Examensarbete C-nivå, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomistyrning, Kurskod 2FE90E, VT 2012 Författare: Mats Avalvi, Åsa Lind & Rasmus Olheden Handledare: Elisabeth Kjellström Titel: Lean Production – Press & Plåtindustri AB Bakgrund: Processtyrning handlar om att se och styra en verksamhet utifrån en horisontell värdekedja. Lean production strävar efter att resurseffektivisera flödet och därmed skapa ett mervärde för kunderna och stärka konkurrenskraften. Detta görs genom att minimera allt slöseri med hjälp av Kaizen som innebär att små ständiga förbättringar eftersträvas. För att detta ska kunna lyckas spelar individen en central roll. Det gäller att värna om människan och dess kompetenser samt att få alla involverade och delaktiga. Lean och Kaizen har sitt ursprung i Japan och framför allt i Toyota Production System (TPS) som består av 14 olika principer. Press & Plåtindustri AB (PPI) är ett plåtföretag som är underleverantör till fordonsindustrin. Företaget ägs av japanska Press Kyogo co ltd och arbetar sedan några år tillbaka med Lean. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att, med Toyota Production Systems 14 principer som bakgrund, undersöka hur Press & Plåtindustri AB:s produktionssystem ser ut samt hur företaget hanterar olika efterfrågevariationer. Metod: Den här uppsatsen bygger på en fallstudie av Press & Plåtindustri AB. Vi har med en kvalitativ metodik samlat in data genom att intervjua personer från företaget samt genom observationer av produktionen. Slutsats: De flesta av TPS 14 principer kan identifieras hos PPI, utifrån företagets unika situation och förutsättningar. Företaget hanterar fluktuationerna i kundernas efterfrågan genom att balansera personalstyrkan med hjälp av bemanningsföretag.

After signing ECFA (Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement), all of the fundamental industries of Taiwan are going to face the serious impact. As a result, Refractory Industry can¡¦t skip out the pool. Although refractory industry still undercover by government policy, Chinese products are going to sweep across Taiwan market with price advantage after Taiwan and China government signed the significant economic agreement. Some companies consider reducing cost and improve quality via automatic manufacturing procedures. However, the further question is that can automation really improve the producing efficiency and reduce manpower demand? That will be the main discussion subject of this research. The research concentrates on the planning, construction and actual benefit contrasting of press machine in six months and take 6 Sigma and TPS (Toyota Production System) as the research method. We estimate that reasonable investment can create producing efficiency. We are going to compare the benefits of same press machine with and without automatic manufacturing procedure and also different types of press machine to produce same product in same condition at the same period. This research demonstrated that partial equipment automation or single old equipment automation doesn¡¦t really increase the production efficiency. The result of decreasing the cost of production, such as the cost of manpower, is not notable. In order to achieve the objective goal, we still need to inspect the whole manufacturing procedure, equipment assembling in detail, and arrange the perfect combination of people and machines, then the most synergy could be happened. As for the manufacture management concept and practice, we should abandon fixed frame, thought, and keep manufacture procedure improving. All in all, the improvement of concept and practice, the effect could be far over the benefit of auto equipment, the cost could be much lower than the investments of the equipments. Replacing the manpower by mechanical arms, it indeed reaches the goal of few staff trend and lowers the accident ratio. Few staff environment will cause the operator¡¦s working stability, improve the phenomenon of losing labor.

The aim of this study was cloning of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bayraktar) Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene and examining of gene expression pattern of wheat seedlings in response to salt and drought stress conditions using Wheat GeneChip (Affymetrix). In this study, 10-days old wheat seedlings were subjected to the salt (350 mM NaCl) and drought stress (20% PEG) for 24 hours, then root and leaf tissues were used for wheat TPS gene cloning and microarray studies. RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) was used to determine cDNA sequence of wheat TPS gene, TaTPS. The ORF of TaTPS encodes a putative protein of 859 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight (MW) of 96.7 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.97. Based on tblastx, TaTPS showed great similarity with other plants TPS genes. In root tissue, expression of TaTPS increased under drought stress while no change was observed under salt stress. In leaf tissue, both salt and drought treatments repressed the expression of TaTPS. Microarray study was used to monitor transcript abundance in salt and drought stressed wheat. Data analyses were determined by using GCOS 1.4 and GeneSpring GX10. The genes encoding ferritin, Lipid transfer protein, LEA/Dehydrin, early nodulin, cold regulated protein and germin like proteins were upregulated at least 10-fold under salt and drought stress conditions. In addition, salt and drought stresses induced the expression of genes identified as DREB, ERF, NAC, MYB, and HSF, suggesting existence of various transcriptional regulatory pathways under salt and drought stresses.

Fallstudiens syfte är att skapa förståelse över hur ett internt produktionsflöde på ett tillverkande företag kan uppnå en hög produktionflödeseffektivitet. Målsättningen är att skapa en kartläggning av ett nuvarande flödestillstånd på fallföretaget. Utifrån detta ska empirin och den noggrant utvalda teorin generera i en analys som ska sammanställa de faktorer som är väsentliga att studera för att förbättra flödet i dagsläget. Med hjälp av TPS-huset och faktorer som grund ska det klargöras om företaget gynnas av att tillverka internt eller överlåta delar av sin produktion externt. / The globalization that exists in the contemporary society means that manufacturing companies in Sweden are forced to look over their production. This to reach a higher competitive advantage and retain jobs nationally. The case study is based on the social problem of an rising unemployment while outsourcing is becoming increasingly popular for manufacturing companies in Sweden. The case company is a medical technology company that manufactures supplies articles to disinfection equipment. The case study brings up opinions about what is essential to study in a manufacturing company when a long-term decision on flow efficiency is to be taken. The study aims to create an understanding of how an internal production flow in a manufacturing company can achieve high efficiency. Estimation is to be created on how the actual internal production flow is different in relation to the flow that occurs when processes are transferred externally. The determining between producing internally or removing parts of production must include an review of the factors that affect the company's profitability. Initially it is essential for manufacturing companies to evaluate their current situation carefully to develop in the right direction in the future. A disposition model is presented after the theory chapter to structure the work and give the reader a clear view of the coming parts in the case study. At first the current situation of the case company is studied. After that the empirical data linked with the relevant theory becomes an analysis of the current state. The analysis is then discussed by a comparison of the two different flows using the TPS-house to include the relevant factors of lean production. Finally the comparison is evaluated and the factors that have the greatest impact on the company's decision making are clarified. The result that the case study has generated is that the essential factors affect each other and that a business should focus on reviewing the factors together, to achieve a desired production flow efficiency. The reviewing of factors generates a support if outsourcing should be applied in a future corporate development. It also shows how the employees of the company are affected by this choice.

No description available.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o processo de plasticização do amido via mistura física e por reação química para a produção de novos materiais. A plasticização via mistura física foi realizada empregando-se como agentes plasticização diferentes compostos hidroxilados. Os amidos termoplásticos (TPS) foram processadas em misturador intensivo a 150°C, a partir de misturas contendo de 15 a 40% de agente plasticizante. A plasticização via reação química foi realizada com isocianatos monofuncionais e difuncionais, os quais levaram a obtenção de produtos de enxertia e entrecruzamento, respectivamente. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados por difração de Raios X, Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Termogravimetria (TG), Análise Dinâmico-Mecânica (DMA), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (SEM) e Cromatografia de Permeação em Gel (HPSEC). O estudo dos diferentes plasticizantes propiciou a determinação das características que estas substâncias devem possuir para a preparação de amidos termoplásticos. O cisalhamento desenvolvido durante o processamento em misturador intensivo levou à perda da estrutura cristalina e à desestruturação dos grânulos de amido. O processamento do TPS em misturador intensivo não provoca mudanças significativas na massa molar do amido termoplasticizado. Os amidos termoplasticizados com sorbitol foram aqueles que apresentaram menores valores de absorção de água. Os valores de módulo de Young das amostras plasticizadas com propilenoglicol aumentaram com o aumento do conteúdo de plasticizante. Para as amostras plasticizadas com etilenoglicol o módulo aumenta até 30% de conteúdo de plasticizante, quando ocorre uma diminuição do valor do módulo. Os TPS plasticizados com propilenoglicol, 1, 4-butanodiol, sorbitol e dietilenoglicol apresentaram um aumento da temperatura de transição vítrea com o aumento do tero de plasticizante. Os diferentes TPS obtidos via mistura física apresentaram estabilidade térmica similares à exibida pelo amido in natura. As propriedades mecânicas destes materiais variaram de acordo com o tipo e a quantidade de plasticizante empregado. A análise dos produtos obtidos via reação química (amidos enxertados e entrecruzados) revelou que estas reações promoveram a desestruturação dos grânulos de amido e, independentemente do regente empregado, a modificação produziu derivados mais hidrofóbicos que o amido in natura. A reação do amido com o oligômero de poli-óxido de propileno tolueno di-isocianato permitiu a obtenção de um derivado com propriedades de material elastomérico e elevada capacidade de intumescimento. Os derivados enxertados ou entrecruzados apresentaram perda de cristalinidade, redução do caráter hidrofílico e estabilidades térmicas semelhantes à apresentada pelo amido in natura. / This main of this work was to study of the cornstarch granules plasticization by means of physical or chemical treatments in order to prepare new materials. The plasticization by physical processing was performed in an intensive mixer at 150°C using ditferent hydroxylated compounds as plasticizers. The production of thermoplastic starch (TPS) by chemical reaction was carried out using mono and di-isocyanates to obtain grafted and cross linked derivatives, respectively. All the products were characterized by X Ray Diffraction, Ditferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC). The utilization of ditferent plasticizer permitted determining which characteristics the substances must present to be used in the TPS preparation. The shear developed in the processing step lead to the loss of crystalline pattern and disruption of the starch granules. The utilization of intensive mixer does not produce significant changes in the molar mass of the thermoplastic starch. TPS produced using sorbitol as plasticizer presented the lowest level of water uptake. The valous of Young modulus for TPS produced with propylene glycol increased with the content of plasticizer. To samples produced with ethylene glycol the values of Young modulus increased until 30% and after the modulus decrease. TPS prepared with propylene glycol, 1, 4-butanediol, sorbitol and diethyleneglycol showed an increase in the glass transition temperature with the increase in the plasticizer content. The ditferent TPS produced by physical mixture shoed thermal stabilities similar to the one exhibited by in natura starch. The mechanical properties of these materials were dependent of the type and amount of plasticizer. The analysis of the derivatives obtained by chemical reaction (grafted and cross linked) revealed the occurrence of disruption of the starch granules and, independent1y of isocyanate, the products presented higher hydrophobic character than that one presented by in natura starch. By reaction starch with propylene toluene polyoxide oligomer, it was obtained a derivative with elastomeric properties and high swelling capability. The grafted or cross linked derivatives showed loss of crystallinity, decrease in hydrophilic character, and thermal stability similar to the one exhibited by in natura starch.

Examensarbetet har genomförts på den produktionstekniska avdelningen på Volvo Construction Equipment i Hallsberg.Syftet varatt ta fram ett nytt koncept för hyttsvetsproduktionen på fabriken;hur produktionsprocessen skulle kunna se ut i framtiden. Man vill göra flödet i linan mer effektivt med avseende på kvalitet, flexibilitet samt eliminera tidsslöseri som idag är ett problem.När fabriken påbörjade sin produktionproducerade man två olika varianter av hyttertill anläggningsmaskiner, idag har man ökat produktionen till fyra varianter. I takt med att varianter samt orderingång ökat har man byggt på befintlig produktionslina istället för att utveckla en ny, anpassadlinafördet nya läget. Resultatet har blivit att maxkapaciteten är nådd och linan klarar inte att hantera en planerad produktionsökning. En grundlig analys av hyttsvetsprocessen, innehållande intervjuer med bland andra platschef, teknisk chef och flera tekniker genfördes för att få förståelse för processen. Övrig information såsom effektivitetsmätningar på utrustning, värdeflödesanalyser och avvikelserapportering har funnits tillgängligt och legat till grund för arbetet. Toyota Production System och Lean har studerats ingående och principermed utgångspunkt ur dessa filosofier hartagits fram. Dessa anser jagsom en viktig grund för en lyckad förändring i produktionen. Principerna behandlar bland annat delarna JIT, Heijunka, eliminera slöseri ochKanban. Dessa återkopplas och integreras i ett nytt koncept innehållande två olika förslag på ny layout för produktionsprocessen. / This thesis has been conducted atthe department of production engineering at Volvo Construction Equipment in Hallsberg. The aim was to develop a new concept for cab welding production at the factory, whata future production line could look like. VCE want to make the production flow more efficient in terms of quality, flexibility and eliminate time waste which currently is a problem. When the production first started, the company produced two different types of cabs for construction equipment; today that number has gone up to four types of cabs. As typesof cabsand production increasedone has simply expandedthe existing production line instead of developing a new line, custom built tofitthe newstate. The result is that the maximum capacity is reached and the line cannot handle a planned increase in production. A thorough analysis of the cab welding process has been conducted containing interviews with, among others, the sitemanager, technical manager and several technicians, to gain understanding of the process. Other information, such as efficiency measurement on equipment, value stream mapping and deviation reports has been available andhasbeen the basis for the thesis. TPS and Lean have been studied extensively and principles based on these philosophies have been developed. These I consider an essential foundation for a successful change in the production. The principles includes, amongst other,JIT,Heijunka, eliminate waste and Kanban. These are reconnectedand integrated into a new concept containing two different proposals for a new layout for the production process.

Práce se zabývá modelováním a simulací výrobních systémů řízených principem tahu (kanban, CONWIP). Analyzuje vzájemný vztah průtoku, operačních zásob a doby výroby. Zohledňuje stochastické vlivy a variabilitu procesů. Teoretické základy jsou aplikovány na příkladu výrobní linky CP1H ve společnosti Bosch Diesel.

The aim of this work is to analyze the effectiveness of processes and administration in a particular project in the company of engineering sector and to suggest possible measures to help the company become lean. The theoretical part presents the issue of lean management, describes its history and basic elements, corporate culture and also the philosophy of the Toyota Production System. This thesis also describes in detail particular methodological tools, including Kaizen philosophy, furthermore there is mentioned the theory of lean office. The practical part begins with introduction of the company and with the analysis of the current situation of innovation activities in the company. In the next chapter, there is described in detail the project in production shop, waste analysis and overall project analysis is made. The following is a summary of outputs, evaluation of the state and proposal of measures for the future periods.

The thesis deals with approaches to improving processes and with application of one to a selected production process. Currently, streamlining processes is of interest to many companies, not only manufacturing ones. The relevance of the topic is also evidenced by the number of publications devoted to this very issue. The aim of the thesis is to propose improvements in manufacturing processes in the welding shop through Jiskuhen activities used in Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech s.r.o. The first part of the thesis defines terms related to processes and their management, followed by description of some of the widely used improvement approaches and their basic assumptions. The other part of the thesis focuses on the description of Jishuken activities and their subsequent practical application within the company. The thesis offers concrete proposals for improving processes and also recommendations for the management of these activities. This thesis demonstrates the philosophy of continuous improvement in the company, which serves as a reference point for other companies in the area of streamlining of processes.