O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da autofala na aprendizagem motora. A tarefa utilizada foi o forehand do tênis de campo. Oitenta e quatro universitários foram divididos em cinco grupos experimentais e um controle (n = 14). Dentre os grupos experimentais um deles utilizou-se de quatro dicas para direcionamento da atenção a elementos-chave da rebatida, os demais fizeram uso de apenas uma das quatro dicas (bola, quique, bater, pronto), já o grupo controle recebeu somente instruções gerais fornecidas a todos os participantes. Na fase de aquisição todos os grupos realizaram 180 rebatidas divididas em 60 por dia. Em seguida, eles realizaram um teste de transferência contendo 10 rebatidas com mudança da direção do outro alvo e, após 5 dias, um teste de retenção contendo 10 rebatidas nas mesmas condições da fase de aquisição. A variável dependente foi o acerto ao alvo localizado na quadra adversária. Os resultados mostraram que todos os grupos melhoraram os desempenhos na fase de aquisição, os quais foram mantidos nos testes de transferência e retenção. Entretanto, não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos. Concluiu-se que as aprendizagens do forehand com e sem a autofala apresentaram efeitos similares. E, ainda, que a autofala sobre quatro aspectos da tarefa foi similar àquelas com autofala de apenas um aspecto / The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of self-talk on the motor learning. The task was the forehand of the tennis. Eighty-four students were divided into five experimental groups and one control group (n = 14). One of the experimental groups used four cues for directing attention to key elements of forehand. The other groups have made use of only one of the four cues (ball, bounce, hit, ready), and the control group received only general instructions. In the acquisition phase all groups performed 180 trials which were divided into 60 per day. Then they performed a transfer test of 10 trials involving a shift in the target direction and, after 5 days a retention test was run with ten trials in the same conditions of the acquisition phase. The dependent variable was the hit to the target located in the opponent\'s court. The results showed that all groups improved their performances in the acquisition phase, which were kept in the retention and transfer tests. However, no differences were found between groups. It was concluded that the learning of the forehand with and without self-talk showed similar effects. And, that self-talk of four aspects of the task was similar to those with self-talk of only one aspect

In two-way radio systems, talk groups are used to organize communication. Some situations may call for creating a temporary talk group, but there are no straightforward ways to do this. Making a new talk group requires programming radios off-line. Temporary groups can be created, but this requires inputting radio IDs which is tedious on a radio's limited controls. By describing group members using attributes, ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) can be used to quickly create sub-groups of a talk group. This scheme requires fewer button presses and messages sent in the new talk group are kept secret. CP-ABE can be used on deployed hardware, but performance varies with the type of embedded processor and the number of attributes used. Because radio communication is time-critical, care must be taken not to introduce too much audio delay. By using benchmark programs on a variety of single-board computers, we explore the limits of using CP-ABE on a two-way radio.

This study analyzes the register of television sports announcers in Major League Soccer broadcasts, based on six 20-minute transcription samples. The first part considers individual linguistic features and inquires whether they fulfill a communicative function or whether they are of stylistic nature. In an effort to attract more viewers in the United States, production companies had originally adopted the duality model of a play-by-play announcer and a color commentary from other American sports, while many other countries traditionally feature only one commentator. Consequently, the second part of this discourse analysis will focus on the cooperative interactional behavior. The conclusion will be drawn that the register of live action announcing, in contrast to halftime as well as pre- and post-game reporting, is based on cooperative principles. Moreover, both the individual and the collaborative linguistic variables mostly reflect an effort to protect one’s own and the colleague’s public image.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in parent-child interactions when they played the same numeracy-related game using two formats, a technology-based electronic format and a non-technology traditional board format. It aimed at unpacking the game format effect on parent-child interactions in early home numeracy activities. A mixed-method study with an embedded design was conducted to approach the research questions. In the repeated-measures experiment, 39 parent-preschooler dyads played the same numeracy-related game – The Game of the Goose – using both an electronic format and a board format. The videos of all the play sessions were the data source. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. The quantitative analysis was the primary focus. The videos of parent-child play were coded using two pre-determined coding schemes, Parental Scaffolding Behavior and Mathematical Talk. Two repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were conducted respectively for each coding scheme. The qualitative analysis of the 30% selected dyads played a supportive role to further explore the similarities and nuanced differences in parents’ performance of each coded scaffolding behavior across the two formats. The MANOVA for Parental Scaffolding Behaviors showed that the game format had a significant effect on seven of the twelve coded behaviors. The frequencies of Affirmation/Encouragement, Explanation, Inquiry, Re-representation, Modeling, Correction/Disaffirmation, and Physical Control were significantly higher in the board game condition compared in the electronic game condition. The MANOVA for Mathematical Talk revealed an interaction between the game format and the player on Naming Numbers. Both parents and children engaged in more statements about naming numbers in the board condition compared to the electronic condition, but the difference across the two game formats was bigger for parents than for children. In terms of the main effect of game format, the frequencies of Counting, Using Spatial Words and Estimating were significantly higher in the board game condition compared to the electronic game condition. Themes from qualitative analysis revealed parents’ different roles when using the two game formats, as well as the affordances of each format and their influence on parental scaffold behaviors. Interpretations of the results and findings about the game format effect were provided through the lens of sociocultural perspectives and affordances. This study enlarged the understanding of parent-child interaction in early numeracy activities. The findings offered implications for how to help preschoolers develop early numerical skills using different tools and how to design effective learning products for early numeracy using the features of different formats.

Phénomène apparu à la fin des années quatre-vingt avec l’animateur Rush Limbaugh, le talk-show radiophonique conservateur américain a joué un rôle important dans la vie politique du pays. Cette recherche en retrace les différentes phases de 1988 à 2010 pour lui rendre sa place dans l’histoire politique américaine des dernières. Elle défend la thèse que le talk-show radiophonique conservateur a constitué un puissant instrument de contestation et a joué un rôle historique dans la reconquête du pouvoir par les Républicains.Dans un premier temps, le contexte politique et médiatique de la résurgence du conservatisme dans les années soixante est revisité pour situer le talk-show radiophonique dans la tradition communicationnelle du mouvement conservateur et défendre l’idée que l’émergence du phénomène en tant que force politique au début des années 1990 constitue « le deuxième rendez-vous des conservateurs avec les médias alternatifs »Dans un deuxième temps, la recherche se propose d’analyser les phases et cycles du talk-show conservateur dans son âge d’or ainsi que les figures de ses éditocrates dominants. Il s’agit d’établir que le contournement des médias de référence par le talk-show s’est opéré en tandem avec l’élite républicaine au moyen d’une « relation spéciale » qui s’est nouée au cours de la campagne présidentielle de 1992 et renforcée très nettement au cours du premier mi-mandat de Bill Clinton. Afin de définir ces phases, la recherche s’appuie sur Rush Limbaugh comme figure fondatrice du genre, puis se concentre sur Hannity, Ingraham et Savage, nouveaux animateurs d’envergure nationale qui émergent au tournant du siècle. Dans un dernier temps, la forme et le contenu du talk-show radiophonique sont explorés afin de mettre en évidence les modalités de la contestation. La thèse se concentre sur l’analyse du dispositif et la rhétorique des talk-shows à proprement parler, en se focalisant sur ceux qui ont façonné le genre et sa notoriété. Elle analyse le discours des quatre animateurs de manière comparative afin de montrer que les talk-shows radiophoniques conservateurs déploient une stratégie de « contenu sur mesure ». / A new media genre that appeared in the late eighties, conservative talk radio in the US has played a significant role in the country’s politics. This research explores the history of the medium from 1988 to 2010. It argues that, throughout the period, conservative talk radio has been a powerful instrument of dissent and has played a very significant role in the Republican ascendancy of the mid-1990s. First, this research revisits the political and media context of the resurgence of conservatism in the 1960s in order to situate the genre in the communication tradition of the conservative movement and entertain the argument that the emergence of conservative talk radio as a political force in the early nineties represents “conservatives’ second rendezvous with alternative media.”Second, this dissertation analyses the phases of conservative talk radio during its golden age as well as its dominant pundits. It argues that conservative talk radio shows circumvented traditional media by establishing a “special relationship” with the Republican establishment as early as Bill Clinton’s first presidential campaign in 1992. In order to define such phases, this research focuses on Rush Limbaugh as the founding figure of the genre and then concentrates on Sean Hannity, Laura Ingraham and Michael Savage, the new hosts who emerged at the turn of the century. Last, the form and content of conservative talk radio programs are explored in order to show how dissent is engineered. This research then analyzes the apparatus and rhetoric of the programs, focusing on those that shaped the genre and made it famous. It explores the content of the four shows comparatively in order to demonstrate that the hosts unfurl a strategy of “tailored content.”

This study examines and describes the nature of questioning moves used by two exemplary fourth-grade teachers during reading instruction. Questioning moves are defined in this study as the ways in which teachers use scaffolding questions to engage students in talk about text. Another point of interest in this study was to determine how teachers perceive the influence of instructional materials on the language they use to engage students in talk about text. This study was situated within a constructivist paradigm of inquiry and drew from the case study tradition for its design. Naturalistic methods of data collection were employed including transcripts of teacher and student talk, field notes, videotapes, and interviews with the teachers. Data analysis was conducted in two stages. First data were analyzed separately within each case to locate emerging patterns to build each teacher's profile. Then data were juxtaposed for the purpose of comparison to illuminate similarities and differences in patterns that cut across cases. In general, results show that while questioning moves used by exemplary fourth-grade teachers are different, they are simple and subtle. The questioning moves used provided scaffolding for the purpose of increasing the students' responsibility for constructing meaning from text and signaled teachers' high expectations in their students' ability to read and interact with text. Teachers' use of questioning moves was determined by the instructional focus and hinged on the nature, intensity, and support of their professional development opportunities and experiences. Additional findings, indirectly related to teachers' use of questioning moves, and the influences on their use, were themed around the nature of attention that teachers gave to their classroom environment and instructional design. Implications of the results of this study for reading teachers and educators are themed around issues of professional development and time.

No description available.

Social knowledge about food was investigated from a social contingency perspective (Guerin, 1994, 1998, 2004), a functional linguistic approach that considers language use having functions both to establish 'facts' in order to control listeners, and to maintain social relationships with words. In Study 1, whether people shared knowledge about food or not was examined. One hundred and fourteen New Zealand and 23 Japanese participants were asked to answer free format questionnaires asking the reasons they and others eat or do not eat particular food items. Those answers were categorised into 8 categories and 30 sub-categories of the knowledge about foods by qualitative content analysis. The results of a cluster analysis of those categories showed that participants used the categories homogeneously although there were some differences between New Zealand and Japanese participants, and that the participants selectively used different types of knowledge according to food items especially when explaining why people do or do not eat some foods. In Study 2, rhetorical features about foods were investigated: (1) numerical quantification rhetoric; (2) narrative use rhetoric; and (3) enumeration rhetoric. Factual statements from a corpus of 118 New Zealand TV commercials and 249 Japanese TV commercials were coded by the categories generated in Study 1. The results showed that the categories of factual statements were selectively used on TV commercials depending on the food types, and related closely to the results of Study 1. The rhetorical strategies appeared in commercials according to the categories of factual statements. When more than one factual statement was presented in a commercial, the relations of the factual statements were usually of a conjunctive form such as quotfact A however fact Bquot or quotfact A moreover fact Bquot, or else the factual statements were presented independently rather than the one statement logically warranting the other. These results suggest that those rhetoric uses and the arrangements of the factual statements were selectively used according to the effectiveness against counter arguments using shared knowledge. Study 3 and Study 4 analysed the functions of shared knowledge about food for maintaining social relationships through investigating the cases in which knowledge about foods presented as the form of 'collaborative talk', which occurs when one speaker completes the preceding saying by another speaker. In Study 3, the collaborative talk as sentence completions of knowledge about food was qualitatively analysed from conversations of 30 to 45 minutes produced by four groups consisting of four or five Japanese participants who were friends. From a social contingency view, the analysis focused on the following conversational properties: (1) who the listener was; (2) the degree of sharing of the information between the speakers; (3) the degree of sharing of the information between the 2nd speaker and the listener; and (4) the disagreement between the 2nd speaker and the listener. The results of Study 3 suggested some possible functions of sentence completions of knowledge about food: (1) the function when the first speaker is the listener may be enhancement of the relationship between the first and the second speakers through showing the second speaker's attention and understanding to the first speaker's utterance, because those sentence completions were often followed by the affirmation or negation by the first speaker; (2) when a third person is the listener, and the first and the second speaker refuted the third person using sentence completion, the function seems to be just establishing 'facts'; and (3) in the cases of 'assisted explaining' (Lerner Takagi, 1999) , the function may be not only establishing 'facts' but also enhancement the relationship between the listener and the speakers, because the constructed 'facts' may work as a kind of conversational 'gift'. In Study 4, five Japanese groups consisting of four participants who were friends were asked to talk about four topics about foods that all participants either agreed or disagreed ('All agree' condition) and four food topics for which there was disagreement about it between participants ('Some agree' condition). When the listeners could not be identified, and the second speakers did not used the utterance-final element such as 'yo ne' that is regarded as having a function of showing agreement between the speakers, the participants used sentence completions more frequently in 'All agree' conditions. The results suggested that the function of this type of sentence completion is not merely establishing 'facts' but also enhancing the relationship between the speakers through showing agreement about the relevant things to the topic. In conclusion, the results of the present studies suggest some possible social contingencies involved both when people get knowledge about food and when they use it.

Recent research on the early development of knowledge about emotions shows that young children's use and comprehension of emotion language develops from an initial emphasis on expressive/behavioural referents to situational terms towards referents emphasising the sub] ective/experiential nature of emotions. Gender, the type of emotion, the discourse context of the emotion talk and individual differences in strategies to regulate negative emotions are some factors that are shown to moderate the development of emotion language abilities. However, as most of the data comes from early language users there are significant limitations to our knowledge of emotion language development and its implications for emotion regulation. This thesis examines emotion language in early to middle adolescence. It develops a theoretically derived classification model to study the representational and causal structure of emotions evident in the emotion language of 13 to 17 yearolds. Study 1 uses a group format to sample descriptive accounts of emotions and their causes from a normative sample of 303 adolescents in response to emotionally relevant vignettes prototypical of anger and fear. Study 2 compares the lepresentational structure and quality of emotion language between 21 adolescents diagnosed with extemalising disorders (Conduct disorder, Oppositional Defiant disorder), 18 with internalising disorders (Depressive disorders, Anxiety disorders) and 16 without a disorder. It broadens the types of emotion eliciting material by including autobiographical events and an actual emotional challenge as well as the vignette stimuli. In addition, the second study uses an individual participant-interviewer procedure. Results of Study 1 indicated increase in the range and complexity of emotion referents and causal accounts of emotions from early to middle adolescents. Despite an increase in internalist/subjective causal accounts of emotions with age, there was a move towards a more externalised or situational focus in the representation of emotions for the older adolescents in response to the anger material. The findings showed that the ability to distinguish between sadness and anger and appropriately use anger and sad referents develops relatively late with some younger adolescents continuing to have difficulties with this distinction. There were a number of specific gender related differences in emotion language consistent with gender differences in display rules for emotions. In particular, boys showed a preference for expressive/behavioural emotion referents while girls preferred referents with a cognitive focus and use more inner-focused referents. Study 1 also provided initial data about differences between adolescents with extemalising problems, those with intemalising problems and non-problem adolescents. Results indicated more use of non-specific referents by adolescents with extemalising behavioural problems as well as less intensity and involvement in their emotion referents. Adolescents with extemalising problems were more likely to use non-specific referents in responses to anger material than those with intemalising problems. The results of Study 2 showed that adolescents with oppositional and conduct problems show deficits in the fluency, complexity and degree of specification of their emotion language and their causal accounts of emotions compared to non- problem youth and those with depression and anxiety problems. In addition, adolescents with intcmalising problems were less fluent in the production of causal accounts of emotions and used less specific emotion referents to fear events compared to non-problem youth. The results highlight the finding that emotion language is affected differentially for extemalising and internalising adolescents depending on the nature of the emotion-eliciting event. In particular, intemalising youth's language responses to anger events are characterised by inner-directed referents, and reduced intensity and involvement while their conceptualisation of salient fear material is dominated by cognitively focused terms and accounts. Extemalising adolescents language responses to anger events are more outer-directed and intense, and their emotion construals in a fear situation less cognitive and more affect orientated. The data from these studies highlight the need to study emotion language for specific emotion domains, and suggest that the most interesting theoretical questions are in respect of emotion understanding and emotion language abilities for specific behavioural and emotional disorders. The results also support the utility of an approach that combines knowledge about emotion language from the psychological and linguistic literature. It argues for an expansion of our knowledge about the development of the lexicon for emotions and other syntactic and pragmatic linguistic competencies that are important for conceptualising emotions in language. Such an expansion is crucial to investigating associations between early emotional competencies assessed through language and later outcomes in terms of behavioural, emotional and social difficulties.

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