentemente, vem sendo estudado há pouco tempo no mundo e não há pesquisas no Brasil. Em nosso país, até a promulgação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, o administrador público tinha pouco ou nenhum compromisso com o equilíbrio fiscal ou com o controle de seu orçamento. Por esse motivo, os problemas de caixa foram constantes em todos os níveis da administração e, com freqüência, as soluções adotadas para resolve-los foram aumentos de impostos, por vezes ilegais, decididos em regime de emergência, sem as devidas cautelas para evitar altos Custos de Conformidade dos contribuintes. O conceito de federação e a multiplicidade de normas estaduais e municipais são fatores que agravam esse panorama. Com este quadro, o autor entende os Custos de Conformidade no Brasil podem ser superiores aos de outros países e devem ser reduzidos quando possível. Com este trabalho, se procura dar uma visão panorâmica desse tema em vários paises ? principalmente Reino Unido e Austrália que vem se dedicando com mais intensidade a esse estudo ? e se apresenta pesquisa realizada junto às companhias abertas no Brasil, na qual temos os custos estimados pelas companhias e sua incidência sobre a receita bruta. O valor global dos custos incide em 0,32% sobre a receita bruta na média das empresas pesquisadas mas, nas empresas menores, com faturamento bruto anual de até R$ 100 milhões, essa incidência aumenta para 1,66%. Calculando a incidência sobre o PIB destas empresas chega-se a 0,75% no total das companhias abertas e, só nas empresas menores, a 5,82%. Assumindo que estas incidências sejam válidas para toda a economia, se poderia afirmar que o Brasil desperdiça, no mínimo, R$ 7,2 bilhões por ano mas pode estar perdendo até R$ 55,9 bilhões por ano para cumprir as determinações das leis tributárias em vez de aloca-los à atividade produtiva. São apresentadas, ao final deste trabalho, propostas para a redução desses custos, pela racionalização das exigências do Fisco em relação aos contribuintes. / The compliance costs of taxation correspond to the costs the taxpayers incur, necessary to comply with the fiscal rules. Tax returns, information to the federal, state and local fiscal authorities, inclusions and exclusions to taxable results done by legal obligations, meeting fiscal auditing, changes in legislation, penalties and administrative and court suits, how much is the cost of resources employed by companies? It is a relevant matter which, quite surprisingly, has been studied only recently in the world and there are no researches in Brazil. In our country, until the issuance of the Fiscal Responsibility Law, the public administrators had little or no compromise with fiscal balance or budgetary control. Consequently, cash pressures were constant at all administration levels and, quite often, the solutions came as tax increases, sometimes illegal, decided in emergency situations with no attention to reduce compliance costs. The federative organization of the country and the multiplicity of state and local rules aggravate this situation. The author is convinced that Compliance Costs in Brazil can be higher than in other countries and should be reduced as much as possible. This work aims to give a panoramic vision of this matter in several countries ? especially in the United Kingdom and Australia, which have dedicated more intensively to this study ? and presents a survey made with the public companies in Brazil where we have the estimated costs by the companies and their incidence on turnover. Total costs correspond to 0,32% of turnover of the companies which answered to the survey but, in smaller companies with turnover not higher than R$ 100 million, this incidence reaches 1,66%. Calculating the incidence on the GNP of these enterprises, the percentage corresponds to 0,75% for the whole group of companies but is as high as 5,82% in the smaller companies. Assuming these percentages can be extended to the whole economy, we could say that Brazil wastes at least R$ 7,2 billion yearly but may be losing R$ 55,9 billion every year instead of allocating these resources to productive activities. In the conclusion of this work are proposed measures to reduce these costs by the rationalization of legal requirements of Fiscal Administration to taxpayers.