Cette thèse porte sur l’émergence des groupes subalternes, particulièrement des minorités ethnoraciales et des femmes, sur la scène télévisuelle de l’humour, depuis Coluche jusqu’à nos jours. Elle interroge l’état des discours au moment de leur apparition et les capacités d’agir de l’humour. Elle articule le passage du comique en humoriste. Dans les années 1970, le comique bouffon incarne une figure de contestation d’un système de pouvoir centralisé, dont il est un observateur critique. Il se transforme avec la montée de l’individualisme en acteur d’un monde dont il produit une vision subjective. L’analyse d’un corpus de sketches tirés de douze émissions de talk show montre que les humoristes femmes proposent des personnages aux identités de genre fluctuantes et multiformes, à la charnière du masculin et du féminin, à travers des procédés parodiques et un jeu d’incarnation basé sur le corps. Les humoristes issus des minorités ethnoraciales proposent des contre-modèles à l’intégration républicaine avec des récits « authentiques ». Ils ouvrent la voie à l’expression de subjectivités non blanches et à la dénonciation des discriminations sur la base de la couleur de peau. Leur humour s’actualise en 2006 avec l’appropriation du stand-up, la mise en scène de la diversité et des multiples territoires de l’identité. Cette thèse conclut sur un processus de contre-offensive, ou backlash, contestant aux groupes subalternes les avancées conquises durant la période précédente. Ce backlash se manifeste à partir de 2007 par un humour basé sur des commentaires d’actualité et des caricatures. Il favorise les visées hégémoniques blanches et masculines dans l’humour et l’éviction des politiques des identités. / This thesis deals with the emergence of subaltern groups in mainstream television, from Coluche until today. It focuses on two groups, female humorists and ethnic minorities. It questions the agency of humour and its power of displacement of hegemonic media representations, as well as the state of discourses at the moment of the appearance of subaltern groups. It articulates the transformation of comedian into humorist. The buffoon of the late 1970s stands for the figure of contestation of a centralized power, which it comments with a critical gaze. The growth of individualism and expressions of identities turn the comedian into a humorist that assumes a role of actor of the world and a subjective gaze. The analysis of sketches in television talk shows reveals that female humorists expose multiple subjectivities and destabilize the binary system masculine-feminine, by resorting to body acts as parts of humoristic mechanisms. Humorists from ethnic minority groups denounce discriminations and perform hybrid bodies and identities that destabilize the republican model of integration. Their appropriation of stand-up comedy genre renews in 2006 the staging of diversity and of the multiple territories of identities. The period 2007-2010 shows a counter-offensive, a backlash that marks the return to dominant values in the field of humour and denies to subaltern groups the advantages they’ve gained during the previous period. It is characterized by a renewal of humour based on news comments and caricatures, by the hegemonic power of masculine white humorists and the eviction of identity politics.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T14:55:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kriciahelenabarreto.pdf: 999212 bytes, checksum: 40cfbe9783d1f6e43607cb07c8402efe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-22T17:38:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kriciahelenabarreto.pdf: 999212 bytes, checksum: 40cfbe9783d1f6e43607cb07c8402efe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T17:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kriciahelenabarreto.pdf: 999212 bytes, checksum: 40cfbe9783d1f6e43607cb07c8402efe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente trabalho busca investigar como o envolvimento, a solidariedade e o vínculo entre os participantes de um dado evento comunicativo são sustentados através do uso do humor na interação. À luz de uma perspectiva interacional da linguagem (Couper-Kuhlen & Selting, 2001; Silveira, 2007), a partir da qual as expressões linguísticas são entendidas como coconstruídas pelos interlocutores, emergentes do uso, situadas, sensíveis ao contexto e adaptáveis às exigências interacionais (Duranti & Goodwin, 1992), analisou-se uma entrevista realizada no talk show “Programa do Jô”, comandado pelo humorista e apresentador Jô Soares, exibido pela Rede Globo. A produção do discurso humorístico foi entendida como uma co-construção conjunta (Clark, 1996) realizada de forma coordenada pelos interlocutores, tomando como base o modelo de geração do humor desenvolvido por Beeman (2000). Através das estratégias de envolvimento propostas por Tannen (1989), verificou-se que a natureza co-constitutiva do humor o faz funcionar, por si só, como uma macroestratégia de envolvimento, ajudando a estabelecer e desenvolver as relações interpessoais entre os participantes de uma dada interação, considerando-se as metas comunicativas de todos os seus membros. / The present work aims to investigate how involvement, solidarity and connection among participants of a given communicative encounter are sustained through the interactive use of humor. Building upon an interactional view of language (Couper-Kuhlen & Selting, 2001; Silveira, 2007) through which linguistic expressions are seen as co-constructed by interactants, emergent from use, situated, context-bound and adaptable to interactional demands (Duranti & Goodwin, 1992), we analyzed an interview which took place in a Brazilian talk show called “Programa do Jô”, hosted by the comedian and presenter Jô Soares, aired by Rede Globo. Building upon Beeman‟s (2000) model of humor production, the production of humorous discourse was understood here as a joint co-construction (Clark, 1996) developed in coordination by interactants. Through the involvement strategies proposed by Tannen (1989), it was found that the co-constitutive nature of humor enables it to work as a macro-strategy for involvement, helping establish and develop interpersonal relations among participants of a given interaction, taking into account the communicative aims of all of its members.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur vardagsgolfare använder sig av stödjande psykologiska prestationstekniker vid en golfrunda och tävling. I studien deltog tolv vardagsgolfare, sex män och sex kvinnor, i åldrarna 24-82 år (M=50.33, SD=17.19). Deltagarna i den aktuella studien spelade golf minst två gånger i veckan under säsong. Studiens data framkom genom en semistrukturerad intervjuguide, därefter analyserades datan via en innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade tydliga bidrag kring intervjudeltagarnas användning av stödjande psykologiska prestationstekniker vid en golfrunda och tävling. Majoriteten av vardagsgolfarna använde prestationstekniker vid utmanande situationer såsom puttning eller driverslag. Emellertid visade det att de omedvetet använde och kombinerade stödjande psykologiska prestationstekniker eftersom de inte kunde förstå hur deras prestation påverkades av sitt inre. Deltagarna besatt inte tillräcklig förståelse för teknikernas vikt, betydelse eller funktion när de uppfattade en effekt i sitt golfspel och kunde därmed inte förklara utfallet. Studier har visat att idrottare på lägre nivå har en förmåga att använda tekniker på samma sätt som elitidrottare, både fysiska och psykiska. På samma sätt uppvisade intervjudeltagarna tendens kring liknande användning som tidigare forskning visar hos elitidrottare. Vidare implikationer av prestationsteknikerna kan resultera till att deltagarna mer framgångsrikt får användning för teknikernas helhet. Framtida forskning rekommenderas att studera hur vardagsgolfare påverkar sitt spel under en längre tid när de medvetet använder stödjande psykologiska prestationstekniker. / The aim of the study was to investigate how everyday golfers’ use supportive psychological performance techniques in a round of golf and competition. Twelve everyday golfers participated in the study, six men and six women, aged 24-82 years old (M=50.33, SD=17.19). The participants in the current study played golf at least twice a week during the season. The study data emerged through a semi-structured interview guide, then the data was analyzed via a content analysis. The results showed clear contributions about the interview participants’ use of supportive psychological performance techniques in a round of golf and competition. The majority of the everyday golfers used performance techniques in challenging situations such as putting or using the driver. However, it showed that they unknowingly used and combined supportive psychological performance techniques because they could not understand how their performance was affected by their inner being. The participants did not possess a sufficient understanding of the importance, significance or function of the techniques when they perceived an effect in their golf game and thus could not explain the outcome. Studies have shown that athletes on lower levels have the ability to use techniques in the same way as elite athletes, both physically and mentally. In the same way, the interviewees showed a tendency towards similar use as elite athletes. Further implications of the performance techniques may result that the participants use the entirety of the techniques more successfully. Future research recommends studying how everyday golfers affect their game for a long time when they consciously use supportive psychological performance techniques.

<p>Teacher talk is a powerful pedagogical tool in the science classroom. Educators use their talk to provide information, guide discussions, check for understanding, and develop students' scientific identities. However, few researchers have investigated how teachers use their talk during an integrated science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) unit. This three-study dissertation investigates how teachers use their talk to introduce a new discipline to students and how their talk affects student learning and engagement during an integrated STEM unit. I designed these research studies to answer the overall question: What talk moves do teachers use during an integrated STEM unit, and how does the teacher talk affect student engagement and learning? Study 1 is a multiple case study investigating how teachers guide classroom discussions and how that teacher talk affects student learning during the integrated STEM unit. Results demonstrate the importance of teachers carefully balancing dialogic discussions and providing information during these instructional units. Study 2 is an interpretative qualitative study that investigates how a teacher's autonomy-supportive and/or suppressive talk affects student engagement during the integrated unit. Results show that each student responded differently to the teacher talk that occurred in the classroom. While some became more engaged when the teacher used autonomy-supportive talk, others became disengaged during the same type of talk. Study 3 is a multiple case study investigating the talk moves teachers use when integrating engineering concepts in the curriculum. Results show that the two teachers requested student participation in the conversation about engineering more during the first lesson of the unit than the last. In addition, only one of the two teachers in this study incorporated talk about engineering into the science lessons. The last chapter of this dissertation synthesizes the data from all three studies. This chapter identifies some common themes across the studies, including the complex nature of teacher talk, the influence of non-talk factors, and the importance of dialogic discussion. This chapter also identifies some implications for teaching, including the need to restructure the curriculum units and to coach teachers during their first implementation of an integrated STEM unit.</p>

This thesis uncovers and analyses the relationship between forms of talk on British television between 1970-1990, and the uneven transformations in gender politics that occurred in this period, which encompasses both the second wave feminist movement and the rise of neoliberal politics. It presents five historical case studies of talk-based television programmes from across this time period: No Man’s Land (Associated Television/ITV, 1973), Good Afternoon! (Thames Television/ITV, 1971-1984), Pictures of Women: Sexuality (Channel 4, 1984), Watch the Woman (Channel 4, 1985), and Question Time (BBC One, 1979-present). These case studies offer a deliberate selection of television texts that differ according to their institutional contexts; their position in the schedules; their status in existing broadcasting histories; their discursive arrangements; and their modes of address. The thesis seeks to consider how the communicative ethos of television talk has been gendered in three key ways: at the level of production - in the sense of when, how, and why television spaces have been opened up for gendered forms of talk in relationship to wider shifts in gender politics; at the level of the text - in terms of how the discursive arrangements of talk-based programmes have worked to include, exclude, legitimise or disavow women’s voices; and at the level of critical reception - in the sense of how television talk has been evaluated in profoundly gendered terms. The thesis is methodologically innovative because it theorises gendered forms of television talk in relationship to histories of television production, as well as to broader political, cultural and gender histories. It carries out important empirical ‘recovery work’ of hidden women’s television histories through the presentation of original archival research. It also presents theoretical work, which re-evaluates the distinctive communicative ethos of television – or its “sociability” in light of feminist theories of language, gender and power. Moreover, it sheds some historical light on why the institutional parameters of television still delimit the available spaces for women's speech.

La notion d’aide-à-autrui est la pierre angulaire du travail social. Cette aide s’incarne sous la forme d’une multitude de déclinaisons à travers les activités menées par les professionnels de l’action sociale, les travailleurs sociaux. Lorsque l’un d’entre eux se trouve ponctuellement en difficulté dans l’exercice de son métier, la « réunion de synthèse » est un espace dédié à l’aide entre professionnels.Dans ce cadre de travail, le langage est l’outil essentiel qui permet aux participants de se rendre mutuellement disponible leur point de vue sur un « cas social » et de traiter eux-mêmes la descriptibilité de leurs actions.La perspective théorique et méthodologique de la linguistique interactionnelle, issue de l’analyseconversationnelle d’inspiration ethnométhodologique, constitue un cadre privilégié pour examiner les pratiques langagières qui caractérisent ces réunions institutionnelles. La question des ressources mobilisées et de leurs cours d’action dans l’interaction est devenue mon objet de recherche. Un objet qui ratifie non seulement le principe du langage comme ressource centrale de l’organisation des activités sociales, mais aussi dans ce contexte institutionnel, comme principale ressource de production et de structuration d’une activité d’aide-à-autrui.Cette thèse a pour visée d’approfondir la connaissance des processus permettant l’émergence d’unetelle activité, en étudiant les procédés par lesquels les ressources linguistiques sont méthodiquement déployées pour façonner et délivrer les points de vue des membres sur leurs actions, contribuant en retour à la constitution d’un espace intersubjectif qui rend possible l’élaboration collective d’un travail interprétatif. / The concept of aid to others is the cornerstone of social work. This assistance is embodied in the formof a multitude of variations through the activities of the professionals of social action, the socialworkers. When one of them is punctually in trouble during the exercise of his job, the " meeting of synthesis" is dedicated to mutual aid between professionals.In this framework, the language is an essential tool which allows participants to make mutually available their point of view on a "social event" and handle themselves the describtibility of theiractions.The theoretical and methodological perspective of interactional linguistics, from the conversation alanalysis in the ethnomethodological tradition, is an ideal framework to examine the language practicesthat characterize these institutional meetings. The issue of mobilized resources and their course of action in the interaction became my object of research. An object that ratifies not only the principle of language as a central resource of the organization of the social activities, but also in the institutional context, as a main resource of production and structuring an activity to help others.This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the processes for the emergence of such activity, by studying the processes by which language resources are methodically deployed to shape and deliverthe views of members about their actions, contributing in return to the creation of an intersubjective space which makes possible the collective elaboration of a interpretative work.

In this study of intercultural communication, I investigate the multi-faceted meaning of the expression " cultural fit " in the sense that it is used by recruiters when shortlisting Indian information technologists to fill skills shortages for the Y2K project in Australia. The data is in the form of ten videotaped interviews in Bangalore and the recruiter commentary on those tapes in Melbourne. A crucial decision to be made by recruiters in any shortlisting process is " How will the candidate fit into the workplace?" This question becomes more problematical when applied to overseas-trained professionals. I take a critical approach, drawing principally on the research traditions of linguistics where studies of intercultural communication and workplace interaction intersect, employing chiefly the tools of Critical Discourse Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics and the more abstract notions of Bourdieu. A bridge between these different discourse approaches is provided by Sarangi & Roberts < 1999 < who show the connection between the larger institutional order and interactional routines, through an elaboration of frontstage talk and backstage talk following Goffman < 1959 < . An analysis of the interviews < frontstage talk < reveals "cultural fit" to involve a knowledge of institutional talk, in particular, directness. The recruiter commentary < backstage talk < draws attention to issues of intelligibility, body language, technical expertise and workplace values. the study shows that Indian Information Technologists have "partial fit" in that they possess technical fit but do not demonstrate, or lack the opportunity to demonstrate in the interview, Australian workplace values such as small talk, humour and informality. The recruiter judgments were fleeting and apart from checking for intelligibility, were made on the basis of candidates' body language thus highlighting its importance and its relative absence from the discourse approaches mentioned above. This study shows clearly that there is room for more communicative flexibility on the part of all the stakeholders.

<p>The subject of this thesis is interaction in the service encounter. The aim is to describe and explain the service encounter interaction with a special focus on the social and organisational context. The contextual focus is related to two overriding questions: What significance does the human interaction have for the service encounter? What significance does the organisational context have for the service encounter?</p><p>The result show that even though the communication consists of four discerned phases – salutation, the subject of the call, concluding the subject, and rounding off the call, each phase also displays contradictions. Consequently, there are both relational and instrumental utterances, as well as symmetrical and asymmetrical aspects of the conversations.</p><p>These contradictory results of the relational-instrumental and symmetrical-asymmetrical features are explained when interaction is viewed in terms of three different sets of logic – the commercial, the bureaucratic, and the social. Every logic is constituted by a number of characteristics, each contributing to the shape of the interaction and to the relationship between the customer and the employee.</p><p>Analytically speaking, the three forms of logic can be described in terms of their respective field of action and rationality, that is, what the actors talk about and what the purpose of the talk is. It is shown that the actors must prioritise between economic, administrative and personal areas within a limited time of action. It is also clear that the disparate rationalities, that is, economic, executive and recognition, all exercise influence over the service encounter, which means that acts aiming at a specific goal are restricted by the objectives of the other logics. Therefore there is a certain self-regulating function in the antagonism between the logics. The positions of the employee in relation to the customer, the organisation and the so-called collective customer mean that there are demands made from three qualitatively different directions. There is, in other words, a three-bosses dilemma for employees. The different positions of the employee also entail three different asymmetrical relationships in which either the customer or the employee has the advantage. This position constructs the hierarchy of dominance between employee and customer.</p><p>To conclude, the interaction constitutes a complex relationship between the characteristics of the logics and when these combine the interaction of the service encounter is shaped. The fact that the service encounter involves human interaction means that there is a counter balance against the organisational ascendancy.</p>

The subject of this thesis is interaction in the service encounter. The aim is to describe and explain the service encounter interaction with a special focus on the social and organisational context. The contextual focus is related to two overriding questions: What significance does the human interaction have for the service encounter? What significance does the organisational context have for the service encounter? The result show that even though the communication consists of four discerned phases – salutation, the subject of the call, concluding the subject, and rounding off the call, each phase also displays contradictions. Consequently, there are both relational and instrumental utterances, as well as symmetrical and asymmetrical aspects of the conversations. These contradictory results of the relational-instrumental and symmetrical-asymmetrical features are explained when interaction is viewed in terms of three different sets of logic – the commercial, the bureaucratic, and the social. Every logic is constituted by a number of characteristics, each contributing to the shape of the interaction and to the relationship between the customer and the employee. Analytically speaking, the three forms of logic can be described in terms of their respective field of action and rationality, that is, what the actors talk about and what the purpose of the talk is. It is shown that the actors must prioritise between economic, administrative and personal areas within a limited time of action. It is also clear that the disparate rationalities, that is, economic, executive and recognition, all exercise influence over the service encounter, which means that acts aiming at a specific goal are restricted by the objectives of the other logics. Therefore there is a certain self-regulating function in the antagonism between the logics. The positions of the employee in relation to the customer, the organisation and the so-called collective customer mean that there are demands made from three qualitatively different directions. There is, in other words, a three-bosses dilemma for employees. The different positions of the employee also entail three different asymmetrical relationships in which either the customer or the employee has the advantage. This position constructs the hierarchy of dominance between employee and customer. To conclude, the interaction constitutes a complex relationship between the characteristics of the logics and when these combine the interaction of the service encounter is shaped. The fact that the service encounter involves human interaction means that there is a counter balance against the organisational ascendancy.

This paper examines the function of narrative discourse in television talk shows. Basing our analysis on five episodes of the Swedish talk show Skavlan, we illustrate how narratives are initiated and elaborated by the participants of the show. The analysis shows that the institutional roles are challanged and that the roles vary between the host ant the guests. The analysis also shows that when guests introduce and elaborate stories they use the same discursive actions and resources as the host. When participants enter an actvie role in their storytelling the hos takes a more restrained role in which he lets the the conversation evolve spontaneously. The analysis identifies yet another participant role which was not included in the studies of Ochs &amp; Taylor and Thornborrow. The role appears when the host uses indirect form of address to both the studio audience and the overhearing audience. This role is relevant in the study of broadcast talk because of the very nature of television.