Technological innovations are one of the most impactful occurrences in our lives nowadays. Almost every product or service is being transformed into a more ubiquitous one due to the expectation of offering a better experience or becoming economically more viable. One of the most recent common instances is cities that transforms into smart ones. Many functions of smart cities are upgraded digitally in order to improve their service. This study is inspired by this aspect to focus on the shopping side of the cities. The most common type of retailing is shopping malls and there is evidence to lead this paper to point out how smartness could be impactful for the shopping malls. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that shows that online shopping is getting popular and shopping malls are in their maturity stage in terms of the Life-Cycle concept. Shopping malls’ customer turnover is increasing every year and smartness could be the spark to overcome this obstacle. Therefore, this paper’s research focus has formed into the possible determinant factors that could be significant in the case of adoption of smartness into shopping malls and possible facts that could create value for the shopping malls in the purpose of eliminating the current obstacles that shopping malls are facing.

In the wake of a digitally transforming environment, public sector organizations are realizingthe necessity to adopt new ways of managing their operations. The changing expectations anddemands of citizens and stakeholders are triggering such organizations to develop their deliveryof services, as well as digitally transforming their internal processes. As the public sector valuesservice delivery and cost-effectiveness, cloud services have become an attractive option to transition to, due to their flexible and economical characteristics. This qualitative study examines two Swedish municipalities in their transition to cloud services, studying the reasons behind said transition, and how those affect their adoption. The Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework was utilized to evaluate the factors affecting the two organizations’ transitions and adoptions of cloud services, showcasing a connection between the framework’s elements and the analyzed results. The findings show pressure coming from both external and internal sources, restrictions involving governmental regulations and lack ofavailability, as well as how they manage these challenges, by finding new ways to innovate and preparing their organizations for future transitions.

Background: Over the past years, organisations have been facing an increasedthreat from cyber criminality. This amplifies the necessity for organisations to implement highly secure systems to protect sensitive information.Purpose: Explore and identify factors that influence organisations’ willingness toadopt information security. The TOE framework is utilised to analyse and presentthe findings from the study, a commonly used and well-adapted framework appliedin multiple previous studies of technology adoption.Method: A qualitative research approach is used since it favours the exploratorynature of gaining a deeper understanding of why organisations adopt informationsecurity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain a more profound understanding from the executive/top managers, IT managers, and others affected bysecurity adoption in the organisation.Results: The resulting factors are presented in the three contexts from the TOEframework. Technological context: tenability, relative advantage, return on investment, cost, complexity, and compatibility. Organisational context: willingness toadopt, organisational readiness, knowledge and expertise, external support, communication process, organisational awareness, and top management support. Environmental context: competitiveness, external pressure, geopolitics and external events,fear of exposure, experience and laws and regulations.Conclusions: The findings from this study clearly show factors that strongly impactorganisations to adopt information security. Top managers have a great responsibility to ensure the investment in security systems is sufficient to stay competitive andtrustworthy. The IT managers are expected to handle security concerns that theorganisation may be confronted by. The limited resources of expertise create significant challenges for the organisation to implement sufficient solutions. Leading toa high demand for external expertise to handle the security problems faced in theorganisation, creating an insufficient understanding and awareness of the problemsconcerning information security in the organisation. This thesis contributes withnuanced findings of why organisations adopt information security. The results alsocontribute to expanding previous findings in technology adoption adapting the TOEframework. / Bakgrund: Under de senaste åren har organisationer ställts inför en ökad hotbildfrån cyberkriminalitet, vilket kräver implementering av effektiva informationssystem.Men att investera i informationssäkerhet är inte helt oproblematiskt, säkra systemär avgörande för att skydda känslig information men det kommer med komplex ochavancerad teknik.Syfte: Identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar organisationers vilja att adoptera informationssäkerhet. Detta görs genom att använda det väletablerade TOE-ramverketför att presentera och identifiera forskningsresultatet, ett vanligt använt och välutvecklat ramverk som tillämpats i flera tidigare studier inom området technologyadoption.Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsansats används eftersom den gynnar den utforskandekaraktären att bygga en djupare förståelse för varför organisationer investerar i informationssäkerhet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes för att få en djupareförståelse från verkställande/toppchefer, IT-chefer och andra som påverkas av säkerhetsantagandet i organisationen.Resultat: Faktorerna separerades i TOE-ramverket. Teknologiska faktorer: hållbarhet, relativ fördel, avkastning på investeringen, kostnad, komplexitet samt kompatibilitet. Organisatoriska faktorer: vilja att adoptera, organisatorisk beredskap,kunskap och expertis, externt stöd, kommunikationsprocess, organisationsmedvetenhet samt toppledningsstöd. Externa faktorer: konkurrenskraft, extern press, geopolitik och externa händelser, rädsla för exponering, tidigare erfarenhet samt lagar ochregler.Slutsats: Resultaten från denna studie visar tydligt faktorer som starkt påverkarorganisationer att ta till sig informationssäkerhet. Toppchefer har ett stort ansvaratt säkerställa att investeringar i säkerhetssystem är tillräckliga för att förbli konkurrenskraftig och pålitliga gentemot sina kunder och leverantörer. IT-cheferna förväntas hantera säkerhetsproblem som organisationen kan ställas inför. Den begränsadekompetensen inom säkerhet skapar betydande utmaningar för organisationen attimplementera tillräckliga lösningar. Detta leder till en hög efterfrågan på externexpertis inom området, vilket skapar en bristande förståelse och medvetenhet kringproblematiken av informationssäkerhet i organisationen. Denna studie bidrar mednyanserade rön om varför organisationer använder informationssäkerhet. Resultatenbidrar också till att tillhandahålla nya fynd till tidigare studier inom området somapplicerat TOE-ramverket.

Introduction: To predict the future, how a coming day, week, or month will look has become even more crucial than ever for a firm, due to recent pandemic crises, and wars. Being able to predict the future will enable firms to reduce costs and increase time efficiency. Processes such as forecasting have been at the forefront to aid managers in these matters by improving decision-making and planning. Greater forecasting capabilities have been achieved by adopting technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI). As it has shown to aid practitioners in predicting the future with high accuracy. Thus, leading to improved decision making and planning. Problem discussion: AI is still in its infancy, and technology adoption is a staged-based process. More research is needed to identify the potential barriers a firm faces when looking to adopt AI into their forecasting process. As well as how these barriers are mitigated, and what barriers are relevant depending on the stage of adoption. Purpose and Research question: The purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers of AI pre-adoption in forecasting and how these barriers are mitigated. To answer the following research question: How does a manufacturing firm mitigate AI pre-adoption barriers in the forecasting process? Method: First, a scoping review is conducted to identify barriers in AI adoption with the support of the TOE framework, (Technological, Organizational, and Environmental). Later, the thesis follows a qualitative approach, conducting a single case study. The primary source of empirical data was collected from five in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data is collected from an international manufacturing firm located in Sweden that is looking to adopt AI-ML into its forecasting process. The findings collected from the firm are later discussed with an expert in the field of AI and forecasting to further bring validity and input to the findings. Findings: Organizational readiness, Top management, Poor data, Inappropriate technology infrastructure, and Partnership were identified as key barriers in the AI-ML pre-adoption for the forecasting process. The barrier could be mitigated by building a strong business case, creating managerial awareness and understanding, interactive data platform, comprehensive dataset, and incentives. Conclusion: The study provides theoretical contributions as well as managerial implications. By shedding light on the barriers in the pre-adoption phase and providing insight as to how to mitigate the barriers. Future research is recommended to study the same phenomena at another firm.

In today's digital era, Digital Transformation (DT) is crucial in empowering businesses to maintain competitiveness. However, many firms find it difficult to successfully implement DT projects, and many have had unsatisfactory results. As a result, Information technology (IT) organizations offer advisory services to assist other businesses in their DT efforts. There haven't been many empirical studies looking at digital transformation projects within IT organizations, despite the fact that IT companies are quite knowledgeable about the success elements required for the digital transformation projects of their clients to succeed. This study will answer the question, what are the success factors in digital transformation in an IT Company in Sweden. The research strategy was a case study that was applied at a Swedish IT Company. Semi-structured interviews with seven staff members who were involved in DT projects that had been successfully completed at the company were used to get the primary data. The participants in the study were chosen using a non-probability sampling method, and the results were analyzed using thematic analysis. The framework for technology-organization-environment (TOE) was used to categorize the success factors for DT that were identified in the literature. The study's conclusions identified seven potential DT success factors. The findings were categorized using TOE framework. Two of the potential DT success factors discovered are related to the technological context, five are related to the organizational context, and two are related to the environmental context. The identified potential success factors in DT are also categorized into ten different sub-themes, of which seven subthemes are similar to those identified during the literature review in chapter two, while three of the subthemes are newly identified. The newly identified sub-themes are presence of skilled IT professionals, flexible goals towards digital transformation, and Access to Information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure. The outcomes of this study have the potential to provide valuable insights for IT companies in Sweden that are currently involved in or planning digital transformation initiatives. The identified success factors can assist these companies in their digital transformation journey by offering guidance and direction.

Artificial intelligence is increasing in interest and it is creating value to many organizations world-wide. Due to the potential, governmental authorities in Sweden who work with large volumes of text documents are interested in natural language processing models, which is a sub field of AI and have started to incorporate it to their organizations. This study explores and discusses factors that are influential for governmental authorities when adopting AI and highlights ethical aspects which are of importance for the adoption process. This is explored through a literature review which lead to a frame of reference built on the Technology Organization Environment framework (TOE), which then was tested through interviews with project leaders and AI architects at governmental authorities who are working with language models. The results show that the TOE framework is suitable for analysing AI adoption for governmental authorities. The factors that are found influential are Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Complexity, Management support, Staff capacity, Regulatory environment and Cooperation. Furthermore, the findings suggest that AI Ethics and Data access are influential in all three contexts of technology, organization and environment. The findings of this study confirm results from previous research regarding adoption of new technology, and also provides the literature with exploring the adoption process of AI in governmental authorities, which was not widely explored in literature on beforehand. / Allt fler intresserar sig för artificiell intelligens då det skapar värde för många organisationer. Svenska myndigheter som arbetar med stora mängder textdokument ser potentialen i AI och har börjat implementera språkmodeller, ett sorts AI, i sina organisationer. Den här studien utforskar och diskuterar faktorer som är inflytelserika inför implementering av AI och belyser etiska aspekter som är viktiga för implementationsprocessen. Detta har utforskats först genom en litteraturstudie, ur vilken ett ramverk som bygger på Teknologi Organisation Miljö-ramverket (TOE) har tagits fram. Detta har sedan testats genom intervjuer med projektledare och AI arkitekter på svenska myndigheter som arbetar med språkmodeller. Resultaten visar att TOE-ramverket lämpar sig väl för att analysera adoptering av AI i myndigheter. Faktorerna som har identifierats som inflytelserika är relativ fördel, kompatibilitet, komplexitet, ledningsstöd, anställdas kapacitet, regleringskontext och samarbete. Dessutom föreslås det att etik för AI och datatillgång ska spänna över alla tre kontexter inom TOE. Resultaten av studien bekräftar tidigare forskning gällande adoptering av nya teknologier, och den bidrar även till litteraturen genom att utforska adopteringsprocessen av AI i myndigheter, vilket inte har utforskats i större utsträckning tidigare.

Following the invention of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its rapid dissemination across the globe, organisations have been experiencing a significant shift in processes, performance, and business models. As a result of the hype created by the release of ChatGPT, both the business and academic world has approached AI with a new and enormous interest. However, studies about different aspects in relation to perceptions and attitudes towards AI adoption in the private sector, and particularly, case studies are limited.  Aim: This Bachelor’s thesis aims to analyse the perceptions of management, IT management, and frontline employees about the implementation and impact of AI in large companies, focusing on Scania as a representative of a large automotive multinational corporation. Through the study, we attempt to explore the perceptions about a range of aspects about AI, such as its impact on change in organisation, impact on job and skills, trust in AI, AI opportunities and risk. We also aim to understand the effect of the advent of ChatGPT on perceptions about AI and its integration in organisation.  Methodology: This thesis is a qualitative case study that employed semi-structured interviews for collection of empirical data. The sample was generated through convenience sampling and included representatives of the company of following groups: IT-managers, managers, and non-managerial employees. This ensured a broad representation of views concerning AI implementation and impact in Scania. Conclusion and Contribution: Our findings reveal that AI implementation and impact perceptions range depending on job roles, primarily when it comes to the perceptions towards AI usefulness, risks and opportunities, and its impact on jobs. Additionally, we argue that the launch of ChatGPT has enhanced AI’s awareness and acceptance as a new technology. The thesis can be utilised as a basis for future studies on perceptions and factors affecting AI implementation and impact of representatives of different job positions and levels, as well as a guidance for managers on employees' awareness, expectations, and opinions on AI.

The technical advancement of new Artificial Intelligence (AI) has increased during the last decade due to larger data collections. As a result, AI investments within the private sector have increased significantly. However, previous research has demonstrated that many firms struggle to successfully implement AI, and most of these initiatives end in failure due to a lack of available frameworks. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the affordances and constraints a Professional Service Firm (PSF) must navigate to pave the way for the implementation of AI technologies. To fulfill the purpose of the study, semi-structured and unstructured interviews were conducted with respondents from a Swedish medium-sized consultancy firm. The company is labeled as a PSF and offer software solutions and strategies for organizational resilience and training readiness. Moreover, interview data and internal documents were analyzed through the combination of two theoretical frameworks, Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) framework, and Technological Affordances and Constraint Theory (TACT). The results reveal several factors that influence the emphasis on implementing AI within the contexts of technological, organizational, and environmental. Trustworthiness and accuracy concerns, policies for the use of generative AI as well as competing with large tech firms are identified as key findings. The discussion delves into how these AI factors afford or constraint PSFs concerning AI implementation. Overall, successful AI implementation hinges on balancing these opportunities with the inherent risks and issues depending on PSF type and size. In conclusion, the findings result in a series of affordances and constraints that need to be addressed to pave the way for the implementation of AI technologies. The study contributes to current research by demonstrating a dual theoretical lens to identify factors that either afford or constrain the emphasis to implement AI. This research guides PSFs on how to leverage AI to enhance service offerings, improve operational efficiency, and gain a competitive edge by identifying the affordances and constraints within technological, organizational, and environmental contexts. / Den tekniska utvecklingen av ny artificiell intelligens (AI) har ökat under det senaste decenniet på grund av större datasamlingar. Som ett resultat har investeringar i AI inom den privata sektorn ökat avsevärt. Tidigare forskning har dock visat att många företag har svårt att framgångsrikt tillämpa AI, och de flesta av dessa initiativ misslyckas på grund av brist på tillgängliga ramverk. Därför syftar denna studie till att undersöka de möjligheter och begränsningar som ett konsultföretag måste navigera för att möjliggöra implementering av AIteknologier. För att uppfylla studiens syfte genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från ett svenskt medelstort konsultföretag. Företaget klassificeras som ett professionellt tjänsteföretag (PSF) som erbjuder mjukvarulösningar och strategier för organisatorisk motståndskraft och beredskapsträning. Dessutom analyserades intervjuprotokoll och interna dokument genom kombinationen av två teoretiska ramverk, Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) ramverket, och Technological Affordances and Constraint Theory (TACT). Resultaten avslöjar flera faktorer som påverkar viljan att implementera AI inom teknologiska, organisatoriska och miljömässiga sammanhang. Tillförlitlighet och noggrannhetsproblem, policyer för användning av generativ AI samt konkurrens med stora teknikföretag identifieras som nyckelfynd. Diskussionen fördjupar sig i hur dessa AI-faktorer möjliggör eller begränsar PSF:er i relation till implementering av AI. För en framgångsrik AI-implementering behöver dessa möjligheter balansera med risker och problem beroende på PSF-typ och storlek.svis resulterar fynden i en rad möjligheter och begränsningar som behöver bearbetas för att möjliggöra implementering av AI-teknologier. Studien bidrar till aktuell forskning genom att visa ett dubbelt teoretiskt perspektiv för att identifiera faktorer som antingen möjliggör eller begränsar implementering av AI. Denna forskning vägleder PSF:er om hur de kan använda AI för att förbättra serviceerbjudanden, operationell effektivitet och uppnå en konkurrensfördel genom att identifiera möjligheter och begränsningar inom teknologiska, organisatoriska och miljömässiga sammanhang.

The IT sector contributes to a large part of the world'semissions, for that reason it’s becoming more important toimplement green-IT within organizations. Theimplementation of green-IT in organizations is a complexprocess and the knowledge within the area is lacking. Tobroaden this research area this qualitative study has examinedfactors that affect the implementation of green-IT with analtered version of the TOE framework. With the frameworksfactors Technology, Organization, Environment andMotivation the study’s interview questions were designed andexamined on five interviewees. After a thematic analysis ofthe collected data the result showed that multiple sub-factorsof the framework were not consistent. The result implied thatthe TOEM frameworks subfactors government regulationsand resources did not have any effect on the adoption ofgreen-IT. What rather affected the adoption of geen-IT wasthe prioritization of green-IT within the organization. UsableIT-support for green-IT also resulted in being an importantaspect that moreover affects the motivation for green-IT, anaspect that wasn’t a subfactor of the TOEM framework. / IT-sektorn står för en stor del av världens utsläpp, därför blirdet allt viktigare att införa grön-IT inom organisationer.Införandet av grön-IT i en organisation är en komplexprocess och kunskapen inom området är bristande. För attutöka detta kunskapsområde har denna kvalitativa studieundersökt faktorer som påverkar införandet av grön-ITgenom en tillämpad version av ramverket TOE ramverket.Genom ramverkets faktorer Teknologi, Organisation, Miljöoch Motivation utformades studiens intervjufrågor somundersöktes mot fem intervjudeltagare. Efter en tematiskanalys av den insamlade datan visade resultatet att flera subfaktorer till ramverkets faktorer inte överensstämde.Resultatet påvisade att TOEM ramverkets sub-faktorerstatliga regleringar och resurser inte hade någon påverkanpå införandet av grön-IT. Vad som snarare påverkadeinförande av grön-IT var Grön-ITs prioritering inomorganisationen. Användbara IT-stöd för grön-IT resulteradeäven i att vara en viktig aspekt som dessutom påverkarmotivationen för grön-IT, en aspekt som inte var en subfaktor i TOEM ramverket.

As the world becomes increasingly digitalized, new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) are now more than ever before an important tool for organizations to meet future challenges. This is true for the private as well as the public sector, however, certain organizational functions are falling behind on AI-adoption, with public procurement being a standout example. This study examines the feasibility of integrating AI-solutions in public procurement. Using the theoretical lens of technology adoption and the AI-adapted Technology Organization Environment (TOE)-framework, a series of interviews were conducted with procurement practitioners, experts and solutions providers, identifying what factors drive or inhibit AI-adoption. The results confirmed that the previously identified TOE-factors relative advantage, management support, and external pressure are drivers of AI-adoption in public procurement, while competence, resources and procurement regulation are inhibitors. Additionally, three new factors were identified in the interviews; available solutions, resistance to change and public policy. The findings of the study contributed to the proposal of an updated TOE-framework for AI-adoption in public procurement. They further confirm the findings of previous studies utilizing the TOE-framework to investigate public organizations. / I takt med att världen blir alltmer digitaliserad är nya teknologier som artificiell intelligens (AI) nu viktigare verktyg än någonsin för organisationers förmåga att bemöta framtida utmaningar. Detta gäller både den privata och den offentliga sektorn, men vissa organisatoriska funktioner ligger efter när det gäller AI-implementation, där den offentliga upphandlingsfunktionen är ett tydligt exempel. Denna studie undersöker möjligheterna att integrera AI-lösningar inom offentlig upphandling. Genom att använda organisationell teori om teknologiadoption som teoretisk lins och mer specifikt det AI-anpassade (TOE)-ramverket genomfördes en serie intervjuer med upphandlingspraktiker, experter och produktägare för att identifiera vilka faktorer som driver eller hämmar AI-implementation. Resultaten bekräftade att de tidigare identifierade TOE-faktorerna relativ fördel, ledningsstöd och extern press är drivkrafter för AI-implementation inom offentlig upphandling, medan kompetens, resurser och upphandlingsregler är hinder. Dessutom identifierades tre nya faktorer i intervjuerna; tillgängliga lösningar, motstånd mot förändring och offentlig styrning. Studiens resultat bidrog vidare till att föreslå ett uppdaterat TOE-ramverk för AI-implementation inom offentlig upphandling. Den bekräftar vidare resultaten från tidigare studier som använder TOE-ramverket för att undersöka teknikinförande inom offentliga organisationer.