AIM: to determine if a relationship exists between TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, or CD14 polymorphisms and risk for developing chronic periodontal disease in an African-American population. This is the first study conducted to determine role of SNPs in TLR genes and CD14 gene in a periodontally-diseased African-American population. Additionally, this is the first study to assess the role of TLR-9 polymorphism in periodontitis patients. METHODS: A total of 130 subjects were involved in the study. The chronic periodontitis (CP) group contained 73 subjects, and the healthy control (NP) group 57subjects. Genotyping was performed in TLR2 (G2408A), TLR4 (A896G),TLR9 (T1486C) and CD14 (C260T) genes by TaqMan® allelic discrimination using Assay-by-DesignSM SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems). Accuracy of genotyping was confirmed by known DNA samples of each genotype and by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses on selected samples. Fisher’s exact test and chi-square analyses were performed to compare genotype and allele frequencies. Within disease groups, we investigated whether SNPs were related to disease severity by step-wise logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, and smoking status. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the distribution of specific TLR9 (T1486C) genotypes between the periodontally diseased group versus the control group. Expression of TT genotype was more prevelant in periodontally-diseased individuals compared to periodontally-healthy subjects (p<0.0001) whereas individuals expressing C allele of the TLR9 SNP (CC&CT) were more frequently found in the control group after adjusting for age, gender, and smoking status (p<0.0001) There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of genotypes between groups for any other TLRs or CD14 polymorphism. CONCLUSION: Based on findings of this study, homozygocity for the T allele of TLR 9 polymorphism was related to chronic periodontal disease susceptibility in African Americans. Additionally, presence of the C allele at TLR-9 appeared to confer resistance to periodontal destruction. Our results showed that specific SNPs in TLR-2, -4 and CD14 genes are not related to periodontitis in African Americans.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-28 / Objetivo: Verificar o efeito inflamatório do exercício agudo exaustivo sobre diferentes depósitos de tecido adiposo branco (mesentérico e retroperitoneal), assim como, sobre músculos esqueléticos (sóleo: fibra muscular tipo I; EDL: fibra muscular tipo II). Métodos: os animais (ratos Wistars) foram submetidos a uma sessão exaustiva de exercício, após período de adaptação. Os depósitos de tecido adiposo branco, retroperitoneal e mesentérico, como, os músculos EDL e sóleo, foram retirados logo após o sacrifício e analisados para a expressão gênica (PCR-real time) e protéica (ELISA) da citocinas IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-2 e IL-4. O sacrifício foi realizado logo após a sessão de exercício, duas e seis horas após, e o grupo controle não foi submetido à sessão exaustiva de exercício. Por Western Blotting foi analisado o conteúdo de TLR-4, e sua via de sinalização TRAF6 e MYD88. Resultados: As citocinas IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α foram encontradas elevadas em todos os tecidos e grupos dos ratos exercitados. No entanto, a razão IL-10/TNF-α foi maior no músculo e encontrou-se diminuída no tecido adiposo. O TLR-4, assim como sua via (TRAF6 e MYD88), foi aumentada nos depósitos de tecido adiposo branco de ratos submetidos ao exercício exaustivo, sem alteração no EDL e sóleo. Já as citocinas IL-2 e IL-4 tiveram suas concentrações alteradas no sóleo e EDL, mas não foram moduladas no tecido adiposo pelo protocolo de exercício exaustivo. Conclusão: O exercício exaustivo apresentou um aumento da resposta antiinflamatória no músculo esquelético, pelo aumento da razão IL-10/TNF-α. Já o tecido adiposo observado (mesentérico e retroperitoneal) apresentou um aumento da resposta inflamatória, evidenciada pela diminuição da razão IL-10/TNF-α e pelo aumento da expressão protéica do TLR-4. Além disso, a IL-4 foi aumentada 6 horas após o protocolo de exercício no EDL, concomitante com o aumento do MyoD. Esse aumento pode levar a um aumento da hiperplasia muscular. / Aim: to verify the inflammatory effects of exhaustive exercise on adipose tissue (mesenteric and retroperitoneal), and skeletal muscle (sóleus: fiber type I, EDL: Fyber type II). Methods: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: group control and group exercised until exhaustion, these rats were sacrificed in three different times, after the exhaustion, two hours after and six hours after exhaustive exercise. Cytokines IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were analyzed by mRNA (PCR Real Time) and protein (ELISA) expression. TLR-4 and your inflammatory via (TRAF6, MYD88), were analyzed by Western Blotting. Results: IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were elevated in all tissues and groups compared with control group. However, IL-10/TNF-α ratio was higher in skeletal muscle, and opposite response was found in adipose tissue. TLR-4 and your via was elevated in adipose tissue, but not altered in skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise. The concentrations of IL-2 and IL-4 were altered in skeletal muscle, but were not modulated in adipose tissue, after exercise protocol. Conclusion: exhaustive exercise showed one increased in anti-inflammatory response in skeletal muscle, by increased of IL-10/TNF-α ratio. On the other hand, adipose tissue showed increased in inflammatory response, evidenced by decreased in IL-10/TNF-α ratio and increased in TLR-4 content. Moreover, the IL-4 was increased in EDL, concomitant with raised in Myod. This results could showed one increased in hyperplasia in skeletal muscle. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

It has been reported that opioid receptor activation mimics ischemic preconditioning, which may protect the heart from the development of infarction. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) during infarction stimulates cytokine production leading to inflammation and injury of the heart tissue. Our aim was to study the effect of morphine in vitro on the viability and oxidative state of H9c2 cells (rat cardiomyoblasts) and the role of TLR-4 during oxidative stress. Our experiments showed that pretreatment with morphine before tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-, 2,2'-bipyridyl (BP)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stess had protective effect on the viability of H9c2 cells and markedly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The protective effect of morphine was diminished after naloxone treatment, which confirms the role of opioid receptors in preconditioning. TLR-4 inhibition by TAK-242 pretreatment and silencing TLR-4 by RNA interference resulted in a partial increase in cell viability but significant attenuation of ROS production after t-BHP and BP treatment. The action of LPS was reduced in response to TLR-4 silencing. Interestingly, naloxone pretreatment and suppression of TLR-4 markedly alleviated oxidative stress and resulted in a significant improvement of cell viability. We...

In this study, we aimed to determine the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, MIF and VEGF in tears derived from healthy subjects. We tested cytokines as potential markers of inflammation for their potential use in clinical practice. Having reliable method for measuring cytokine levels in tears would enable an early diagnosis of eye diseases. In two phases, cytokines in tears of healthy individuals were analyzed using Bio-Plex Cytokine Assay (Bio-Rad). We assessed the suitability of methods for diagnostic purposes as well as the suitability of our selected cytokines. Statistically significant positive correlations of cytokines were confirmed: IL-10 with IFN-γ (r = 0,81), MIF with VEGF (r = 0,42 / r = 0,49), IL-1β with IL-10 (r = 0,52), IL-1β with IFN-γ (r = 0,55), IL-1β with VEGF (r = 0,38), IFN-γ with VEGF (r = 0,45) and IL-4 with VEGF (r = 0,48) in healthy subjects in tears. IL-4 (r = -0,37) and IFN-γ (r = -0,42) correlate negatively with age. In healthy individuals, there seem to be no differences with regard to gender, BMI, body fat, time of meal consumption prior to tear collection, eye strain when using a computer, dry eyes. Thus, studied cytokines are suitable for diagnostic purposes. Significant differences in concentrations of four (IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ a VEGF) of the five...

L'obésité est un facteur de risque majeur de cancer. Il est connu qu’une adiposité élevée prédispose à un stress inflammatoire accru et potentialise la croissance tumorale. Néanmoins, les mécanismes restent mal définis. De façon intéressante, la sénescence cellulaire, ou le programme moléculaire causant l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire suite à un stress insurmontable, favorise l'inflammation chronique et délétère pendant l'obésité. Nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que l'obésité puisse être un inducteur de sénescence protumoral qu’il est possible d’exploiter, via une stratégie sénolytique, pour ralentir ou même bloquer le développement de tumeurs. Grâce à des marquages de coupes histologiques de tumeurs métastatiques, nous avons montré que les masses malignes de patients ayant un indice de masse corporelle (IMC)>35 sont associées à des marqueurs de sénescence. Cette découverte suggère une charge élevée de cellules sénescentes chez ses patients. Alors que la sénolyse, ou l’élimination thérapeutique des cellules sénescentes, s'est révélée très prometteuse dans le traitement de plusieurs maladies liées à l'âge, son efficacité en tant que traitement du cancer est souvent mitigé et dépend des antécédents du patient. Dans notre étude, nous avons utilisé un modèle murin d'obésité induit par la diète combinée avec un modèle d’injections syngéniques de différentes lignées cancéreuses occasionnant des réponses immunogéniques faibles, légères ou hautes. Chez les souris sur une diète riche en gras, nous avons identifié des cellules cancéreuses sénescentes spécifiquement dans les tumeurs faiblement immunogènes, soit faiblement reconnue par le système immunitaire et donc difficile à traiter. Un traitement sénolytique avec l'inhibiteur de la famille BCL-2 ABT-263 abolit la réponse protumorale observée via l'ablation des cellules cancéreuses sénescentes. Ainsi, nous proposons que les thérapies combinatoires avec des agents sénolytiques devraient être envisagées pour traiter les patients cancéreux présentant une adiposité accrue. De plus, dans la même cohorte de patients où nous avons rapporté des marqueurs de sénescence dans les tissus malins, les patients obèses ont aussi montré une expression importante de Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que le récepteur TLR4 joue un rôle important dans l’établissement d’un microenvironnement tumoral qui favorise la sénescence cellulaire et la croissance tumorale de souris en surplus de poids. Dans notre étude, nous rapportons que l'expression systémique de TLR4 est importante pour la croissance tumorale induite par l'obésité. Nous montrons également que l’induction d’un stress du réticulum endoplasmique médié par Inositol requiring enzyme 1a (IRE1ɑ) dans les cellules myéloïdes associées à une tumeur, favorise la sénescence des cellules cancéreuses, dans un contexte de faible immunogénicité, via TLR4. Ce travail établit les fondements d’une compréhension moléculaire du lien entre les régimes à forte teneur calorique et l'immunité protumorale. / Obesity is a major risk factor for cancer. High adiposity predisposes to increased inflammatory stress, which potentiates tumor growth. However, the mechanisms remain poorly defined. Interestingly, cellular senescence, or the molecular program causing cell cycle arrest following insurmountable stress, is known to promote chronic and deleterious inflammation during obesity. We therefore hypothesized that obesity could be an inducer of a protumoral senescence that can be exploited, via a senolytic strategy, to slow down or even block tumor development. Through histological sections of metastatic tumor, we show that malignant masses from patients with a body mass index (BMI)>35 are associated with markers of senescence, suggesting a high burden of senescent cells in these patients. While senolysis, or the therapeutic elimination of senescent cells, has shown great promises in the treatment of several age-related diseases, its efficacy as a treatment for cancer is often elusive and depends on patients’ history. In our study, we used a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) combined with a model of syngeneic injections of different cancer cell lines causing low, mild, or high immunogenic responses. In mice under a DIO, we have identified senescent cancer cells specifically in weakly immunogenic tumors, or tumors poorly recognized by the immune system, and therefore difficult to treat. Moreover, a senolytic treatment with the BCL-2 family inhibitor ABT-263 abolishes the protumor response seen in these mice via the ablation of senescent cancer cells. Thus, combination therapies using senolytic agents should fall into consideration to treat cancer patients with increased adiposity. In addition, in the same cohort of patients where we reported markers of senescence in malignant tissues, obese patients also showed significant expression of TLR4. We therefore hypothesized that the TLR4 receptor plays an important role in establishing a tumor microenvironment that promotes cellular senescence and tumor growth in mice subjected to experimental obesity. In our second study, we report that systemic expression of TLR4 is important for obesity-induced tumor growth. Moreover, we show that the induction of an IRE1ɑ-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress, in tumor-associated myeloid cells, promotes the senescence of cancer cells, in a context of low immunogenicity, via TLR4. This work lays the foundation for a molecular understanding of the link between high-calorie diets and protumoral immunity.

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) reside in primary B-cell follicles and in the light zones of germinal centers (GCs) in secondary follicles, where their dendrites interdigitate forming extensive networks intimately interacting with B-cells. In GCs, FDCs can be found at the edges attached to the supporting reticular fibers. They trap and arrange immune complexes (ICs) in vivo and in vitro in a periodic manner with 200–500Å spacing and provide both antigen-specific and non-specific accessory signals to B-cells. FDCs exist in resting and activated states, with two characteristically different phenotypes. In their activated state, FDCs upregulate the expression of accessory molecules and cytokines important in the FDC-B cell interaction in GCs. We sought to determine the mechanisms influencing the transition of FDCs from a resting to an activated state in GCs and their impact on T-cell dependent (TD) and independent (TI)-GC reactions (GCRs). We found that IC-FDC interactions via FDC-FcgammaRIIB induce the upregulation of FDC-FcgammaRIIB, -ICAM-1, and -VCAM-1, at both the protein and mRNA levels. We also reported for the first time the expression of TLR-4 on FDCs. Moreover, engagement of FDC-TLR4 with LPS activated NF-kappaB, up-regulated expression of important FDC-accessory molecules, including FcgammaRIIB, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, and enhanced FDC accessory activity in promoting recall IgG responses. Moreover, IC-activated FDCs produced IL-6 and FDC-IL-6 promoted GCRs, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and IgG production. Further, we reported that binding of FDCs to collagen coated surfaces induced restoration of their dendritic processes and networks in vitro. In addition, we designed an FDC-supported in vitro model capable of induction and assessment of primary human antibody responses to protein antigens characterized by class-switching and affinity maturation. Uniquely, we generated TI immune responses to TD protein Ags in the complete absence of T cell help in vivo and in vitro. In the presence of FDC-associated second signals such as BAFF and C4BP, FDC- FcgammaRIIB-periodically trapped-ICs induced the production of Ag-specific IgM, GC-development and plasmablast-differentiation in anti-Thy-1-pretreated nude mice. Purified murine and human B cells cultured in vitro with IC-bearing FDCs also showed the production of antigen–specific IgM within just 48 h.

SUMMARY:<p>The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensing machinery with the innate immune system receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) at its centre has been the subject of extensive research but while TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) were both shown to be essential, the role of other, so-called "accessory", molecules is much less clear. The co-receptor cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) has been widely perceived as being a mere facilitator for the capture and transfer of LPS to TLR4, until recent studies suggested it might have a determining influence on which TLR4-dependent signaling cascades are triggered in response to LPS. The TLR4 receptor complex was shown to be specifically activated by diC14 amidine, a cationic lipid originally synthesized for its carrier properties. The lipid's immunostimulatory activity extends to both TLR4-dependent signaling cascades, the MyD88 and TRIF pathways.<p>The aim of this work was to gain more insight into how diC14 amidine is able to trigger these cascades and to contribute to the general understanding of the TLR4 machinery and its activation by non-LPS ligands. More precisely we were interested in the role of CD14 in the activation of both MyD88 and TRIF pathways by diC14-amidine and in potential consequences of possible divergent requirements of diC14 amidine and LPS for this co receptor.<p>Our study of the role of the membrane-associated and the soluble form of CD14 in the activation of the TLR4-dependent pathways by diC14 amidine revealed that – unlike LPS – the cationic lipid does not require CD14 to exercise its immunostimulatory activity, although the presence of the co receptor modulates the TLR4 activation and infrared spectroscopy experiments suggest a direct interaction.<p>In the case of sensing LPS, CD14 is required for the endocytosis of TLR4 and the subsequent activation of the TRIF pathway. By blocking the endocytosis mechanism at different stages we found that diC14-amidine generally enters the cell via endocytosis and that it activates – unlike LPS – both signaling cascades from inside endosomal vesicles, albeit at different stages of the endocytosis process.<p>Although the eventual immunological responses caused by diC14 amidine and LPS resemble each other or are even identical, our research revealed differences in the actual mechanism of activating TLR4, the receptor responsible for the corresponding innate immune response. These findings illustrate the uniqueness of diC14 amidine and the potential of further exploring its intriguing properties and mechanisms as a tool to decipher the TLR4 signaling machinery and with the perspective of designing new immunomodulators for vaccination and therapy.<p><p><p>RÉSUMÉ:<p>Le mécanisme de reconnaissance des lipopolysaccharides bactériens (LPS) par le récepteur de l'immunité innée Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) a fait l'objet d'une recherche intensive ces dernières années. Alors que TLR4 et son co-récepteur myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) ont été démontrés comme étant essentiels pour la détection du LPS, le rôle des molécules dites "accessoires" est beaucoup moins évident. Le co-récepteur cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) a largement été considéré comme un simple facilitateur pour la capture et le transfert des LPS à TLR4, mais des études récentes suggèrent qu'il pourrait avoir une influence déterminante sur les cascades de signalisation dépendantes de TLR4 induites en réponse au LPS. La diC14-amidine, un lipide cationique synthétisé initialement pour ses qualités en tant que vecteur de transfection, a révélé récemment une activité immunostimulatrice dépendante du récepteur TLR4, impliquant les deux cascades de signalisation dépendantes de TLR4, les voies MyD88 et TRIF.<p>Le but de ce travail était de mieux comprendre le mécanisme par lequel la diC14¬ amidine induit ces cascades et de contribuer à la compréhension générale du fonctionnement du complexe récepteur TLR4 et son activation par des ligands non-LPS. Plus précisément nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de CD14 dans l'activation des voies MyD88 et TRIF par la diC14-amidine et des conséquences potentielles d’éventuelles divergences en termes d’exigence pour ce co-récepteur entre la diC14-amidine et le LPS. <p>Notre étude sur le rôle de la forme membranaire ou soluble de CD14 dans l'activation des voies dépendantes de TLR4 par la diC14-amidine a révélé que - contrairement au LPS - le lipide cationique ne nécessite pas de CD14 pour exercer son activité immunostimulatrice. Cependant, la présence du co-récepteur module l'activation de TLR4 et des expériences de spectroscopie infrarouge suggèrent une interaction directe entre le lipide et le CD14. <p>Dans le cas de la détection de LPS, le CD14 est nécessaire pour l'endocytose de TLR4 et l'activation subséquente de la voie TRIF. En bloquant le mécanisme d'endocytose à différents stades, nous avons montré que la diC14-amidine active - contrairement au LPS - les deux cascades de signalisation depuis l'intérieur des vésicules endosomiales, mais à des stades différents du processus d'endocytose.<p>En conclusion, bien que les réponses immunologiques causées par la diC14-amidine et le LPS se ressemblent, notre recherche a mis en évidence des différences substantielles dans leurs modes d'action. Ces différences illustrent le caractère unique de la diC14-amidine et son potentiel comme outil pour explorer la complexité du système de signalisation du TLR4 et en tirer des enseignements qui permettront de contribuer à la conception de nouveaux immunomodulateurs pour la vaccination et la thérapie. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished