A utilização do capim-Tanzânia tem sido crescente nas pastagens brasileiras e há nítida demanda de maior conhecimento sobre as necessidades nutricionais dessa forrageira, com o intuito de se obter mais altas produtividades. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de obter informações desse capim no que diz respeito à relação entre os nutrientes potássio e magnésio, através da avaliação do número de perfilhos e de folhas, área foliar, produção de massa da parte aérea e das raízes, superfície e comprimento radicular, leitura SPAD, teor de clorofila nas folhas e concentrações dos macronutrientes catiônicos nos tecidos das plantas e caracterização de sintomas visuais. Foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação, com solução nutritiva, em vasos de 3,6 L tendo sílica moída como substrato, no período de setembro a novembro de 2004, em Piracicaba-SP. Utilizou-se o esquema fatorial 52 incompleto, perfazendo um total de 13 combinações de doses de potássio e de magnésio, em mmol L-1: 0,4K/0,05Mg; 0,4K/1,35Mg; 0,4K/2,65Mg; 3,2K/0,7Mg; 3,2K/2Mg; 6K/0,05Mg; 6K/1,35Mg; 6K/2,65Mg; 8,8K/0,7 Mg; 8,8K/2Mg; 11,6K/0,05Mg; 11,6K/1,35Mg; 11,6K/2,65Mg, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O primeiro corte das plantas foi realizado 46 dias após o transplante das mudas e o segundo 28 dias após o primeiro. Em ambos os cortes a parte aérea das plantas foi separada em folhas emergentes, lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas, lâminas de folhas maduras e colmos mais bainhas. Após o segundo corte realizou-se também a separação das raízes, utilizando-se água corrente e peneiras de 0,25 e 1,00 mm. As combinações de doses de potássio e de magnésio foram determinantes para a proporção de potássio, magnésio e cálcio na parte aérea nos dois períodos de crescimento, para comprimento e massa radicular e, somente no segundo crescimento, para produção da parte aérea e para as concentrações de cálcio e de manganês nas lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas do capim. De forma isolada as doses de potássio alteraram o número de perfilhos e de folhas, a área foliar e a concentração de zinco nas lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas nos dois crescimentos, enquanto influenciaram, no primeiro crescimento, a produção da parte aérea e as concentrações de cálcio, cobre, ferro e manganês nas folhas diagnósticas, além de promover alteração na superfície radicular. As doses de magnésio, isoladamente, fizeram variar o valor SPAD e a concentração de clorofila nos dois crescimentos, e no segundo crescimento, têm influência na área foliar, na superfície radicular e nas concentrações de cobre, ferro e zinco nas lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas da gramínea. As máximas respostas do capim-Tanzânia ocorreram com fornecimento de potássio na solução nutritiva entre 8,4 e 10,9 mmol L-1 e o de magnésio entre 1,7 e 2,3 mmol L-1, e com participação do potássio entre 53 e 64 % e do magnésio ao redor de 20 % na concentração total de potássio, magnésio e cálcio na parte aérea das plantas. Sintomas visuais das deficiências de potássio e de magnésio nas plantas somente foram observados com baixos suprimentos desses nutrientes. / Tanzânia grass use in Brazilian pastures has been improved, and there is a need for more knowledge on its mineral nutrition in order to increase forage productivity. The objective of this research was to obtain information for this grass related to the combined supply of potassium and magnesium, through the evaluation of number of tillers and leaves, leaf area, plant tops and roots dry matter production, roots lenght and surface, SPAD value, leaf chlorophyll concentration, cationic macronutrients concentrations in plant tissues and visual symptoms characterization. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse by using nutrient solution in 3.6 L pots containing ground quartz, from September to November 2004, at Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brasil. An incomplete 52 factorial was used, which resulted in 13 combinations among potassium and magnesium rates, in mmol L-1: 0,4K/0,05Mg; 0,4K/1,35Mg; 0,4K/2,65Mg; 3,2K/0,7Mg; 3,2K/2Mg; 6K/0,05Mg; 6K/1,35Mg; 6K/2,65Mg; 8,8K/0,7 Mg; 8,8K/2Mg; 11,6K/0,05Mg; 11,6K/1,35Mg; 11,6K/2,65Mg, in a randomized block design, with four replications. Plants were first harvested 46 days after seedlings transplanting to the pots, and harvested again 28 days after the first harvest. At each harvest plants tops were separated into emergent leaves, newly expanded leaf laminae, mature leaf laminae and culms plus sheaths. After the second harvest the roots were collected by passing tap water through 0.25 and 1.00 mm screens. Potassium and magnesium rates combinations highly influenced the proportion of potassium, magnesium and calcium in plant tops in both growth periods, and the roots dry weight and length. These nutrients rates combinations also determined forage yield and concentrations of calcium and manganese in the newly expanded leaf laminae at the second harvest. Potassium rates significantly changed the number of tillers and leaves, leaf area, and zinc concentration in the newly expanded leaves at both growth periods, whereas in the first growth influenced forage yield, concentrations of calcium, copper, iron and manganese in the newly expanded leaf laminae, and in the root surface. Magnesium rates resulted in changes in SPAD values and chlorophyll concentrations in the two plant growths but, at second growth, promoted changes in leaf area, in root surface, and in concentrations of copper, iron and zinc in the newly expanded leaf laminae. Maximum responses of Tanzania grass were found when potassium was supplied between 8.4 and 10.9 mmol L-1 and magnesium between 1.7 and 2.3 mmol L-1 and when potassium contributed between 53 and 64 % and magnesium about 20 % to the total concentration of potassium, magnesium and calcium in plants tops. Visual symptoms of potassium and magnesium deficiencies in the plants were only observed with low rates supply of these nutrients.

As pastagens são a principal fonte de alimento para o rebanho bovino no Brasil e elas são constituídas principalmente por gramíneas. Entre as espécies dominantes a Panicum maximum destaca-se pela sua boa produtividade e alto valor nutritivo. Para a formação e a manutenção dos pastos, o fornecimento e o balanço entre nutrientes na planta assumem importância fundamental. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar as respostas do Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, a combinações de doses de fósforo e de zinco na solução nutritiva, quanto aos parâmetros morfofisiológicos e produtivos e às concentrações de fósforo e zinco nos tecidos. Realizou-se um experimento na casa-de-vegetação localizada em Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, com o capim-Tanzânia no período de verão. Foram testadas cinco doses de fósforo (0,2, 0,6, 1,0, 1,4 e 1,8 mmol L-1) e cinco de zinco (0,00, 0,25, 0,50, 0,75, 1,00 µmol L-1) num estudo em superfície de resposta, baseado no desenho experimental composto central modificado de um esquema fatorial 52 incompleto resultando em 13 combinações de doses. Para os demais nutrientes as soluções foram baseadas na completa de Sarruge (1975) modificada apenas para nitrogênio fornecido na dose de 30 mmol L-1. As trocas de soluções foram efetuadas a cada 14 dias. Colocaram-se cinco plantas em vasos de 3,6 L, utilizando-se sílica como substrato. Aos 32 dias após o transplante procedeu-se o primeiro corte das plantas e aos 28 dias após o primeiro realizou-se o segundo corte. Imediatamente após cada corte o material vegetal foi separado em: folhas emergentes (FE), lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas (LR), lâminas de folhas maduras (LM) e colmos + bainhas (CB). Após o segundo corte, realizou-se a coleta das raízes. As partes das plantas coletadas nos dois cortes foram colocadas para secar, determinou-se a massa seca das plantas e a moagem para posterior análise no laboratório. Os resultados mostraram significâncias para a interação entre as doses de fósforo e as de zinco na massa seca da parte aérea do primeiro corte, na área foliar do segundo corte, na massa seca de raízes, nas concentrações de fósforo nas LM coletadas no primeiro e segundo cortes, na concentração média de fósforo na parte aérea das plantas e na concentração de zinco nas FE no primeiro crescimento. A massa seca da parte aérea no segundo crescimento, a área foliar no primeiro crescimento, os números de folhas e perfilhos no primeiro e segundo crescimentos, valor SPAD no primeiro crescimento, comprimento, comprimento específico e superfície de raízes, concentração de fósforo nas FE, LR e CB no primeiro e segundo crescimentos, concentração média de fósforo na parte aérea no segundo crescimento, concentração de fósforo nas raízes, concentração de zinco nas LR, LM e CB coletada tanto no primeiro como no segundo cortes e concentração de zinco nas FE amostradas no segundo corte variou significativamente com as doses de fósforo na solução. As doses de zinco influenciaram significativamente a área foliar e a concentração de zinco nas LM do primeiro corte. / Pastures are the main food source for de cattle in Brazil, and the grasses occupy most of them. Among the species in those pastures, Panicum maximum is preferred for its productivity and quality. In order to establish and maintain the pastures, it is necessary to supply nutrients in balanced amounts. The objective of this study was to determine the Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia responses to combinations of phosphorus and zinc rates in nutrient solution related to the morphophysiology, yield and the concentrations of phosphorus and zinc in plant tissues. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse located at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, with Tanzânia grass, in Summer season. Five rates of phosphorus (0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4 e 1.8 mmol L-1) and five rates of zinc (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 µmol L-1) were studied in a response surface methodology, based on a modified central composite design of a fractional 52 factorial. Other nutrients had concentrations in solution as recommended by Sarruge (1975), except for nitrogen that was supplied at 30 mmol L-1. Five plants were grown in 3.6 L plastic pots, containing ground quartz. The first harvest was done at 32 days after seedlings transplanting to the pots, and the second harvest was accomplished at 28 days after the first one. At the time of each harvest plant tops were separated into: emergents leaves (EL), lamina of recently expanded leaves (RL), lamina of mature leaves (ML) and colms + sheaths (CS). After the second harvest the roots werw collected. All plant material was dried, weighed and ground for laboratory analysis. The results showed that the interaction between phosphorus and zinc rates was significant for the dry matter yield at the first harvest, leaf area at the second harvest, roots dry weight, phosphorus concentration in the ML at the first and second harvests, in both the average phosphorus concentration in plant tops and zinc concentration in EL at the first harvest. Dry matter yield at the second harvest, leaf area at the first harvest, numbers of tillers and leaves at the first and second harvest , SPAD value in the first harvest, roots length, specific length and surface, phosphorus concentrations in the EL, RL and CS at the first and second harvests, the average phosphorus concentration in plant tops at the second harvest, phosphorus concentration in the roots, zinc concentrations in the RL, ML, and CS at the first and second harvests, and zinc concentration in the EL at the second harvest significantly changed with phosphorus rates. Significant responses to zinc rates were obtained for leaf area and zinc concentration in ML in first growth.

Energy poverty and lack of access to electricity is a global problem which is recognised in the sustainable development goal 7. Today 1.2 billion people live without access to electricity and most of them are situated in Sub-Saharan Africa where biomass still constitutes the main source of energy. Rural areas are unproportionally affected by this throughout SSA since grid-extension has been slow and most rural dwellers are not connected to any form of electricity grid. Extending the grid to more isolated rural areas may however be economically and politically infeasible which is why off-grid solutions is an attractive solution to close the energy poverty gap. Off-grid solar energy has during recent years been increasingly promoted as viable solution to provide clean, affordable and accessible energy to rural households in SSA. While there is extensive research available on the economic feasibility and socioeconomic impacts of off-grid solar energy, there has been limited research with explicit focus on how livelihoods of rural households in SSA have been impacted from a sustainable livelihood perspective. This case study on Tanzania argues that the sustainable livelihoods perspective is crucial in getting a holistic understanding of how off-grid solar energy has impacted rural households in SSA. Through qualitative interviews with a number of households, businesses and social services in three rural villages located in the Tanga region, this study found that off-grid solar energy overall seemed to have a positive impact on the communities and the livelihoods of individual households. However, some concerns are also raised with the sustainability of off-grid solar energy. While it has great recognised potential and direct impact, some key challenges were identified as issue of energy security for the household and concerns of economic feasibility in the solar energy sector.

Thesis. 1976. M.S. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Civil Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.S.cn

One cannot study poverty in Tanzania without understanding the agricultural sector, which employs more than two-thirds of the population and accounts for nearly a quarter of national GDP. This thesis examines three themes that focus on the difficulties that rural Tanzanians face in achieving a reasonable livelihood: the adverse legacy of a failed historical policy, a difficult climate, and market failures. The first empirical chapter examines the legacy of the villagization program that attempted to transform the predominantly agricultural and rural Tanzania. Between 1971 and 1973, the majority of rural residents were moved to villages planned by the government. This essay examines if the programs e↵ects are persistent and have had a long-run legacy. It analyzes the impact of exposure to the program on various outcome measures from recent household surveys. The primary finding of this study is that households living in districts heavily exposed to the program have worse measures of various current outcomes. The second empirical chapter examines the role of reliability of rainfall, which is important in Tanzania as agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and a small fraction of plots are irrigated. This chapter investigates if households cope with this major risk to income by re-allocating their labor supply between agriculture, wage labor, and self-employment activities. This chapter combines data on labor allocation of households within and outside of agriculture from the National Panel Survey with high-resolution satellite-based rainfall data not previously used in this literature. The primary finding of this study is that households allocate more family labor to agriculture in years of good rainfall and more labor to self-employment activities in years of poor rainfall. Market failures are often cited as a rationale for policy recommendations and government interventions. The third chapter implements four tests of market failures suggested in the literature, all of which rely on the agricultural household model but di↵er in how market failures are manifested. The common finding of these tests is that market failures exist in agricultural factor markets in Tanzania, although significant heterogeneity exists. Markets are more likely to fail in rural areas, remote locations, and are more likely to affect female-headed households. Households are also more likely to face market failure when they try to supply labor to the market than when they try to hire labor from the market.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tomaz_ca_me_botfca.pdf: 487855 bytes, checksum: be47693a22aa1ab44526ee86dda601aa (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O tempo de 28 dias recomendado pelas Regras para Análise de Sementes (RAS) para o teste de germinação de sementes de Panicum maximum é considerado excessivo para produtores, comerciantes e laboratórios de análise de sementes forrageiras, que dependem dos resultados do teste para a tomada de decisões de controle de qualidade e comercialização. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar o tempo necessário para a condução do teste de germinação de Panicum maximun cv. Tanzânia. Na pesquisa, 30 lotes de sementes fiscalizadas foram submetidas ou não (testemunha) aos seguintes tratamentos para a superação dormência: germinação em substrato umedecido com KNO3 (0,2%), escarificação com ácido sulfúrico (98% 36N) por 5 minutos e testemunha. Os lotes foram avaliados pelo teste de germinação sob duas condições de temperaturas alternadas (20-30ºC e 15-35ºC), com luz (78 μmol s-1 m-2/ 8h). Para a identificação da data de término do teste foram realizadas contagens diárias do número de plântulas normais e para cada lote, tratamento de superação de dormência e temperatura, foi ajustada uma curva de crescimento para a avaliação da germinação. As sementes remanescentes do teste de germinação foram seccionadas longitudinalmente e medianamente através do embrião para a realização do teste de tetrazólio. As duas metades da semente foram imersas em uma solução de tetrazólio a 0,1% e mantidas em câmara escura, à 37ºC, por um período de 3 horas e após esse período as sementes foram lavadas e a leitura feita imediatamente, classificando-se as sementes em viáveis e não viáveis (mortas). No delineamento experimental os 30 lotes foram considerados... / The time of 28 days recommended by the Rules for Seed Analysis (RAS) to test the germination of Panicum maximum is considered excessive for producers, traders and laboratory analysis of forage seeds, which depend on the results of the test for making decisions of quality control and marketing. The present study aimed to determine the time required for the conduct of the germination test of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania. In the survey, 30 seed lots were audited or not (control) to the following treatments to overcome dormancy: germination in soak with KNO3 (0.2%), scarification with sulfuric acid (98% 36N) for 5 minutes and witness. The lots were assessed by the germination test under two conditions of alternating temperatures (20-30ºC and 15-35°C) with light (78 μmol s-1 m-2/ 8h). To identify the date of termination of the test were made daily counts of the number of normal seedlings for each lot, treatment of overcoming dormancy and temperature, was fitted a curve of growth for the assessment of germination. The remaining seeds in the germination test were sectioned longitudinally through the embryo and medium for the completion of the tetrazolium test. The two halves of the seeds were immersed in a solution of tetrazolium to 0.1% and kept in dark room, at 37º C for a period of 3 hours and after that period the seeds were washed and reading made immediately, sorting out the seeds into viable and non viable (dead). In the experimental design the 30 lots were considered the repetitions, resulting in estimates of the parameters of the segmented regression model for each treatment, was performed an analysis of variance where the treatments were compared to overcome dormancy and temperature. Through regression model was targeted to estimate the time required to conduct the germination test, determining whether the value at which the difference between the estimated asymptote... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This thesis presents findings from a qualitative enquiry into the rapid uptake of the mobile phone by pastoral communities in Tanzania and its use as a tool to tackle marketing constraints. The research design involves an interregional comparative analysis of two key production regions: Arusha and the Lake Zone, and two groups of livestock producers (the Maasai pastoralists and Wasukuma agro-pastoralists respectively). Applying the Social Shaping of Technology (SST) perspective from Science and Technology Studies (STS), and in particular the concept of 'appropriation', the study examines the embrace of mobile phones by those producers - who keep livestock under the extensive (pastoralist) and semi-intensive (agro-pastoralist) systems respectively. The thesis examines the extent to which the mobile phone is changing how livestock keepers interact in the livestock market and how this is affecting their livelihoods. The thesis shows that the significance of the mobile phone varies with user groups; for instance, for the Maasai who still lead a nomadic life, the mobile phone is used 'conservatively' to communicate about herd management and to coordinate household affairs in ways that do not substantially disrupt traditional social practices and roles. In contrast, the Wasukuma agro-pastoralists use mobile phones to introduce new processes to support production and marketing, one good example being the strategy used to coordinate transportation of cattle to market. The study findings suggest the extension of the 'appropriation' (Williams, Stewart, & Slack, 2005) conceptualisation by adding the possibility of a spectrum from shallow to extended according to users' role and the context of use. Nevertheless, and in more generic terms, it is possible to say that the mobile phone use did not disrupt some of the traditional practices and trade customs amongst the Maasai, and it has reinforced the innovative behaviour of the Wasukuma. The thesis also examines a parallel initiative whereby aid agencies and public bodies in Tanzania supported the development of the Livestock Information Network and Knowledge System (LINKS), as an ICT platform designed to improve the livestock market by sharing market information. However, studies show that LINKS has not had the intended effect, is not trusted and has not been adopted by many pastoralists. The study shows how the concept of trust, which is key in market dynamics and trade relations, has been reshaped, because the mobile phone has supported informal communications that reinforce traditional methods of policing trust in the market. The thesis contributes to ongoing debates surrounding the conceptualisation of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D). The failure of early ICT4D initiatives was attributed to a failure to address users' specific requirements, due to gaps in the translation process, as well as to socio-political and technical fragilities such as the lack of adequate infrastructure, and a deficient social learning process. The initial reworking of ICT4D highlighted the need to design technology as a specific solution appropriate to particular contexts/user groups. These were seen as finished solutions (corresponding to the idea of a 'technical fix'). Focusing upon 'appropriation', in line with the Social Shaping of Technology - Mark 2 approach - allows scope for a further rethinking of ICT4D which addresses not just design but the active role of users in shaping technological innovation to the context and purposes of communities in developing countries.

A running difficulty in African Studies (and beyond) is the need to reconcile modernity with difference, arising in attempts to account for the impact of colonialism as well as unequal international relations without lapsing into erasure of the manifold realities of African difference. Identifying the peasant vis-à-vis modernity as a salient instance of the problem, this thesis proffers a historical sociology of post-colonial Tanzania, where Julius Nyerere insisted that ‘If Marx were born in Tanzania he would have written the Arusha Declaration'. In saying so he was, in effect, pointing to the need, both programmatic and intellectual, to reconcile modernity and peasant-difference. Drawing upon international relations and the framework of uneven & combined development in particular, modernity is theorised as a process of fission whilst the peasant is cast as a protean subject thereof; the promised reconciliation can be achieved by rendering each as interactive. Building on this framework the main body of the thesis proceeds, encountering and engaging with the peasant-modernity problem along the way, to show the historical process by which a ‘citizen-peasant' social form emerged as combined development; an intellectual manoeuvre, moreover, that serves to conclude the reconciliation of ‘Marx' with ‘Arusha'. Chapters 1 and 2 establish the terrain and Chapter 3 supplies the methodological framework. Thereafter Chapter 4 sets out an account of the unevenness confronting Tanzania in the 1960s, linking that to its international relations in general and with China in particular to establish a pattern of interaction that Chapter 5 builds upon, revealing the Arusha Declaration as the starting point of a historical process from which the citizen-peasant arose, which is the key to the thesis as a whole. Chapter 6 completes the argument, pointing to the entrenchment of that form beyond its origins in the era of Nyerere's ‘African Socialism' taking the account up to the conclusion of the 20th century. Chapter 7 concludes, reflecting on the implications of the argument for the contemporary conjuncture.

This thesis is formed of three separate essays. The essays are empirical in nature and use the Kagera Health and Development Survey from Tanzania. The survey spans a 19-year period offering a unique opportunity to study many long-run dynamic processes of development in rural Africa. In the first essay, a version of which was co-authored with Joachim De Weerdt, we use these data to shed light on how mass internal migration changes the nature of informal risk-sharing. By quantifying how shocks and consumption co-move across linked households, our analysis shows that migrants unilaterally insure their extended family members who remain at home. This finding contradicts risk-sharing models based on reciprocity, but is consistent with assistance driven by social norms. Migrants sacrifice three to five per cent of their consumption growth to provide this insurance, which seems too trivial to have a stifling effect on their growth through migration. The second essay studies the role of exogenous income shocks on long-term migration decisions. The results reveal that temperature shocks cause large fluctuations in household consumption and inhibit long-term migration among men. These findings suggest that liquidity constraints are binding and prevent potential migrants from tapping into the opportunities brought about by internal migration. The final essay focuses on child nutrition and examines whether under-nourished children are able to recover the height losses later in life. The essay questions the methods used in the existing empirical literature and challenges the conventional view that recovery is nearly impossible after five years of age. The empirical part of the essay documents how puberty offers an opportunity window for recovery in the case of children in Kagera.

This dissertation is an ethnographic description of how pastors (and other ministers) in the Northern Diocese of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania understand and carry out their ministry: How they reflect, mediate, and influence local Christian practice and identities; how theology and theologizing forms an integral part of their social worlds; and how navigating and maintaining relationships with Christian mission partnerships (including “short-term mission”) becomes an important part of their ministry. Drawing from fieldwork conducted between June 2014 and September 2015, I present an account of Christianity that adds to anthropological scholarship by emphasizing the role of theology as a grounded social practice, and considers the increasingly divergent character of Christian mission and its role in modern Tanzanian Christianity. Additionally, I offer a contribution to existing scholarship on Christianity by focusing on pastors as a central mediating figure in Christianity, showing how, in their work, Christian practice, theology, and mission are experienced in social relationships. I demonstrate how theology and theologizing directly address local negotiations of Christian identity and practice, I examine the articulation between theological debates and Tanzanian experiences of mission, and I describe how mission in Tanzania has been and continues to be contextually understood with reference to the local practice of Christianity.