Radiative Transfer Models (RTM) have many applications in the satellite microwave remote sensing field, such as the retrieval of oceanic and atmospheric environmental parameters, including surface wind vectors and sea surface temperatures, integrated water vapor, cloud liquid, and precipitation. A key component of the ocean RTM is the emissivity model used to determine the brightness temperature (Tb) at the ocean’s surface. A new wideband ocean emissivity RTM developed by the Central Florida Remote Sensing Laboratory (CFRSL) calculates ocean emissivity over a wide range of frequencies, incidence angles, sea surface temperatures (SST), and wind speed. This thesis presents the validation of this CFRSL model using independent WindSat Tb measurements collocated with Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) Numerical weather model environmental parameters for frequencies between 6.8 to 37 GHz and wind speeds between 0 – 20 m/s over the July 2005 – June 2006 year. In addition, the CFRSL emissivity model is validated using WindSat derived ocean wind speeds and SST that are contained in the Environmental Data Record (EDR) and combined with the GDAS environmental parameters. Finally, the validation includes comparisons to the well-established XCAL ocean emissivity RTM. The focus of this validation and comparison is to assess performance of the emissivity model results with respect to a wide range of frequency and wind speeds but limited to a narrow range of incidence angles between approximately 50° - 55°

Symptoms of harsh environments create pressure on autonomous machines to work wellwith the use of measurement devices. Sensors used within construction equipment vehiclessuffer from being covered with fogs of dirt, oil, water, and dust. Autonomous vehicle’sdependency on fully functional sensors paves roads for research to be made on ways to keepsensor data from being compromised and automation to be improved.In cooperation with Dynapac Compaction Equipment AB, this master’s thesis problemopted for innovative and sustainable product development to tackle the problem. The thesiscomprises of 30 credits. In this thesis, work will be done emphasizing on ways to keepautonomous performance at peak for construction equipment vehicles with low to no capacityfor sophisticated equipment and supply of power and water. For reference, the project targetsasphalt rollers due to their relevance at Dynapac.With the use of innovative product development tools, the problem is to be tackled with anengineering approach revolving around the design thinking process. All progress will beconstituted at Dynapac’s facilities in Karlskrona. Interviews and dialogue with relevantindividuals are to be held to create value based on customer needs which has been of highpriority and is to be iteratively monitored throughout the project. Prototyping will play a partwith large amount of testing to prove concept, including processes of 3dmodeling andmanufacturing of components.With measurement incorrections reaching up to 80 degrees out of a measurement spanwithin the range of 0 to 150 degrees, three concepts have been established, each of which areequipment neutral to benefit construction vehicles which has shown to be valuable within theindustry.A pipe concept which’s purpose is to hide the sensor further and create distance betweensensor lens and measurement surface has been established. The concept is feasible for theconstruction industry, protects the sensor from debris and supports autonomous systems.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24227号 / 工博第5055号 / 新制||工||1789(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岩井 裕, 教授 中部 主敬, 教授 黒瀬 良一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Arbetet utfördes på Södersjukhusets vuxenakut och utredde avdelningens tympaniska termometrar. Det finns två sorters tympaniska termometrar på vuxenakuten, Genius 2 från Philips och ThermoScan PRO 6000 från Braun. Genius 2 är uppkopplad till patientövervakningssystemet IntelliVue och ThermoScan PRO 6000 är mobil. Arbetet utfördes på förfrågan av Södersjukhuset då personalen på vuxenakuten var missnöjda med Genius 2-termometrarna, detta på grund av att de inte ansågs vara tillförlitliga. Arbetet ämnade att utreda orsaken till Genius 2-termometrarnas höga mätosäkerhet samt vad den generella bilden av termometern var hos personalen.  För att undersöka Genius 2-termometrarna och orsakerna till problematiken på vuxenakuten utfördes fyra olika moment. Utredningens första del började med intervjuer av vuxenakutens sjuksköterskor och undersköterskor. Målet med intervjuerna var att få en bild av problemet från personalens perspektiv för att sedan kunna undersöka problematiken med hjälp av kalibreringar och två termometertest. Del två av undersökningen gick ut på att kalibrera termometrarna för att säkerställa att de termometrar som deltog i termometertesten fungerade på ett korrekt sätt. Den tredje delen gick ut på att utföra två termometertest. Målet med det första termometertestet var att utreda variationen inom och mellan termometrarna Genius 2 och ThermoScanPRO 6000. I detta test var försökspersonerna och användarna densamma och termometrarna varierades. Målet med det andra termometertestet var att undersöka huruvida handhavandet påverkade mätvärdena. I detta test var försökspersonerna, en Genius 2-termometer och en ThermoScan PRO 6000-termometer densamma medan användaren varierades. Den sista delen av undersökningen gick ut på att utreda huruvida kalibreringen av Genius 2-termometrarna var hållbara ur ett tidsperspektiv. Termometrarna som en månad tidigare hade kalibrerats och fått ett godkänt resultat kalibrerades därför igen. Detta för att undersöka vilka termometrar som fortfarande fick ett godkänt resultat.  Resultatet påvisade att Genius 2-termometrarna har mycket större variation både inom och mellan termometrarna jämfört med ThermoScan PRO 6000. Variationen var dock inte så stor att det påverkade patientsäkerheten. Resultatet visade även att handhavandet påverkade mätvärdena och att delar av personalen utförde temperaturmätningar på ett mer komfortabelt sätt för patienten, detta gav också mätvärden som ansågs vara mer korrekta. Från resultatet framkom det att 20 % av termometrarna som tidigare hade klarat kalibreringen fick ett underkänt resultat när kalibreringen kontrollerades en månad senare. Detta innebär att Genius 2-termometern inte uppfyller de krav som finns för att säkerställa att den kan fungera på ett korrekt sätt. Tidigare nämnda resultat medför att personalen på vuxenakuten får arbeta med utrustning som inte lever upp till de förväntningar och krav som finns. Detta medför ineffektivitet, dubbelarbete och en minskad tillförlitlighet för Genius 2-termometern. Alla termometrar som fanns på vuxenakuten deltog inte i testerna och därför finns det behov av att vidare undersöka detta problem. / The investigation was done at Södersjukhuset’s emergency department where two types of tympanic thermometers were investigated. Genius 2 from Philips, which is connected to a patient monitor called IntelliVue and ThermoScan PRO 6000 from Braun, which is mobile. The investigation was done at the request of Södersjukhuset because the staff at the emergency department considered Genius 2 not to be reliable. The intent of the investigation was to determine the cause of Genius 2’s measurement uncertainty and to understand what the general opinion of the thermometer is among the employees.   The investigation began with interviews with nurses and assistant nurses. The goal was to get the general opinion and thereafter investigate the problems using calibrations and thermometer tests. After the interviews, all thermometers that were intended for the tests were calibrated. The calibrations were done to ensure that only working thermometers were included in the tests. The first thermometer test was intended to investigate the variation within and between the Genius 2 and ThermoScan PRO 6000 thermometers. The subjects and the users were constant while the thermometers were varied. The second thermometer test was intended to investigate whether the handling of the thermometers affected the measured values. In this test, the subjects, a Genius 2 thermometer and a ThermoScan PRO 6000 thermometer stayed the same while the user was varied. The last part of the investigation was intended to investigate whether the calibration of the Genius 2 thermometers was consistent after one month.  The results showed that Genius 2 had greater variation within and between the thermometers, compared to ThermoScan PRO 6000. However, the variation was not so great that it affects patient safety. The results also showed that the handling of the thermometers affects the results and that part of the staff were able to execute the temperature measurements in a more comfortable way for the patient. This gave measured values that were considered to be more accurate. The results showed that 20% of the thermometers that had previously undergone calibration failed when the calibration was redone a month later. This means that the Genius 2 thermometer does not meet the existing requirements to ensure that it functions properly. Not all thermometers were included in the investigation which is why our recommendation is to further investigate the problems.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The project aimed at numerically modeling the flow and thermal processes occurring in a Volkswagen Citi Golf Chico underhood using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The motivation for this investigation was to develop and demonstrate the capability of CFD as an automotive analysis tool. This would allow local automobile analysts and designers enhanced analyses of the thermal and flow conditions occurring in this com-pact environment, leading to improved local vehicles. A review of relevant literature indicated that the CFD community in South Africa is small with comparison to the international sector. The application of CFD to analyse automo-biles in South Africa is limited and practised by few. This experience requires develop-ment and refinement, such that South Africa may improve vehicles manufacture in the country. The review also indicated that CFD used in the international communities pro-vides good results, promoting simulation-based engineering. The experimental investigation involved parking a vehicle in the subsonic wind tunnel intake at the Mechanical Engineering Department in Stellenbosch. This tunnel is 3.7 m wide, 4 m long and 2.8 m tall, capable of wind speeds up to 90 m/s. Various equipment including thermocouples, a thermal imager and a hand held hot-wire anemometer pro-vided temperature and velocity measurements within the underhood. A pitot-static probe connected to a pressure transducer measured the wind tunnel velocities. The numerical investigation started with the creation of a three-dimensional geometry of the underhood from measurements taken of the vehicle. This geometry, created with Solid Edge version 14, formed the domain for automatically generating discretised grids using STAR-Design version 3.2. Subsequently, boundary conditions and numerical models were applied to the grids, which included simplified fan and radiator models. The analysis concluded with results obtained from the numerical CFD simulations, per-formed with STAR-CD version 3.24. The validity and accuracy of the numerical solutions was verified and quantified with the numerical results. The evaluation consisted of two test cases (wind tunnel speeds of 0 m/s and 5 m/s), each simulated at three different grid resolutions. Each simulation con-tinued until they fully converged to a single solution. The comparison of the three simu-lations from each case indicated that the results were grid independent. The final in-spection of the results in terms of y+ values and boundary conditions indicated that the models implemented were valid. The comparison of the numerical results for temperatures and fan inlet velocities with the experimentally measured data served as a measure to quantify the applicability of CFD for underhood investigations. The comparison between the two sets of results proved acceptable, with a maximum difference of 10%, indicating that CFD is capable of predicting temperatures and flow fields with reasonable accuracy. The numerical results indicated that while the vehicle travels at higher velocities, the underhood remains well ventilated. The underhood tends to trap the hot air from the radiator and other heat sources when the vehicle remains stationary, causing the air to heat further. This can be addressed by the installation of vents in the side panels near the top of the underhood environment. This should allow the hot air to escape, possibly resulting in a significant reduction of the underhood temperatures. Momentum and energy source terms modelled the effects from the fan and radiator. These models worked well for both cases, but improvement is necessary. Special at-tention should be given to the condition where the radiator fan obstructs the flow through the radiator. A further result of the project was the establishment of a flexible foundation for conduct-ing numerical simulations on automobiles. It allows for the inclusion of additional com-ponents and the implementation of more advanced models for representing effects from various engine components.

In order to obtain credit for an eco-roof in building energy load calculations the steady state and time-varying thermal properties (thermal mass with evapotranspiration) must be fully understood. The following study presents results of experimentation and modeling in an effort to develop dynamic thermal mass performance metrics for eco-roof systems. The work is focused on understanding the thermal parameters (foliage & soil) of an eco-roof, further validation of the EnergyPlus Green Roof Module and development of a standardized metric for assessing the time-varying thermal benefits of eco-roof systems that can be applied across building types and climate zones. Eco-roof foliage, soil and weather parameters were continuously collected at the Green Roof Integrated PhotoVoltaic (GRIPV) project from 01/20/2011 to 08/28/2011. The parameters were used to develop an EnergyPlus eco-roof validation model. The validated eco-roof model was then used to estimate the Dynamic Benefit for Massive System (DBMS) in 4 climate-locations: Portland Oregon, Chicago Illinois, Atlanta Georgia and Houston Texas. GRIPV30 (GRIPV soil with 30% soil organic matter) was compared to 12 previously tested eco-roof soils. GRIPV30 reduced dry soil conductivity by 50%, increased field capacity by 21% and reduced dry soil mass per unit volume by 60%. GRIPV30 soil had low conductivity at all moisture contents and high heat capacity at moderate and high moisture content. The characteristics of the GRIPV30 soil make it a good choice for moisture retention and reduction of heat flux, improved thermal mass (heat storage) when integrating an eco-roof with a building. Eco-roof model validation was performed with constant seasonal moisture driven soil properties and resulted in acceptable measured - modeled eco-roof temperature validation. LAI has a large impact on how the Green Roof Module calculates the eco-roof energy balance with a higher impact on daytime (measured - modeled) soil temperature differential and most significant during summer. DBMS modeling found the mild climates of Atlanta Georgia and Houston Texas with eco-roof annual DBMS of 1.03, 3% performance improvement above the standard building, based on cooling, heating and fan energy consumption. The Chicago Illinois climate with severe winter and mild spring/summer/fall has an annual DBMS of 1.01. The moderate Portland Oregon climate has a below standard DBMS of 0.97.

Följande studie har utförts på begäran av energiföretaget Norrenergi AB, där det finns en önskan att tillförlitlighetssäkra den nuvarande driften av stofttransportsystemet tillhörande två av värmeverkets hetvattenpannor. Studien har undersökt huruvida det finns möjlighet att framförallt minska underhållskostnaderna. Studien har framförallt inriktats mot två stofttransportfläktar som vardera tillhör ett stofttransportsystem, eftersom mycket underhållsarbete lagts på de fläktarna. En jämförelse med andra liknande verk har även utförts då det visats att Norrenergi AB:s lösning av stofttransporten är ytterst ovanlig. Vidare har en analys av fläktarna utförts, vilken visade att de är underdimensionerade för systemet. Det har konstaterats utifrån genomförda SPM-, temperatur- och bullermätningar. Olika typer av lösningar på problemet har undersökts och då på en förändring av hela systemet, alternativt enbart av fläktarna eller lagren till stofttransportfläktarna. Rapporten har utmynnat i flera förslag vilka innefattar en ny systemutformning, installation av nya fläktar samt en uppgradering av det nuvarande systemet, där installation av nya fläktar rekommenderas. / This study has been carried out at the request by the energy company Norrenergi AB. It consists of an analysis on how they can reduce the maintenance regarding two dust transporting fans installed in the flue gas cleaning compartment of their thermal power plant. The study also compares what solutions other plants have regarding the dust-transport. The solution installed at Norrenergi AB was found to be rather unusual. Measurements and calculations have been performed to investigate further what have caused the high maintenance on the fans. The study looks into what upgrades are available to the entire dust transporting system. The result of the study turned into different suggestions, which includes a new configuration of the dust transporting system, and installation of new fans and also an upgrade of the existing dust transporting system. Among the suggestions the final recommendation is the alternative of installing new fans.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular drift is a phenomenon, which appears after 10 - 20 minutes of prolonged moderate - intensity exercise (50 - 75% VO2max). CVD appears in a neutral or hot environment. It is characterized by a decline in stroke volume and systemic mean arterial pressures and a parallel increase in heart rate. Cardiac output is maintained nearly constant. The theory of CVD shows increase of core temperature and sympathetic nervous system as cause of increase of heart rate. GOALS: The goal of this thesis was find out the change of heart rate depending on time. Then we found out changes of oral, tympanic, axillary, vaginal and superficial skin temperature. We found out correlation between vaginal temperature and heart rate and then between skin temperature and vaginal temperature. METHODS: Blood pressure, heart rate, oral, tympanic, axillary, vaginal and superficial skin temperature were measured during 60 minutes of cycling (intensity 55% VO2max; 1,99 ± 0,14 W/kg). It was measured at 13 women (25,5 ± 1,3 years; 69,1 ± 7,7 kg). RESULTS and CONCLUSION: There was statistically significant increase of heart rate compared to value from 10. minute. during. There was increase of tympanic temperature compared to value from 10. minute only at the end of exercise. There was significant increase of vaginal and...

Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier l'utilisation d'un analyseur de front d'onde basé sur l'interférométrie à décalage quadri-latéral pour l'imagerie microscopique en transmission. Cette technique d'interférométrie, développée initialement par la société Phasics (Palaiseau) pour les marchés de la métrologie optique et de la caractérisation de faisceaux laser essentiellement, peut aussi permettre d'obtenir la cartographie d'un champ électromagnétique complexe par mesure de front d'onde. En l'utilisant sur un microscope en condition d'imagerie, nous avons obtenu des images de l'intensité et de la différence de chemin optique introduite par un échantillon semi-transparent, définissant ainsi une nouvelle technique de contraste de phase quantitatif. Il s'agit d'un travail codirigé entre l'Institut Fresnel et l'entreprise Phasics (convention CIFRE), mené en collaboration avec le Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy. Dans cette thèse, nous discutons dans un premier temps de l'utilisation de l'analyseur en tant que détecteur placé dans le plan image d'un microscope optique classique, puis nous considérons deux modèles pour la formation des images de différence de chemin optique. Le premier modèle, dit projectif dans l'espace objet, suppose une mesure directe par l'analyseur de la différence de chemin optique locale introduite par l'échantillon. Nous montrons que cette hypothèse est valable pour deux applications particulières : la détermination de la quantité de matière sèche au sein d'un échantillon biologique, et la cartographie de la distribution de température induite par échauffement de particules d'or dans le plan objet du microscope. Le deuxième modèle prend en compte les effets de diffraction simple par l'échantillon et de filtrage par le système d'imagerie, en considérant l'angle sous lequel l'échantillon est illuminé. / The aim of this thesis is the use of a quadriwave lateral shearing interferometer for transmission microscopic imaging. First developped for optical metrology and laser beam caracterisation by the Phasics company (Palaiseau), this interferometric technique gives complexe electromagnetic field cartography by wavefront sensing. Using a microscope in imaging conditions, we obtained intensity and optical path difference images introduced by a semi-transparent sample. Thereby, we defined a new quantitative phase contrast technique.This work is co-directed by the Fresnel Institute and the Phasics company (CIFRE convention), in collaboration with the Centre Immunologique de Marseille Luminy. In this thesis, first we discuss the wavefront sensor use as a sensor plugged on the classical optical microscope image plane ; then we consider two models for optical path difference image formation. The first one, named object space projection, supposes a direct measurement of the optical path difference introduced by a sample. We show that this hypothesis is valid for two particular applications : dry matter determination within a biological sample, and temperature distribution induced by gold nano-particule heating. Thesecond model takes into account the simple sample diffraction and the optical device filtering depending on the illumination angle. This second approach allows us to build a model for intensity and optical path difference image formation for any planewave illumination. So we studied the image formation from a spatially partial incoherent illumination to a complete incoherent illumination. We made electromagnetic field measurements with the wavefront sensor in this last case. Then we discuss semi-transparent tomographic reconstruction by measurements in different imaging planes.One chapter is dedicated to quantitative phase imaging in biology, in particular with mitotic index determination within a cell population.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’utiliser les nanoparticules (NPs) de nanosondes fluorescentes de température en particulier dans les films lubrifiants. Le développement de ces nanosondes nécessite la détermination de leurs sensibilités thermiques afin de pouvoir sélectionner les NPs les plus prometteuses. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons présenté deux méthodes d’élaboration utilisées pour la synthèse des nanostructures à base de SiC-3C, la méthode d’anodisation électrochimique et la méthode d’attaque chimique. Dans le premier cas, les analyses FTIR,RAMAN et MET des NPs finales ont montré que la nature chimique de ces NPs est majoritairement formée de carbone graphitique. L’étude détaillée de la photoluminescence de ces NPs a montré que le processus d’émission dépend de la chimie de surface des NPs, du milieu de dispersion et de sa viscosité, de la concentration des suspensions et de la température du milieu. Pour la deuxième famille de NP de SiC, les analyses cohérentes MET, DLS et PL ont montrées une taille moyenne de 1.8 nm de diamètre avec une dispersion de ±0.5nm. Le rendement quantique externe de ces NPs est de l’ordre de 4%. Les NPs dispersées dans l’éthanol, n’ont pas montré une dépendance à la température exploitable pour notre application. Par contre, les NPs de SiC produites par cette voie, étant donné la distribution en taille resserrée et le rendement quantique « honorable » pour un matériau à gap indirect, sont prometteuses pour des applications comme luminophores en particulier pour la biologie grâce à la non toxicité du SiC. Dans le cas des NPs de Si, nous avons également étudié deux types différents de NPs. Il s’agit de : (i) NPs obtenues par anodisation électrochimique et fonctionnalisées par des groupements alkyls (décène, 1-octadécène). Nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois une très importante variation de l’énergie d’émission dEg/dT avec la température de type red-shift entre 300 et 400K. Les mesures de(T) conduisent à une sensibilité thermique de 0.75%/°C tout à fait intéressante par rapport aux NPs II-VI. De plus il a été montré que la durée de vie mesurée n’est pas fonction de la concentration. (ii) NPs obtenue par voie humide et fonctionnalisées par le n-butyl. Pour ce type de NPs nous avons mis pour la première fois en évidence un comportement de type blue-shift pour dEg/dT de l’ordre de -0.75 meV/K dans le squalane. Pour ces NPs, la sensibilité thermique pour la durée de vie de 0.2%°C est inférieure à celle des NPs de type (i) mais largement supérieure à celle des NPs de CdSe de 4 nm (0.08%/°C). La quantification de cette la sensibilité à la température par la position du pic d’émission dEg/dT et de la durée de vie nous permet d’envisager la conception de nanosondes de température basée sur les NPs de Si avec comme recommandations l’utilisation de NPs obtenues par anodisation électrochimique et de la durée de vie comme indicateur des variations en température. / The goal of this study is the use of Si and SiC nanoparticles (NPs) as fluorescent temperature nanoprobes particularly in lubricating films. The development of these nanoprobes requires the determination of their thermal sensitivity in order to select the best prospects NPs. To achieve this goal, we presented two preparation methods used for the synthesis of 3C-SiC based nanostructures : (i) anodic etching method and (ii) chemical etching method. In the first case, the FTIR, Raman and TEM analysis of final NPs showed that the chemical nature of these NPs is formed predominantly of graphitic carbon. The detailed photoluminescence study of these NPs showed that the emission process depends on the surface chemistry of the NPs, the dispersion medium and its viscosity, the suspension concentration and temperature of the environment.. In the second case, coherent TEM, DLS and PL analyzes showed an average size of 1.8 nm in diameter with a dispersion of ±0.5 nm. The external quantum efficiency of these NPs is 4%. NPs dispersed in ethanol, did not show an exploitable fluorescence dependence on temperature for our application. On the other hand, 3C-SiC NPs produced by this way, given the narrow size distribution and the reasonably high quantum yield for an indirect bandgap material, are promising for applications such as luminophores in particular in the biology field thanks to nontoxicity of SiC. In the case of Si we studied also two different types of NPs. (i) NPs obtained by anodic etching and functionalized by alkyl groups (decene, octadecene). We have demonstrated for the first time an important red-shift in the emission energy dEg/dT with temperature from 300 to 400K. The PL lifetime measurement(T) lead to a thermal sensitivity of 0.75% /°C very interesting compared to II-VI NPs. Furthermore it has been shown that t is not depending on the concentration. (ii) NPs obtained by wet-chemical process and functionalized with n-butyl. For this type of NPs we have identified for the first time a blue-shift behavior of dEg dT in the order of -0.75 meV/K in squalane. The thermal sensitivity for the PL lifetime of these NPs is 0.2%/°C, which is lower than that of NPs obtained by anodic etching method, but much greater than that of CdSe NPs with 4 nm of diameter (0.08%/°C). Quantification of the temperature sensitivity by the position of emission peak dEg/dT and the PL lifetime dτ/dT allows us to consider the realization of temperature nanoprobes based on Si NPs with recommendations to use Si NPs obtained by anodic etching method and PL lifetime as an indicator of temperature changes.