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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Design of a frameless torque motor

Rinehart, John Jay January 1967 (has links)
The space industry has the ever increasing problem of the optimal utilization of all the volume inside the various spacecraft. Nearly every present day missile has an inertial guidance system which uses permanent magnet motors to compensate for friction loss in the moving parts. Since the space available for these motors is limited, the motor designer must obtain a design which will supply maximum torque for the available power input. The designer must determine the optimum rotor outside diameter, magnet size, rotor stack length, slot size, and all other internal dimensions of the motor. Economics dictate that the engineer may work on a design for a given time only. At the end of this time he is forced to use his best design, without knowing whether it is the best one possible. This investigation consists of the derivation of design equations for a permanent magnet direct current motor. The design procedure is programmed into a digital computer. The performance characteristics of each possible design, within practical limits, is calculated using an iteration process. The calculated performance data is compared with the actual test values from a similar motor. / M.S.
142

The measurement of the running torque of oil and grease lubricated instrument ball bearings under combined radial and axial loads

Clarke, George Edward January 1966 (has links)
Although many studies have been made on the operating characteristics of instrument bearings, most were conducted at two rpm or less and with thrust load only. A study by H.H. Mable tested the running torques of radially loaded bearings from 1,000 to 40,000 rpm. The purpose of this investigation was to study the running torques of R-3 size instrument ball bearings at speeds up to 40,000 rpm while under combined radial and axial load. Much of this investigation was devoted to the construction of an accurate torque sensing device. The method employed relied on the amplification of strain gage signals by a strain gage indicator and an x-y plotter. The strain gages were used to detect the strain at the base of a small beam that prevented rotation of the outer race.of a test bearing while the inner race was driven at test speed by an air turbine. The accumulated data was the result or 30 test series, with each series being constituted of a test sample of six ball bearings. From the study, it was consluded that the strain gage method of torque sensing accurately measured the running torque of R-3 size ball bearings at ambient temperatures. It was also concluded that the effect of axial loading or an R-3 ball bearing loaded with 47 grams radially is negligible until the axial: load equals o.r exceeds the radial loading. By comparing lubricants, it was concluded that grease lubricated ball bearings demonstrate running torques approximately twice as great as bearings lubricated with a similar weight of oil. / Master of Science
143

Analysis of a Split-Path Gear Train with Fluid-Film Bearings

Wolff, Andrew Vincent 13 May 2004 (has links)
In the current literature, split path gear trains are analyzed for use in helicopter transmissions and marine gearboxes. The goal in these systems is to equalize the torque in each path as much as possible. There are other gear trains where the operator intends to hold the torque split unevenly. This allows for control over the gearbox bearing loading which in turn has a direct effect on bearing stiffness and damping characteristics. Having control over these characteristics is a benefit to a designer or operator concerned with suppressing machine vibration. This thesis presents an analytical method for analyzing the torque in split path gear trains. A computer program was developed that computes the bearing loads in various gearbox arrangements using the torque information gathered by the analytical method. A case study is presented that demonstrates the significance of the analytical method in troubleshooting an industrial gearbox that has excessive vibration. / Master of Science
144

Análise da falha do suporte de mancal de um eixo cardan utilizado num veículo pesado /

Souza, André Cristiano de. January 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Fernando de Azevedo Silva / Banca: Ricardo Marques Barreiros / Banca: Fábio Minoru Yamaji / Resumo: Este trabalho tem o objetivo principal de compreender a metodologia de especificação e análise de linha de transmissão de torque através de cardans / juntas universais e avaliar o quanto o resultado oriundo desta metodologia influenciou na falha do suporte do mancal do cardan em uma aplicação real. Foram realizadas três linhas de trabalhos distintas, primeiro foi compreendido toda a metodologia e realizado os cálculos analíticos de acelerações e cargas de mancais nos cardans / juntas universais, em segundo foi realizado cálculos estruturais via MEF - Método dos Elementos Finitos com vários tipos de carregamentos, incluindo os obtidos através dos cálculos analíticos, e como resposta foram gerados valores de tensões normais máximas e mínimas em função de cada carregamento. Os resultados de tensões via MEF foram comparados com as tensões resultantes da terceira linha de trabalho obtidas através da instrumentação de um suporte de mancal de cardan em campo durante a aplicação real do caminhão em análise. Os resultados geram a conclusão de que os carregamentos oriundos dos cálculos analíticos possuem muito pouca influência na falha do suporte do mancal do cardan e converge para as conclusões das linhas de pesquisas já iniciadas praticamente pela totalidade dos autores do estado da arte. Uma planilha de cálculo paramétrica foi desenvolvida no intuito de efetuar a análise com base na teoria / metodologia suportanto o projetista diminuindo o tempo de aprovação, mas é necessário a continuidade de linhas de pesquisas neste assunto no intuito de prever com maior precisão o comportamento dinâmico da aplicação de linhas de transmissão de torque através de cardans e juntas universais / Abstract: Understand the methodology of specification and analysis of torque transmission line through cardan and universal joint and evaluate how much these results are influent in the gimbal bearing bracket failure in a real case is the most important objective of this job. Three distinct task lines were applied, first it was understood the entire methodology and performed all analytical calculations about accelerations and gimbal / universal joints bearing loads. In second and parallel, it was performed structural calculations through the FEA - Finite Elements Method considering several loads including the load result acquired in previous step, and the results were explicit in stress. The results of maximum and minimum stresses for all loads of the second step were compared with results of field measures stress acquired by instrumentation of a new gimbal bearing bracket with extensometers sensors during a real application of a truck under analysis. All results generate the conclusion that loads from the analytical calculations have little influence in the gimbal bearing bracket failure and converge to the conclusions of the research lines already begun for almost authors all commented in the art state. A spreadsheet was created based on the current theory to support designers during the Project, minimizing the approval time, but is necessary the studies continuity in this assumption to predict with more precision the dynamic behavior of the application of torque transmission line through gimbals and universal joints / Mestre
145

Spin-dependent electrical and thermal transport in magnetic tunnel junctions

Zhang, Zhaohui 08 1900 (has links)
Thermoelectricity can directly convert a temperature difference into a voltage or charge current. Recently, the development of spin caloritronics has introduced spin as another degree of freedom in traditional thermoelectrics. This discovery bodes a new generation of magnetic random access memories (MRAMs), where thermal spin-transfer torque (TSTT) rather than voltage driven spin-transfer torque (STT) is used to switch the magnetization in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). To advance the rising trend of spin caloritronics, the coupling of charge, spin, and heat flow during electron transport in MTJs was systematically studied in this thesis. To begin with, the static transport properties of MTJs were studied by observing current dependent tunnel magnetic resistance (TMR). The observed decrease of TMR with a biased current is attributed to the change in spin polarization of the free ferromagnetic layer. A phenomenological model has been built based on the current dependent polarization, which agrees with our experimental results. Next, the Seebeck rectification effect in MTJs was studied. By applying microwave currents to MTJs, an intrinsic thermoelectric coupling effect in the linear response regime of MTJs was discovered. This intrinsic thermoelectric coupling contributes a nonlinear correction to Ohm's law. In addition, this effect can be controlled magnetically since the Seebeck coefficient is related to magnetization configuration. Finally, TSTT in MTJs was systematically studied. A laser heating technique was employed to apply a temperature difference across the tunnel barrier and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra were measured electrically through spin rectification. By analyzing the FMR spectra, TSTT in MTJs was observed and the angular dependence of TSTT was found to be different from dc-biased STT. By solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation including STT, the experimental observations were well explained. The discovery of Seebeck rectification refines the previous understanding of magneto-transport and microwave rectification in MTJs and provides a new possibility for utilizing spin caloritronics in high-frequency applications. The study of TSTT in MTJs shows clear experimental evidence of TSTT in MTJs. Further optimization of the design of MTJs may succeed in decreasing the necessary switching fields strength or even achieve a switching by only TSTT in MTJs. / February 2017
146

Sensibilidade da avaliação isocinética do quadril à mudança dos parâmetros de realização do exame / Sensitivity of the isokinetic evaluation of the hip to the change in the parameters of the examination

Santana, Tiago Silva 10 April 2017 (has links)
Postula-se que a alteração do eixo do dinamômetro isocinético influencie os resultados da avaliação isocinética da articulação do quadril, todavia essa afirmação não foi testada experimentalmente. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi quantificar a influência da mudança dos parâmetros de avaliação isocinética na articulação do quadril em sujeitos saudáveis. Este é um estudo tipo transversal com 32 quadris de indivíduos saudáveis. Inicialmente, foi realizada avaliação isocinética para flexo-extensão e adução-abdução do quadril com o eixo do dinamômetro alinhado com o trocânter maior para ambos os movimentos. A seguir, a avaliação foi repetida com o eixo posicionado 3 centímetros cranial para a avaliação de flexo-extensão e na interseção da linha formada entre a espinha ilíaca póstero-superior e o centro da linha poplítea e a linha formada entre os trocânteres. Cada avaliação foi realizada em 5 repetições nas velocidades de 60°/s e 180°/s. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante dos parâmetros de avaliação isocinética com a mudança da posição dos eixos para o trabalho muscular no movimento de flexão do quadril na velocidade de 60°/s. Para o movimento de extensão, apenas a variável pico de torque em 60°/s não apresentou diferença estatística significante. No movimento de abdução, as variáveis pico de torque e potência apresentaram diferença significante em ambas as velocidades. Para o movimento de adução, a variável pico de torque e trabalho apresentaram diferença significante em ambas as velocidades. A magnitude da diferença do trabalho muscular foi maior que 6% em todos os movimentos, exceto para flexão a 180°/s e abdução a 60°/s Conclui-se que a mudança do eixo de movimentação do quadril de fato impõe modificações sensíveis nos resultados de pico de torque, trabalho e potência do exame isocinético do quadril em diferentes velocidades angulares e posições. / It is postulated that the change in the isokinetic dynamometer axis influences the results of the isokinetic evaluation of the hip joint, but this assertion has not been experimentally tested. The objective of this research was to quantify the influence of the change of the isokinetic evaluation parameters on the hip joint in healthy subjects. This is a cross-sectional study with 32 hips of healthy individuals. Initially, an isokinetic evaluation was performed for flexion-extension and adduction-abduction of the hip with the dynamometer axis aligned with the greater trochanter for both movements. Next, the evaluation was repeated with the cranial axis positioned for flexion-extension evaluation and at the intersection of the line formed between the posterior-superior iliac spine and the center of the popliteal line and the line formed between the trochanters. Each evaluation was performed in 5 repetitions at speeds of 60°/s and 180°/s. There was a statistically significant difference of the isokinetic evaluation parameters with the change of the position of the axis for the muscular work in the movement of hip flexion at the speed of 60°/s. For the extension movement, only the peak torque variable at 60°/s did not present a significant statistical difference. In the abduction movement, the peak torque and power variables showed a significant difference in both velocities. For the adduction movement, the peak torque and work variable presented significant difference at both speeds. The magnitude of the muscle work difference was greater than 6% in all movements, except for 180°/s flexion and 60°/s abduction. It is concluded that the change in the axis of hip movement does impose sensible changes in the results of peak torque, work and power in hip isokinetic examination at different angular velocities and positions.
147

Influência da saturação no torque da máquina síncrona de ímã permanente no rotor / The influence of saturation on torque of permanent magnet synchronous machine

Paula, Geyverson Teixeira de 25 July 2013 (has links)
O presente trabalho trata do estudo e análise da influência da saturação magnética no torque de uma máquina síncrona com ímã permanente no rotor. A máquina síncrona em es-tudo trata-se de uma máquina cuja forma de onda de força contra eletromotriz é trapezoidal. Inicialmente é feito um estudo sobre os efeitos da saturação magnética nos três principais parâmetros da máquina, indutância de fase, relutância (vista pelo circuito que tem como fonte de fluxo magnético os ímãs permanentes) e a força contra eletromotriz. Em seguida, realiza-se um estudo sobre o torque eletromagnético para a máquina e a importância dos parâmetros estudados, demonstrando a forte dependência da qualidade do torque com estes parâmetros. Com base nos estudos sobre saturação e torque, objetiva-se, portanto, descrever o comportamento de cada um dos parâmetros quando da saturação da máquina e quanto/como cada um deles afeta o torque eletromagnético da máquina. A fim de se estudar cada componente do torque separadamente, avalia-se a máquina por meio do Método da Permeabilidade Fixa. Por fim, faz-se simulações em elementos finitos empregando o método apresentado e os resultados são analisados. / This work deals with the influence of magnetic saturation on torque of permanent mag-net synchronous machine. At first, a study of magnetic saturation is carried out in order to understand its influence on three main machines parameters, phase inductance, magnet re-luctance and back electromotive force. A study describing the electric torque and its compo-nents is carried out. This study explain the importance of each machines parameter on electric torques smoothness and amplitude. In order to investigate and describe each torques com-ponent, a review on Frozen Permeability Method is developed. At last, some simulation by means of finite element method with Frozen Permeability Method are carried out. The results are shown and analyzed.
148

Confecção de um protótipo para avaliação das forças musculares do ombro / Building a prototype for shoulder muscular strength evaluation

Vasconcelos, Everaldo Encide de 06 September 2005 (has links)
A avaliação da força muscular caracteriza um aspecto fundamental dentro do processo de avaliação de um paciente. O déficit de força muscular, muitas vezes, não só é a fonte de processos patológicos, como também, uma conseqüência bastante comum na presença de uma patologia. A articulação do ombro é altamente dependente de uma função muscular preservada, pois os músculos do ombro, principalmente os do manguito rotador, são os responsáveis pelo mecanismo de estabilização articular, mecanismo este fundamental para que a articulação se mantenha saudável. Portanto, a quantificação da força dos músculos do ombro se traduz como fundamental para os processos de diagnóstico e reabilitação. De uma maneira geral é praticado o teste de função muscular manual, com a finalidade de se avaliar a função muscular. No entanto, há pouca precisão com este procedimento. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem por objetivo a construção de um protótipo, de baixo custo, que possibilita a avaliação objetiva e quantitativa do torque isométrico dos músculos do ombro. Após extensa pesquisa, foi confeccionado um protótipo inicial com materiais de fácil obtenção e preço acessível, capaz de quantificar o torque dos músculos do ombro, levando em consideração os aspectos biomecânicos dentro do processo de avaliação. Tal protótipo foi elaborado possibilitando ajustes para atender às variações antropométricas individuais. Como instrumento de medida foi utilizado um torquímetro devidamente calibrado, em que foi acoplado um braço de resistência. O protótipo foi submetido a teste de adaptabilidade e eficiência, avaliando-se os músculos rotadores do ombro de 20 indivíduos saudáveis de ambos os sexos. Após o teste foi verificada boa adaptabilidade do protótipo nos indivíduos testados, demonstrando também ser eficiente na avaliação da força muscular do ombro. / The evaluation of the muscular strength characterizes a fundamental aspect within the process of a patient\'s evaluation. The deficit of muscular strength many times is the source of pathological processes, as well as, a quite common consequence in the presence of a pathology. The articulation of the shoulder is highly dependent on a preserved muscular function, therefore the shoulder muscles, mainly the ones of the rotator cuff are the ones responsible for the mechanism of articulate stabilization, this mechanism is fundamental to healthy maintenance of the articulation. Therefore, the strength quantification of the shoulder muscles is told as fundamental to the diagnosis process and rehabilitation. In a general way the test of manual muscular function is practiced, with the purpose of evaluating the muscular function. However there is little accuracy with this procedure. This way, the present study has as its main objective the construction of a low cost prototype that makes the objective and quantitative evaluation of the isometric strength of the shoulder muscles possible. After an extensive research a prototype was built with easily obtained materials and low price, capable of quantifying the muscles strength of the shoulder muscles taking to account the biomechanics aspects within the evaluation process. The prototype was elaborated making different possible fittings to match the individual anthropometrical variations. As measurement instrument a torquimeter properly calibrated was used, where a resistance arm was coupled. The prototype was submitted to adaptability and efficiency tests, evaluating the shoulders\' rotator muscles of 20 healthy individuals of both sexes. After the test the good adaptability of the prototype was observed in the tested individuals and it also demonstrated to be efficient in the evaluation of the shoulder muscular strength.
149

Avaliação da força de inserção, remoção e resistência à fratura de mini-implantes utilizados nos tratamentos ortodônticos em diferentes regiões da maxila e mandíbula / Evaluation of insertion and removal forces and fracture strength of mini-implants used in orthodontic treatments in different regions of maxilla and jaw

Pesqueira, Eliana Ionara de Oliveira 24 June 2014 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o melhor torque de inserção e remoção de mini-implantes inseridos em ossos artificiais com densidades similares às regiões anterior, mediana e posterior dos maxilares. Cento e vinte mini-implantes com desenho de dupla rosca (compactas e autoperfurantes) foram inseridos. Análises com microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram feitas antes e depois dos ensaios. Os valores de torque obtidos durante a inserção e remoção dos mini-implantes foram mensurados por um torquímetro digital. Os resultados analisados levaram a concluir que os torques de inserção e remoção eram maiores conforme aumentava a densidade óssea e a espessura da cortical. O desenho das roscas dos mini-implantes influenciou no torque de inserção. As roscas com menores passos aumentaram o valor do torque de inserção. A perfuração óssea anterior à instalação diminui o torque de inserção independente da densidade óssea. Ocorreu um aumento de torque principalmente com o aumento da densidade óssea e não necessariamente com o aumento da espessura da cortical sugerindo que a densidade óssea do osso trabecular deve ser considerada no planejamento de instalação dos mini-implantes. / The objective of this study was to identify the best insertion torque and removal of mini-implants inserted in artificial bone with densities similar to anterior, middle and posterior regions of the jaws. One hundred and twenty mini-implants with a twin crew design (compact and self-drilling) were inserted into artificial bones with densities and thickness similar to cortical and trabecular bones of the maxilla and mandible. Analysis with electron microscopy was performed before and after the tests. The torque values obtained during the insertion and removal were measured using a digital torque wrench. The analyzed results led to the conclusion that the insertion and removal torques were larger with increase in bone density and cortical thickness. The design of the threads of the mini-implants influenced the insertion torques. Threads with smaller steps increased the value of insertion torques. The anterior bone drilling installation reduces the insertion torque independent of bone density. Torque increased mainly by increasing the bone density and not necessarily with increased cortical thickness suggesting that the bone density of the trabecular bone must be taken into account con in designing and installation of mini-implants.
150

Análise biomecânica in vitro de pilares estéticos de zircônia personalizados e não personalizados / In vitro biomechanical analysis of customized and not customized aesthetic zircônia abutment

Moris, Izabela Cristina Mauricio 19 May 2015 (has links)
Atualmente os implantes passaram a ser uma opção viável de tratamento para se obter uma adequada reabilitação oral, sendo que a estética tem se tornado um fator de grande importância na Odontologia. Os pilares em zircônia tem-se apresentado como uma boa alternativa que vem preencher o fator estético, não contemplado pelos pilares metálicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência à fratura dos pilares de zircônia personalizados e não personalizados e o efeito da ciclagem termomecânica sobre a adaptação marginal, perda de torque e resistência à cimentação destes pilares. Para avaliar a resistência à fratura, 18 implantes cone morse foram utilizados e estes foram divididos em três grupos: GZr: 6 conjuntos implantes/pilares em zircônia; GZrp: 6 conjuntos implante/pilares em zircônia personalizados e GTi: 6 conjuntos implante/pilares em titânio (controle). Os conjuntos implante/pilar foram submetidos à carga compressiva oblíqua em máquina universal de ensaios, com célula de carga de 500kgf e velocidade de 0,5mm/min, em angulação de 30°. Para avaliar os efeitos da ciclagem termomecânica foram utilizados 24 implantes cone morse e estes foram divididos em três grupos: GZr: 8 conjuntos implantes/pilares em zircônia; GZrp: 8 conjuntos implante/pilares em zircônia personalizados e GTi: 8 conjuntos implante/pilares em titânio (controle). Os pilares foram instalados com o torque recomendado pelo fabricante (15Ncm). Coroas cerâmicas foram confeccionadas para todos os grupos. A adaptação marginal das coroas foi avaliada antes e após a ciclagem termomecânica e a resistência de cimentação das coroas foi avaliada após a ciclagem termomecânica através do ensaio de tração. Os conjuntos foram submetidos a 1.000.000 ciclos mecânicos e 8.400 ciclos térmicos. A análise estatística utilizada para o teste de resistência à fratura foi Anova com teste complementar de Tukey. O Grupo GZrp apresentou resistência a fratura significantemente maior que GZr (p=0,009) e o GZr foi semelhante ao GTi. Para a análise da perda de torque e adaptação marginal foi utilizado o modelo linear de efeitos mistos. Para a adaptação marginala análise estatatística revelou haver diferença entre os grupos GZrp e GTi (após ciclagem p=,010) porém não houve diferença dentro do mesmo grupo nos diferentes tempos (antes e após ciclagem termomecânica). Para a perda de torque a análise estatística revelou não haver diferenças significantes, antes e após a ciclagem termomecânica, dentro dos grupos, porém entre os grupos houve diferenças estatísticas entre GZr e Gti antes da ciclagem . Para a análise da resistência de cimentação das coroas foi utilizado ANOVA e este revelou não haver diferenças significantes entre os grupos. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a personalização dos pilares de zircônia não afeta suas propriedades mecânicas, e que o comportamento dos pilares de zircônia é semelhante aos pilares de titânio o que viabiliza o seu uso clínico. / Now implants have been a viable option of treatment for reaching an adequate oral rehabilitation, once the aesthetic have become a factor of great importance in Dentistry. The zirconia abutments have appeared as a good alternative to fill the aesthetic factor that is not present in the metallic abutments. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fracture strength of customized and not customized zirconia abutments and the effect of thermomechanical cycling in the marginal fit, torque loss and cementation resistance of these abutments. For fracture strength evaluation, 18 morse taper implants were used and divided into three groups: GZr: 6 sets of implants/zirconia abutments; GZrp: 6 sets of implants/customized zirconia abutments and GTi: 6 sets of implants/titanium abutments (control). The sets were submitted to compressive oblique loading in universal testing machine, with a load cell of 500kgf and 0.5mm/min speed, in a 30 degree angulation. For evaluation of the thermomechanical cycling effect, 24 morse taper implants were used and divided into three groups: GZr: 8 sets implants/zirconia abutments; GZrp: 8 sets implants/customized zirconia abutments and GTi: 8 sets implants/titanium abutments (control). The abutments were installed with the torque recommended by the manufacturer (15Ncm). Ceramic crowns were made for all groups. The marginal fit of crowns was evaluated before and after thermomechanical cycling and the cementation resistance of crowns was evaluated after thermomechanical cycling by tensile strength test. The sets were submitted to 1,000,000 mechanical cycles and 8,400 thermal cycles. The fracture strength data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey\'s test. The GZrp group presented fracture strength statistically greater than GZr (p=.009) and GZr was similar to GTi. Marginal fit and torque loss data were analyzed by mixed linear model. In the marginal fit, significant difference was noted between GZrp and GTi (after: p=.010), but no difference was noted in the group at different times (before and after thermomechanical cycling).For torque loss, no significant difference was noted before and after thermomechanical cycling in the groups, but significant difference was noted between Gzrp and GTi after thermomechanical cycling. Cementation resistance of crowns was analyzed by ANOVA and no significant difference was noted among the groups. Thus, it was concluded that customization of zirconia abutments does not affect their mechanical properties, and the behavior of zirconia abutments is similar to titanium ones, enabling its clinical use.

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