This diploma thesis explores the area of sexuality of older people, summarizes previously published theoretical knowledge in this area and is complemented by empirical research. It deals with aging and outlines the changes that may occur in humans during this process, especially in terms of development and transformation of sexuality. This thesis also pursues the perception of senior sexuality by his surroundings and the general public. This thesis also partially covers the issue of institutional care for the elderly. Objective: Mapping of senior population's behaviors and attitudes towards sex and their comparison across genders. Methods: Research conducted by a quantitative survey. Processing and interpretation of data regarding to the relevant age groups, which are based on a survey of sexual behavior carried out in 2013 and guaranteed by Prof. PhDr. Petr Weiss, Ph.D. a Doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Zvěřina, CSc. from the Institute of Sexology, 1st Faculty of Medicine at Charles University, Results: More than a half of the senior population in the Czech Republic does not feel the need to sexually realize themselves. For women this phenomenon is represented more strongly than for men. If older people are living in a stable relationship, they are more likely to keep active sexual life. The average frequency...

In thesis "Explicit depictions of contemporary Japanese literature" I deal with contemporary prose literature describing problems of nowadays Japanese society. In the first part I define taboo and chose suitable novels for the need of this work. I focus on different types of characters - freeters, foreigners, social outsiders and victims. Next I take Murakami Ry's literature as an example of explicit depictions and show different ways of processing and various topics chosen by the author. Then I compare and contrast his work with selected prose of younger writer Kanehara Hitomi, who represents the literature of female authors in contemporary Japan. In conclusion I discuss the aesthetic function of literature of explicit depictions and its position in the field of art. By comparing and contrasting the various novels I reach my own characteristic of contemporary Japanese literature of explicit depictions.

This thesis is concerned with the correlation between cultural values and the semantic content of words over time; toward this purpose, the research focuses on Judeo-Christian religious terminology in the English language. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is of central interest to this study, and the implications of the hypothesis, including a bidirectional interpretation allowing for both the influence of language on worldview and culture on language, is of great relevance to the research findings and conclusions. The paper focuses on the etymology and sources of religious terminology in the English language, the prominent category of terms with both religious and secular applications attained through semantic shift, and the role of religious words as English taboo. The research findings imply that a bidirectional understanding of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the correct one. This is achieved both through analysis of historical events and linguistic development which emphasize the speaker's role in language development and through the study of societal values that are reinforced through linguistic practices, namely taboo.

<p>All languages have words that are considered taboo – words that are not supposed to be said or used. Taboo words, or swearwords, can be used in many different ways and they can have different meanings depending on what context they appear in. Another aspect of taboo words is the euphemisms that are used in order to avoid obscene speech. This paper will focus on x-words, words like the f-word or the c-word, which replace the words fuck or cunt, but as the study will show they also have other meanings and usages.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is also to investigate the significance of taboo words and their usage in English, as well as research on how they are used, or not used, in media. The aim is to examine how x-words are used in the British newspapers the Guardian and the Observer by using corpus searches.</p><p>The results show that there are several ways of using x-words, and that using them in order to show that a word either is taboo, or has become taboo in a certain context, is the most common way. It is also clear that x-words can represent many different words, and not only words that are generally considered taboo.</p>

<p>Language and gender is one of the most intriguing and interesting areas in sociolinguistic study. It investigates how men and women (or boys and girls) use language differently in social contexts.</p><p>Extensive study and research has been carried out in this field, particularly in regard to the English language. Eminent linguists such as Ronald Wardhaugh, David Crystal, Ralph Fasold, and Deborah Tannen have studied varying male-female use of the English language. They have also attempted comparison with other languages and cultures. Wardhaugh, for instance, has studied male-female use of language in English, American-Indian languages (such as Gros Ventre), Asian and Oriental languages (Yukaghir, Japanese) among others, and his findings have become the subject of several of his published works.</p><p>In their investigations they have found that almost invariably, the way men use language shows them to be socially dominant over women. This persists even in such cases as in the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar, where men display linguistic characteristics more popularly associated with women and vice versa (Wardhaugh).</p><p>This paper seeks to determine whether men use language to dominate women among the Kikuyu ethnic group of Kenya, East Africa, to which I belong. Areas such as terms used to refer to men and women, taboo language and language use in marital situations are examined, among others. I also attempt to find out what influence this has had on English spoken in Kenya.</p>

Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία, αρχικά, γίνεται λόγος για τα γενικά τυπικά χαρακτηριστικά που διέπουν το άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο, κυρίως της Ελληνικής. Στη συνέχεια, επιχειρείται μια μορφολογική ανάλυση των συστατικών που χρησιμοποιούνται για τον σχηματισμό των λέξεων του άσεμνου λεξιλογίου. Ωστόσο, βασικός στόχος είναι η διερεύνηση των σημασιολογικών και πραγματολογικών χαρακτηριστικών που διέπουν αυτό το ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρον τμήμα του λεξιλογίου μας. Παράλληλα, ασχολούμαι με περιπτώσεις υποκορισμού ή μεγέθυνσης μέσα στο άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο, με τους μηχανισμούς δανεισμού, με φαινόμενα ευφημισμού και δυσφημισμού και άλλα. Αναλυτικότερα, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, το οποίο λειτουργεί ως εναρκτήριο στάδιο ένταξης στο αντικείμενο μελέτης της εργασίας, παρουσιάζω τα περιθωριακά ιδιώματα της ελληνικής καθώς και τη δομή και λειτουργία των ειδικών λεξιλογίων στα οποία εντάσσεται και το προς εξέταση λεξιλόγιο. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου εξετάζω τις διαδικασίες και τους μηχανισμούς δανεισμού που υιοθετούνται για την εισαγωγή νέων λέξεων στην Ελληνική από άλλες γλώσσες, οι οποίες επηρέασαν και εμπλούτισαν με αυτόν τον τρόπο το άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο ασχολούμαι με τις διαδικασίες σχηματισμού των λημμάτων του άσεμνου λεξιλογίου. Μορφολογικές διαδικασίες σχηματισμού λέξεων όπως είναι η παραγωγή και η σύνθεση, αλλά και δομές όπως οι συμφυρμοί, λεξικοποιημένες εκφράσεις κ. ά, θα με απασχολήσουν ιδιαίτερα στο κεφάλαιο αυτό. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο είναι αφιερωμένο στις εννοιακές σχέσεις, στις σχέσεις δηλαδή των λέξεων με άλλες λέξεις, με τις οποίες σχετίζονται. Το βασικό θεωρητικό πρότυπο πάνω στο οποίο θα βασιστώ για την ανάλυση της λεξικής σημασιολογίας είναι αυτό που προτείνεται από τον Cruse (1986, 2004). Εννοιακές σχέσεις, όπως αυτή της πολυσημίας, της συνωνυμίας, της μετωνυμίας, της μερωνυμίας και της μεταφοράς θα με απασχολήσουν ιδιαίτερα. Στη συνέχεια, στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο με τίτλο «Άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο και Πραγματολογία» αφού αναφερθώ στα κίνητρα που ωθούν στην χρήση αυτού του λεξιλογίου, θα εξετάσω τις λειτουργίες και τη χρήση των λέξεων αυτών μέσα σε συγκεκριμένα εκφωνήματα. Το περιβάλλον μέσα στο οποίο εμφανίζονται οι λέξεις αυτές αλλά και οι διαφορετικοί πολιτισμοί και η νοοτροπία των ομιλητών, όπως θα δούμε στο κεφάλαιο αυτό παίζει πολύ σημαντικό ρόλο. Ολοκληρώνοντας, θα επικεντρωθώ σε λέξεις που χαρακτηρίζονται ως άσεμνες και μπορούν να θεωρηθούν, με βάση πραγματολογικές μελέτες (μεταξύ αυτών Fraser, 2008) ότι λειτουργούν ως δείκτες οργάνωσης λόγου και συγκεκριμένα ως δείκτες προσοχής (attention markers). / Words are extremely important to people. They constitute a means of communication. It is through them that we express our thoughts, feelings and emotions. They are an integral part of our everyday life and they are with us wherever we go. Every word, of any kind, deserves our full attention and needs to be studied, no matter what kind of vocabulary it may be part of. The present thesis is about a very vibrant and expressive part of our language. It concerns “obscene vocabulary”, a domain on which very few scientific studies have been carried out to date. In this thesis I decided to examine the morphological, semantic and pragmatic aspects of the “obscene vocabulary” of the Modern Greek language. In the first chapter, I present the “marginal” jargons of the Modern Greek language, of which “obscene vocabulary” constitutes a part, based on the existing literature so far. Moreover, I propose an appropriate classification of the Greek data, based on Jay (1997). I also look into cases of euphemisms and calumny, and the way they are used in Modern Greek. In addition, I present some cases of loans concerning not only words, but expressions and even affixes coming from other languages as well. Loans and calques seem to constitute a great part of the Greek “obscene vocabulary”, most of them coming from Italian, French and Turkish. The second chapter is about the way that words and expressions of the “obscene vocabulary” are formed. It seems that this kind of vocabulary is highly productive in compound words. What is more, some prefixes and suffixes of the “purist Greek” which are not very productive in the Modern Greek common vocabulary, combined with popular words, they are frequently used to form “obscene” words, resulting in funny word formations. It should be noted here, that the formation of such words is subject to the same constraints as the rest of the vocabulary of the Modern Greek language. Finally, I look into compound expressions, lexicalized phrases, blends and the diminutive and augmentative suffixes and prefixes which are used in order to make a word sound less offensive, more familiar and even positive. The third chapter consists of a semantic analysis of the “obscene vocabulary” of the Modern Greek language, based on Cruse (1986, 2004) and Veloudis (2005). I look into polysemous and synonymous pairs of words and also into notions such as meronymy, metonymy and metaphors, concerning mostly parts of the human body. Finally, I try to analyze the pragmatic aspects of the Greek “obscene vocabulary” This field concerns the circumstances in which this kind of vocabulary is used, human communication, the intonation and the gestures that accompany the use of “obscene vocabulary” and every possible kind of social and psychological reasons, as well as the motives that make someone use this kind of vocabulary. Different languages reflect different cultures and have a different degree and way of using “obscene vocabulary”.

Submitted by Flavia Seregati (flavia_seregati@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-04T14:53:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Flávia Seregati.pdf: 1579174 bytes, checksum: 1384eea7c92c97b5d09931d11d36e9e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-04-04T17:32:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 seregati_f_me_sjrp.pdf: 1590112 bytes, checksum: c93884131e037c302862396df9fd4bd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T17:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 seregati_f_me_sjrp.pdf: 1590112 bytes, checksum: c93884131e037c302862396df9fd4bd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a investigação do léxico em romances policiais, com vistas a detectar e analisar a incidência de fatores pragmáticos na tradução (espanhol-português) de lexias simples e complexas, especificamente as consideradas tabus linguísticos. Como corpus de pesquisa elaboramos o MVM 4 composto pelas obras em espanhol, Milenio Carvalho I. Rumbo a Kabul e Milenio Carvalho II. Rumbo a las antípodas de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán e sua tradução para o português Milênio. Tendo como base a Lexicologia e a Pragmática, nosso estudo foi fundamentado no contexto do romance policial em que as lexias tabus foram encontradas. Assim, para o levantamento das unidades lexicais tabus (ULTs) utilizamos o método manual, dado que se fez necessário compreender o âmbito em que a lexia está inserida para que fosse possível classificá-la em uma das esferas de motivação de uso propostas. Desse modo, a análise das ULTs, iniciou-se após a separação das lexias conforme as cinco esferas de motivação de uso, de maneira que pudéssemos estabelecer uma relação entre as obras em espanhol e sua respectiva tradução para o português, atentando para as relações eufemísticas e disfemísticas presentes na tradução. Com foco nas ULTs e com base no modelo de divisão por esferas, proposto por Simão e Seregati (2016), foram examinadas as motivações de uso mais frequentes das ULTs, os recursos eufemísticos e disfemísticos utilizados na tradução das lexias tabu, as relações entre os eufemismos e os disfemismos e as esferas em que estão inseridas e, por fim, discutimos e propusemos a ampliação do modelo de divisão por esferas proposto por Simão e Seregati (2016). / This research aims to study the taboo lexicon in detective novels in order to observe and analyze the incidence of pragmatics factors in the translation (SpanishPortuguese) of simple and complex words, specifically the ones that are considered linguistic taboos. For this purpose, the MVM 4 has been created as a research corpus, being composed by the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the following Manuel Vázquez Montalbán's works: Milenio Carvalho I. Rumbo a Kabul and Milenio Carvalho II. Rumbo a las antípodas. Based on Lexicology and Pragmatics, this study was founded on the context of the detective novel in which the taboo lexicons were observed. Thus, a manual method was used for the taboo lexicons (ULTs) assessment, since it was necessary to understand the scope in which the lexicon was inserted, so that it could be classified in one of the proposed categories. Therefore, the analysis of the ULTs began after the lexicons were classified according to the taboo lexicon division of the use motives into five categories and in such a way that a relation between the novels in Spanish and their respective translations in Portuguese was established, highlighting the euphemistic and dysphemistic relations in the translation. Focusing on the ULTs and based on the division model proposed by Simão and Seregati (2016), the most frequent motives for the use of ULTs have been investigated, as well as the euphemistic and dysphemistic strategies used in the translation of taboo lexicons, the relation between euphemisms and dysphemism, and the categories in which they are inserted. And finally, after a discussion, an increase of the motives division model proposed by Simão and Seregati (2016).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:44:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 736507 bytes, checksum: df36e3366c420e196ca52c0ecaa60782 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / This work, which is inserted in the theoretical and methodological framework of Discourse Analysis of science communication and associated with the Theory of Representations, aims to analyze the linguistic and discursive processing of information on thematic topics traditionally seen as taboo, those ones related to sexual issues that represent man and woman, and published during the year 2008 in Superinteressante, a Brazilian magazine of scientific dissemination; highlighting how knowledge is socially represented when considering the editorial line of the magazine. The results of our analysis show that the Superinteressante promotes a closer relation between the scientific-technical information and the typical concepts of the usual social relationships, advertising and, at the same time, fostering the curiosity about the knowledge that involves human sexual aspects. However, the magazine in question does not seem to be just a vehicle for dissemination of knowledge whose only scope is to make information more accessible, but rather, it demonstrates its communicative purpose is to be ironic about topics considered taboo, longing for a greater identification with their readership. Thus, the language of Superinteressante is not simply constituted of a divulgation record to the general public, but of a facetious language that informs and educates the reader on some knowledge of scientific feature, through anecdotes and humorous language games. / Este trabalho, inserido no quadro teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso da Divulgação Científica, associado à Teoria das Representações Sociais, busca analisar o tratamento linguístico-discursivo das informações acerca de tópicos temáticos tradicionalmente vistos como tabu relacionados a questões sexuais que representam o homem e a mulher, publicados durante o ano de 2008, na revista brasileira de divulgação científica, a Superinteressante, destacando-se como o conhecimento em questão é representado socialmente ao se considerar a linha editorial da revista. Os resultados de nossa análise comprovam que a Superinteressante promove a aproximação entre a informação técnica-científica e as concepções típicas das relações sociais habituais, divulgando e, ao mesmo tempo, fomentando a curiosidade em relação ao conhecimento que envolve os aspectos sexuais humanos. Entretanto, a revista em análise não parece ser apenas um veículo de difusão de conhecimento cujo único escopo seja tornar a informação mais acessível; ao contrário, demonstra ter como propósito comunicativo ironizar temas de caráter científico considerados tabu, em vista de uma maior identificação com seu público leitor. Assim, a linguagem da Superinteressante não é simplesmente constituída de um registro divulgativo destinado ao público geral, mas de uma linguagem chistosa que (in)forma o leitor sobre certos conhecimentos de caráter científico, por meio de anedotas e jogos de linguagem jocosos.

Bakgrund: Outhärdlig psykisk smärta, bristande livslust och suicid är ett folkhälsoproblem. Tidigare studier visar att det finns många faktorer som förhöjer risken för suicid. Dock finns det inte i samma utsträckning kunskap om de faktorerna som skyddar mot suicid. Genom ökad kunskap om de skyddande faktorerna mot suicid kan även ökad resiliens skapas inför framtida utmaningar. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva de skyddande faktorer som kan stärka livskraften hos suicidnära personer. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie av tio studier med kvalitativ ansats användes. Dataanalysen genomfördes utifrån Evans beskrivande metod.  Resultat: Tre teman identifierades som skyddande faktorer för suicidnära personer: Kontakt, Vändpunkter och Coping. Tio subteman identifierades: Kontakt: familj och vänner, kontakt med sig själv, kontakt med en gud, andra gemenskaper; Vändpunkter: nya insikter, känsla av delaktighet; Coping: framtida mål, förebild, hälsosamt beteende, lidande och suicidtankar som coping.  Diskussion: Sjuksköterskans uppgift är att värna om livet, lindra lidande, ingjuta hopp, främja hälsa och in i det längsta förstärka livskraften hos patienten. Kunskap från den vårdvetenskapliga forskningen med avseende på bemötande och skyddande faktorer i samband med suicidalitet kan bidra till ny kunskap av vikt inom psykiatriskomvårdnad. / Background: Unbearable psychological pain, lack of desire to live and suicide are public health problems. Earlier studies have shown that there are many factors that increase the risk for suicide. The field of research in protective factors for suicide has been rather unexplored, in comparison. By increasing the knowledge the protective factors there can be an increased resilience before future challenges in psychiatric care.   Aim: The purpose of the present study was to describe the protective factors that can strengthen the viability in suicidal persons.  Method: A systematic review of literature of ten studies with qualitative approach was used. Data analysis was performed based on the descriptive method invented by Evans.  Results: Three themes where identified as protective factors for suicidal persons: Contact, Turning points and Coping. For each theme, different subthemes has been identified: Contact: family and friends, contact with oneself, spiritual contact, other communities; Turning points: new insights, participation; Coping: future goals, role model, healthy behaviour, suffering and suicidal thoughts as coping. Discussion: The nurse’s role is to protect life itself, to ease suffering, to instil hope, to promote health and into the longest increase the viability in suicidal patients. The psychiatric care needs to assimilate new knowledge from the Science of care in terms of treatment of patients and protective factors. Furthermore, to better understand the psychology of suicide and to counteract taboo, which still revolves around suicide.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T11:00:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3044439 bytes, checksum: 6b60355b6db30d425cc3768f536b5a5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T11:00:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3044439 bytes, checksum: 6b60355b6db30d425cc3768f536b5a5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22 / There is nothing new about the use of swearwords in human language. In fact, it is believed that swearing is as old as language itself. Studies about swearing, as well as personal experience, show us that this type of language produces a emotional impact that can have both positive and negative effects. Despite its ubiquitous presence in the speech of Brazilians, few linguistic studies have been produced on the subject. Therefore, the present work aims at mapping out the attitudes of college students that frequent Praça da Alegria in regards to swearwords and the influence that social, conversational, emotional, as well as identity factors have in their day-to-day use. According to the existing literature on language attitudes, it is not unusual to encounter gaps or inconsistencies in relation to the language attitudes professed by individuals and what they actually do when they speak (language behavior). Studies show that this contradiction result from the influence of external factors such as context, interlocutor type, place, etc., as well as internal factors such as beliefs, emotions, intentions, etc. Thus, in order to understand the relation between attitudes held about swearwords and swearing in day-to-day social interaction, we have conducted this sociolinguistic research. The present study is of a qualitative nature and is based primarily on an Interactional Sociolinguistic and Ethnography of Communication framework. The corpus used is comprised of data collected from 29 college students at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (the Federal University of Paraíba) in a recreational area known as Praça da Alegria, using three methods: questionnaires, direct (non-participant) observation and semi-structured interviews. After that, the data was analysed in accordance to the concepts found in Language Attitude theory, as well as Accommodation Theory; and then triangulated in order to guarantee more precise and reliable results. As a result, it was found that: 1) the idea of the meaning of the term swearword, in fact, varied from person to person, nevertheless, there was, in general, a difference between the meaning of the terms swearword and offensive word; 2) the degree of offensiveness of a word is subject to individual opinion; 3) the more offensive a word was considered to be, the less frequently it was said to get used; and 4) social, conversational, emotional and identity factors, in fact, influenced considerably the individuals decision to use or not use this type of language. / O uso de palavrões não é algo novo no comportamento linguístico humano. Na verdade, acredita-se que eles são tão antigos quanto a própria linguagem. Estudos mostram que esse tipo de linguagem produz um forte impacto emocional que pode gerar tanto efeitos positivos, quanto negativos. Apesar de sua ubíqua presença na fala dos brasileiros, poucos estudos linguísticos foram produzidos sobre o assunto no Brasil. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo mapear as atitudes dos estudantes universitários frequentadores da Praça da Alegria relacionadas a palavrões e à influência que os fatores sociais, conversacionais, emocionais e de identidade exercem no seu uso cotidiano. De acordo com a literatura existente sobre atitudes linguísticas, não é incomum que constatemos uma lacuna no que diz respeito às atitudes professadas pelos indivíduos sobre certas línguas ou aspectos da linguagem, e o seu uso propriamente dito (comportamento linguístico). Estudos mostram que essa incoerência resulta da influência de fatores externos tais como contexto, tipo de interlocutor, local, etc., bem como fatores internos tais como crenças, emoções, intenções, etc. Assim sendo, a fim de melhor entender a relação entre atitudes sobre palavrões e o seu uso em interações sociais do dia-a-dia, realizamos essa investigação sociolinguística. O presente estudo é predominantemente qualitativo e foi fundamentado principalmente no aporte teórico da Sociolinguística Interacional e da Etnografia da Comunicação. O corpus utilizado foi composto de dados coletados entre 29 estudantes universitários em uma área de lazer conhecida como Praça da Alegria, situada na Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), por meio de três métodos: questionário, observação não-participante e entrevista semiestruturada. Posteriormente, foram analisados os dados relacionados aos conceitos referentes as atitudes linguísticas e a Teoria da Acomodação, que por fim foram triangulados no intuito de garantir resultados mais precisos e confiáveis. Como resultado dessa pesquisa, foi constatado que: 1) a noção do significado do termo palavrão, de fato, varia de pessoa para pessoa, não obstante, existe, de modo geral, uma diferença entre a noção dos termos palavrão e palavra ofensiva; 2) o grau de ofensividade de uma palavra é sujeito à opinião do indivíduo; 3) quanto mais ofensiva uma palavra, menos usada ela é; e 4) os fatores sociais, conversacionais, emocionais e de identidade, de fato, influenciam consideravelmente na decisão do indivíduo de usar (ou não) esse tipo de linguajar.