This dissertation examines classroom conversations involving refugee and immigrant youth in a second language (L2) introduction program, exploring how L2 Swedish emerges as a multiparty accomplishment by both the teacher and the students. Drawing on forty hours of video-recorded Swedish L2 classroom conversations, as well as on observations and informal interviews, it focuses on talk as a form of social action. Theoretically and methodologically, the dissertation primarily combines insights from language socialization and social constructionist frameworks and detailed transcriptions informed by conversation analysis. Study I documents how schooled Swedish as a second language (SSL) student identities emerged as performative effects of how the students in school activities were addressed as “ethnic” students, and how they managed to handle, adopt, and contest being positioned as the Other. Study II records classroom performances and the formation of a community of practice. The analyses cover how students’ verbal improvisations (repetitions, stylizations, and laughter) and alignments to local registers authenticate SSL identities. The findings show how stylizations were important resources for metalinguistic reflections on correctness, and for the establishment of a local language ideology. Study III documents the interactional nature of classroom repair work. Detailed analyses of correction sequences and trajectories show that both the teacher and the students produced ambiguous other-corrections, illuminating the intricate multiparty work in correction trajectories. In brief, this dissertation illuminates multiparty aspects of classroom L2 socialization. The analyses of classroom talk show how both teacher and student investments in language competencies and local ideologies of correct Swedish or style, as well as participation and identity work, are co-constructed through participants’ tailoring of talk. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

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The subject of this study is language use in a special type of social activity: the exchange of goods, services and information in a commercial setting. The main aim is to gain an understanding of the work that shop assistants perform using language. In the analysis, the focus is on verbal routine work. One part of the analysis thus entails mapping the typical utterances and conversational sequences related to such activities. Another part involves investigating how much non-task-oriented interaction the various activities require or “tolerate”, for instance, in the form of “small talk”. A central theme in the study is the interactants’ conversational rights and obligations, from the perspective of politeness theory, especially Fraser’s theory of the conversational contract. The service encounters are categorised as activity types, according to Levinson’s activity theory. In the comparative parts of the study, the concept of pragmeme is used as a tool to examine different realisations of prototypical situated communicative acts. The empirical material consists of authentic conversations, analysed by methods borrowed from conversation analysis. The conversations were recorded at a supermarket checkout till, a deli counter with manual service and an information desk in a bookshop. It turned out that only a few of the customer conversations were without complications. At the supermarket till, for instance, only one out of four conversations was completely routine and unproblematic. Also presented is a diachronic investigation of the norms relating to service encounters that have been taking place in shops since the 1940s. The main sources here are manuals and study materials for shop employees, together with interviews and material gathered from role playing. In this part of the study, a number of features in the historical change process are described, for instance in the manner of addressing people and the use of politeness expressions.

En linguistique, la politesse vise la préservation de l’harmonie interactionnelle. Que se passe-t-il dans les situations où le dissensus se trouve au cœur des échanges, tel le cas de nos talk-shows ? Le rôle de l’impolitesse, de la violence et leurs rapports à la politesse dans On n’est pas couché et Tout le monde en parle ont constitué le point de départ de notre recherche. Le présent travail est une analyse du système de la politesse confronté aux défis des émissions mentionnées, défis qui nous ont amenée à explorer la dichotomie politesse-impolitesse et qui nous ont conduite à articuler ces dernières avec les notions d’adéquation au contrat de communication, de violence et de mise en scène.Afin de rendre compte du fonctionnement de ces phénomènes, deux démarches nous ont semblé nécessaires. Premièrement, abandonner la conception selon laquelle la politesse désignait les comportements jugés adéquats et l’impolitesse était conçue comme sa « contrepartie » négative. Deuxièmement, tenter de « re-conceptualisation » la notion d’adéquation aux normes tout en allant au-delà des classements rigides et des formules conventionnelles polies ou impolies.Partant de ces réflexions, nous nous sommes fixé une double ambition : dans le premier volet, nous avons voulu aménager le cadre théorique de la politesse ─ qui, appliqué à notre corpus, présentait certaines insuffisances ─, et formuler des critères pour l’évaluation des notions présentées. Ainsi, nous avons proposé, avec prudence et modestie, un cadre et des outils théoriques adaptés à nos talk-shows. Dans le second volet, nous avons analysé ─ manipulant les outils présentés et nous appuyant sur ce nouveau cadre ─, le fonctionnement du système de la politesse ainsi que les mises en scène de la parole polie, impolie et violente. / In linguistics, politeness, considered omnipresent, aims at preserving the interactional and interpersonal harmony. But what happens when conflict is at the very heart of verbal interactions, as is the case with our talk-shows? The role of impoliteness and violence, as well as their relationship with politeness in “On n’est pas couché” and “Tout le monde en parle” are to be considered as the starting point for our research. Thus, the present work is an analysis of the notion of politeness confronted to the “challenges” raised by the televised shows mentioned above, an analysis in which we explored the politeness/impoliteness dichotomy that we articulated, thereafter, with the notions of appropriateness (in respect to the communication contract), violence and representation or “mise-en-scène”.In order to give a proper account of the functioning of these phenomena, firstly, we gave up the general view according to which politeness was defined as adequate behaviour while impoliteness was seen as its negative counterpart. Secondly, we tried to reconceptualise the notion of appropriateness going beyond rigid classifications or conventionalised polite and impolite formula.Given these considerations, we established a twofold objective. On the one hand, we tried to adjust the theoretical framework of politeness that, applied to our data, presented certain deficiencies, and to come up with some evaluation criteria for the analysed notions; consequently, we modestly and prudently proposed a framework and several theoretical “tools” adapted to our talk-shows. On the other hand, we analysed ─ using the presented tools and framework ─, the mechanisms of politeness and impoliteness as well as the divers “mises-en-scène” of polite, impolite and violent speech.

Meetings are important arenas where institutional roles and relationships are acted out. Conversation analysis, a data-driven qualitative methodology utilized to study naturally occurring talk-in-interaction, was used in this study to uncover the mechanisms behind meeting talk. In a meeting shared understanding is essential and must be done in an economical manner. One interactional device to reach common agreement are formulations that summarize what has been said or draw out its relevant implication. In this essay, a sub-class of formulations, pre-closing formulations, are in focus. They serve to close the current topic and move on to the next. The aim of this thesis was to find out what kind of interactional devices are used in pre-closure formulations. The findings from the analysis of data, from a cross-functional team meeting at Ericsson in Stockholm, show how a pre-closing formulation followed by silence from the participants is the basis for an agreement. Furthermore the chair can utilize a pre-closing formulation to emphasize the topic of discussion and to influence the sense-making and thus “do” leadership. With a pre-closing formulation the meeting participants can be prepared to be held accountable for the status in a project. However, a pre-closing must not lead to a closing of the topic, the findings show how meeting participants act to continue after the chair’s candidate pre-closing formulation.

This diploma thesis deals with the structural design and production of a oscillating head for surface welding of a protective layer of Inconel® 625 superalloy on membrane walls. The design is preceded by a research for possible variants of the solution. Of the two designs, one was successfully manufactured and assembled, and incentives for future improvements were set. For easy optimization and testing of the device, an oscillating motion program was created in the LinMoT Talk 6.9 software. The production costs for the manufactured equipment were then calculated and the recommended selling price was determined, based on a general calculation formula. The result of the project is a functional device, a proposal for its control and a technical - economic evaluation of the production process.

This diploma thesis deals with the media representation of celebrities, as it is designed within the framework of the adopted American television format of the late-night talk show. In the first part of the thesis, attention is focused on problems of understanding of the phenomenon of celebrities by various authors, as well as on the development of the late-night talk show itself and its characteristic features. The theoretical starting point is the theory of representation (Hall), three levels of representation (Trampota) and social construction of reality (Berger, Luckmann). The method of critical discourse analysis is chosen for the research and the four principles for the analysis are described: commoditization, infotainment, personalization, congeniality. The practical part presents an analysis of the typical representation of celebrities due to the principles mentioned above in selected talk shows which were broadcast in English and Czech languages in 2015-2016, namely American The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and Czech Jan Kraus Show. Keywords: Celebrity, Late-night Talk Show, Media Representation, Personalization, Congeniality, Infotainment, Commoditization

This paper adopts and reviews discretionary disclosure and cheap talk models to analyze risk reporting incentives and their relation to regulation. Given its inherent discretion, risk reporting depends on disclosure incentives. To assess these incentives the analytical models consider risk reporting as an endogenous feature, thereby providing a benchmark to discuss regulatory attempts. Particularly, discretionary disclosure models refer to verified disclosure, e.g., on risk factors or risk management, whereas cheap talk models refer to unverified disclosure, like managerial forecasts on the impact of risk factors. This provides an analytically-based framework for discussion. Unlike prior literature focusing on disclosure cost, I argue that uncertainty of information endowment and issues of credible communication can explain restricted risk reporting observed empirically. Linking regulatory attempts to these restrictions implies that regulation may mitigate the incentives-driven restrictions to some extent, but can have adverse effects on risk reporting. I particularly discuss the link between effective risk monitoring and precision of risk reporting; the ex post assessment and usefulness of managerial forecasts on impacts of risk factors; the claimed decreasing cost of capital by mandatory risk reporting; and the threat of self-fulfilling prophecies. While the discussion has implications for both specific risk reporting requirements and empirical research, overall results suggests not to overestimate the informativeness of risk reporting even in a regulated environment.

Introduction: The study of self-talk and its influence on sport performance is extensive. Lately, the study of pressure performance within a regulatory fit framework has gained momentum. However, little research has investigated the influence regulatory fit may have on performance and, more precisely, how the use of self-talk with such framework may have on performance under pressure. Objective: To examine whether female football players with self-talk training within a regulatory fit framework produce better performances in a passing football task when under perceived pressure compared to a control group. Methods: In a pre– post-test, independent group study design, 33 female football players (M = 19.52, SD = 2.82 years) completed a passing drill carried out in two separate conditions, that is under no pressure and under pressure. Participants also completed a series of psychological measures that are relevant in the study of the performance–pressure relationship (i.e., affect, anxiety, self-confidence, and mental effort). Results: Performance under pressure was protected from deterioration in the experimental group. The experimental group also showed lower levels of negative emotions and higher self-confidence. Conclusion: Findings suggests that self-talk within a regulatory fit framework improves footballing performance under pressure and could be considered as a self-talk strategy beneficial to performance under pressure. / Introduktion: Studerandet av self-talk och dess inverkan på sportprestationer är omfattande. På senare tid, har studerandet av prestation under press inom ett regulatory fit ramverk tagit fart. Dock har begränsat med forskning undersökt inverkan regulatory fit kan ha på prestation och mer exakt, hur användandet av self-talk med ett sådant ramverk kan ha på prestation under press. Syfte: Att undersöka om kvinnliga fotbollsspelare med self-talk träning inom ett regulatory fit ramverk producerar bättre prestationer i en passningsövning under upplevd press jämfört med en kontrollgrupp. Metod: I en för- och eftertest, oberoende gruppstudiedesign genomförde 33 kvinnliga fotbollsspelare (M = 19.52, SD = 2.82 år) en passningsövning under två separata förhållanden, det vill säga under ingen press och under press. Deltagarna genomförde också en rad psykologiska mätningar som är relevanta i studerandet av relationen prestation-press (d.v.s. affekt, ångest, självförtroende och mental ansträngning). Resultat: Prestation under press skyddades från försämring i experimentgruppen. Experimentgruppen visade också lägre nivåer av negativa känslor och högre självförtroende. Slutsats: Resultaten tyder på att self-talk inom ett regulatory fit ramverk förbättrar fotbollsprestation under press och kan betraktas som en self-talk strategi som är fördelaktig för prestation under press.

The aim of this study is to investigate how oral sources can be documented in a better way, through a more conscious use of interview methods in archaeological contexts. By analysing and comparing three case studies, namely the excavation of The Overstone Miners’ Cottages in Northumberland, Great Britain, the excavation of Ramnässkärsparken near Uddevalla, Sweden and the excavation of The Mott Farm, Rhode Island, USA, different ways of using interview methods in relation to the archaeological material have been shown. One conclusion is that the use of the material world in the interviews gives them an archaeological focus. Therefor it is valuable that the archaeologist is the one performing the artefact-centred or spatial interview. Other conclusions are that memories from finds are dependent on recognition. A reference collection can be used to support reminiscence. The interview situation should be open and striving for different perspectives rather than facts. Lastly, archaeologists should apply ethical considerations in their research. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur muntligt källmaterial kan dokumenteras på ett bättre sätt, genom en mer medveten användning av intervjumetod i arkeologiska kontexter. Genom att analysera och jämföra tre fallstudier, nämligen utgrävningen av The Overstone Miners’ Cottages i Northumberland, Storbritannien, utgrävningen av festplatsen Ramnässkärsparken utanför Uddevalla, Sverige och utgrävningen av The Mott Farm, Rhode Island, USA, har olika sätt att använda intervjumetod i relation till ett arkeologiskt material framträtt. En slutsats från undersökningen är att användningen av det materiella i intervjuer ger dem ett arkeologiskt fokus. Därför är det värdefullt att just arkeologen håller i den föremålsbaserade eller rumsliga intervjun. Andra slutsatser är att minnen utifrån fynd är beroende av igenkänning. Referensexemplar kan användas för att stötta hågkomstprocessen. Intervjusituationen bör vara öppen och sträva efter att fånga olika perspektiv snarare än fakta. Slutligen bör arkeologer applicera etiska hänsynstaganden i sin forskning.