As pastagens são a principal fonte de alimento para o rebanho bovino no Brasil e elas são constituídas principalmente por gramíneas. Entre as espécies dominantes a Panicum maximum destaca-se pela sua boa produtividade e alto valor nutritivo. Para a formação e a manutenção dos pastos, o fornecimento e o balanço entre nutrientes na planta assumem importância fundamental. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar as respostas do Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, a combinações de doses de fósforo e de zinco na solução nutritiva, quanto aos parâmetros morfofisiológicos e produtivos e às concentrações de fósforo e zinco nos tecidos. Realizou-se um experimento na casa-de-vegetação localizada em Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, com o capim-Tanzânia no período de verão. Foram testadas cinco doses de fósforo (0,2, 0,6, 1,0, 1,4 e 1,8 mmol L-1) e cinco de zinco (0,00, 0,25, 0,50, 0,75, 1,00 µmol L-1) num estudo em superfície de resposta, baseado no desenho experimental composto central modificado de um esquema fatorial 52 incompleto resultando em 13 combinações de doses. Para os demais nutrientes as soluções foram baseadas na completa de Sarruge (1975) modificada apenas para nitrogênio fornecido na dose de 30 mmol L-1. As trocas de soluções foram efetuadas a cada 14 dias. Colocaram-se cinco plantas em vasos de 3,6 L, utilizando-se sílica como substrato. Aos 32 dias após o transplante procedeu-se o primeiro corte das plantas e aos 28 dias após o primeiro realizou-se o segundo corte. Imediatamente após cada corte o material vegetal foi separado em: folhas emergentes (FE), lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas (LR), lâminas de folhas maduras (LM) e colmos + bainhas (CB). Após o segundo corte, realizou-se a coleta das raízes. As partes das plantas coletadas nos dois cortes foram colocadas para secar, determinou-se a massa seca das plantas e a moagem para posterior análise no laboratório. Os resultados mostraram significâncias para a interação entre as doses de fósforo e as de zinco na massa seca da parte aérea do primeiro corte, na área foliar do segundo corte, na massa seca de raízes, nas concentrações de fósforo nas LM coletadas no primeiro e segundo cortes, na concentração média de fósforo na parte aérea das plantas e na concentração de zinco nas FE no primeiro crescimento. A massa seca da parte aérea no segundo crescimento, a área foliar no primeiro crescimento, os números de folhas e perfilhos no primeiro e segundo crescimentos, valor SPAD no primeiro crescimento, comprimento, comprimento específico e superfície de raízes, concentração de fósforo nas FE, LR e CB no primeiro e segundo crescimentos, concentração média de fósforo na parte aérea no segundo crescimento, concentração de fósforo nas raízes, concentração de zinco nas LR, LM e CB coletada tanto no primeiro como no segundo cortes e concentração de zinco nas FE amostradas no segundo corte variou significativamente com as doses de fósforo na solução. As doses de zinco influenciaram significativamente a área foliar e a concentração de zinco nas LM do primeiro corte. / Pastures are the main food source for de cattle in Brazil, and the grasses occupy most of them. Among the species in those pastures, Panicum maximum is preferred for its productivity and quality. In order to establish and maintain the pastures, it is necessary to supply nutrients in balanced amounts. The objective of this study was to determine the Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia responses to combinations of phosphorus and zinc rates in nutrient solution related to the morphophysiology, yield and the concentrations of phosphorus and zinc in plant tissues. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse located at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, with Tanzânia grass, in Summer season. Five rates of phosphorus (0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4 e 1.8 mmol L-1) and five rates of zinc (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 µmol L-1) were studied in a response surface methodology, based on a modified central composite design of a fractional 52 factorial. Other nutrients had concentrations in solution as recommended by Sarruge (1975), except for nitrogen that was supplied at 30 mmol L-1. Five plants were grown in 3.6 L plastic pots, containing ground quartz. The first harvest was done at 32 days after seedlings transplanting to the pots, and the second harvest was accomplished at 28 days after the first one. At the time of each harvest plant tops were separated into: emergents leaves (EL), lamina of recently expanded leaves (RL), lamina of mature leaves (ML) and colms + sheaths (CS). After the second harvest the roots werw collected. All plant material was dried, weighed and ground for laboratory analysis. The results showed that the interaction between phosphorus and zinc rates was significant for the dry matter yield at the first harvest, leaf area at the second harvest, roots dry weight, phosphorus concentration in the ML at the first and second harvests, in both the average phosphorus concentration in plant tops and zinc concentration in EL at the first harvest. Dry matter yield at the second harvest, leaf area at the first harvest, numbers of tillers and leaves at the first and second harvest , SPAD value in the first harvest, roots length, specific length and surface, phosphorus concentrations in the EL, RL and CS at the first and second harvests, the average phosphorus concentration in plant tops at the second harvest, phosphorus concentration in the roots, zinc concentrations in the RL, ML, and CS at the first and second harvests, and zinc concentration in the EL at the second harvest significantly changed with phosphorus rates. Significant responses to zinc rates were obtained for leaf area and zinc concentration in ML in first growth.

abstract: Access to testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as other care services related to HIV/AIDS, have greatly improved in Tanzania over the last decade. Despite the country’s efforts to increase the number of individuals who get tested for HIV annually, it is estimated that only 52.2-70.0% of people living with HIV (PLWH) knew their HIV positive status at the end of 2017. In addition, research in Tanzania has shown that HIV-related stigma and discrimination are widespread and contribute to low uptake of HIV testing and non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART). In order to achieve the goals set forth by the Government of Tanzania and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as well as move towards an AIDS-free generation, a deeper understanding of the stigma-related barriers to seeking an HIV test is necessary. This research aims to better understand the relationship between HIV-related stigma and attitudes towards HIV testing among community members in Northern Tanzania. In addition, it looked at the specific barriers that contribute to low uptake of HIV testing, as well as the impact of social networks on an individual’s motivation and willingness to get tested for HIV. In this research, community members in Meru District (N = 108, male = 69.4%, female = 28.7%) were surveyed using various validated instruments that covered a range of topics, including knowledge of HIV/AIDS, testing attitudes, and perceived risk of HIV infection. The mean overall score for correct answers on the knowledge measure was 69.8% (SD = 16.4). There were no significant group differences between individuals who had ever tested and individuals who had not tested in relation to HIV/AIDS knowledge or HIV testing attitudes. The factors that were significantly associated with getting an HIV test were knowing someone who had previously tested (p = 0.003), as well as openly discussing HIV testing within one’s social group (p = 0.017). Participants also provided qualitative responses for barriers to receiving an HIV test, motivations for getting tested, and suggested interventions for improving HIV testing uptake. The goal of this research is to develop recommendations for interventions that are better informed by attitudes and motivations for testing. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2019

This study contributes to the developing countries' public policy discourse by linking outcomes of the past and present urban housing policies in Tanzania to both the organisational structures and work methods of the state and to environmental factors. By tracing the historical development of urban housing policy formulation and implementation in Tanzania, the study provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the factors responsible for the poor performance of urban housing policies in Tanzania. The study is also important because it locates the policy development within the general literature of urbanisation and housing in the developing countries and within theoretical debates relating to policy explanation in these countries. The study documents a detailed case study of a specific project (the National Sites and Services and Squatter Upgrading Project - NSSP) aimed at addressing urban housing problems in Tanzania and uses this to identify a range of politico-administrative issues which affect policy formulation and implementation in Tanzania. In pursuing this task the study adds to the understanding of the factors affecting policy performance in developing countries experiencing constraints and contextual variables similar to those of Tanzania.

<p>The general aim of this essay is to situate the AIDS-epidemic in its socio-economic context, in order to see how HIV/AIDS affects households at a micro level. The material for the study was gathered during a minor field study conducted in Mwanza City, Tanzania.  The majority of the population in Tanzania is not part of the formal economic sector and does not enjoy the security of public health care, pension and other forms of support. Instead of being employed in the formal sector these people draw on different informal sources to secure their livelihoods. This has created a context where people are vulnerable in a situation of crisis. Since the 1980s - when the first cases of HIV were recorded in Tanzania - the epidemic has grown and HIV now constitutes one of the major threats to livelihood security.  But what impact does HIV/AIDS have on livelihood strategies in an urban setting? And how does the AIDS-epidemic affect society in general? Theses questions are investigated using qualitative methods and the data is analyzed by means of a livelihood framework.  From the gathered material I could conclude that HIV/AIDS indeed affects the livelihood strategies of afflicted households. Social capital – in the shape of support from family, friends and other networks – turned out to be an important resource. There is, however, an inequity in access to this resource. Stigmatisation has a negative impact on the social capital and increases the vulnerability of the afflicted households.  The essay deals with these issues in a wider perspective in relation to the role of the state and other actors and it is concluded with a discussion on the role of livelihood studies in the prevailing discourse on HIV/AIDS.</p>

<p>This thesis presents palaeoenvironmental data from equatorial Africa covering two important time intervals; i) the warming period forming the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and ii) the last millennium. The Empakaai Crater, in northern Tanzania contains a lake from where sediment cores, spanning two time-slices 14.8-9.3 ka and 800-2000 AD, have been studied. Palaeoecological and palaeohydrological reconstruction is based on a multitude of proxies from the sediments, representing both catchment environment and the lakes aquatic ecosystem response. Between 14.8 and 10 ka the catchment vegetation and lake hydrology responded to both regional climate changes and local environment, but with different amplitude and frequency, reflecting temporal and spatial lags between the two systems. However, at c 10 ka both lake conditions and catchment vegetation showed drastic changes towards drier conditions. The record covering the last millennium reveals environmental changes related to climate and human activities. The catchment’s vegetation was affected by frequent fires, most probably human induced, while near shore vegetation responded to lake level fluctuation associated with rainfall variability. About 15 km from Empakaai Crater is an extensive abandoned irrigation system, the Engaruka complex, which was in active use between c 1400 AD and 1840 AD. By comparing a number of social and environmental factors potentially influencing the societal development at Engaruka it is shown that wet climate conditions have had positive effects on the societal development but also that dry climate conditions were not always disastrous to the society. The resemblance of the pollen taxa present is strong between the two time slices and pollen representing catchment conditions respond in similar manner in both records. The lake conditions are however very different between the two periods Thus the lake responds to both long and short term changes of variable amplitude, while the catchment vegetation seems to responds to high amplitude, low frequency changes.</p>

<p> </p><p>Most of the former African colonies achieved their independence in the 1960's. However, the language of the colonizer often keeps a firm grip on culture and society even today. The aim of this essay is to examine attitudes towards the colonial languages English and French in Tanzania and Algeria. Are Tanzanians generally more positively inclined towards English than Algerians are towards French? In order to examine this, 15 informants from each of the two countries were chosen to participate in a small survey consisting of six questions. The results suggest that there is indeed a difference in attitudes: the Algerians seem more emotionally engaged in the French issue, while the Tanzanians tend to see English as an effect of globalization rather than colonialism. In both of the countries, the colonial language is generally perceived as the language of the successful.</p>

<p>The aim of the study was to investigate secondary school students´ preferences and experiences towards HIV/AIDS- education. A cross- sectional study was carried out in Dodoma region on five different secondary schools. Data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire, which was completed by 380 informants. The sample was made from the independent variables; gender, school location and school ownership. The result showed that 93 % of the students thought they need more information about HIV/AIDS. Only 51 % of the students felt that they had enough knowledge about HIV/AIDS to protect themselves from being infected by the virus. Half of all the students felt that there is a lack of support from the school to students living with HIV/AIDS. The students selected teachers, parents and doctor or health worker as the key persons in the HIV/AIDS- education. The conclusion is that there is a need of more information about HIV/AIDS among secondary school students. To reach out with the message to the students, the key persons have to interact and struggle towards the same goal. Further research should have a qualitative approach to examine secondary school students´ preferences and experiences towards HIV/AIDS- education.</p>

<p><p>Smallholder coffee farmers in Tanzania today are facing a deep financial crises. This is the result of several different reasons but one important factor is the political and economic reforms Tanzania has experienced from being one of the strongest socialist states in Africa to one of the most liberalized. For smallholder coffee farmers this has meant dealing with difficult challenges such as big fluctuations in the coffee bean price but it has also meant opportunities. The purpose for this study is to see if, and to what extent coffee tourism can help in community development and be a leverage to the living standard for people who are dealing with this business. In order to do this the authors have conducted a minor field study in the northern part of Tanzania. We argue that coffee tourism can increase and help stabilize income for smallholder coffee farmers through diversification, contribute to community development and work as a counter-force to the structural changes and the crisis that rural areas in Tanzania are dealing with today.</p></p>

<p>Background: Tanzania is a country which faces several development challenges. The villages in this essay are located in a rural part of central Tanzania. The area experiences severe environmental conditions in addition to poverty and other related problems. Therefore, there are attempts to improve the situation by forming groups on local level. The two projects studied aim to improve the environment and the members’ economy by planting and selling trees. The participants are women only, except the supervisors who are men in both projects.</p><p>Purpose and Question at Issue: The purpose is to examine if the project which the women participate in is affected by their sense of place. This is perceived through the examination of problems and possibilities faced by the women in their daily lives as well as in the project, and how these are managed and dealt with. The aim is to see if there is a correspondence between how different situations are dealt with by the individual and if this too can be related to the sense of place.</p><p>Method: The majority of the material was gathered through field studies but additional information was achieved through literature studies, earlier research, observations in field and informal conversations. Interviews were carried out with participating women in the studied projects. The method followed the guidelines of grounded theory and the interviews were designed with Dolbeare’s and Schuman’s three-interview series in mind. A minor quantitative study was also carried out by handing out a questionnaire to the women in the projects.</p><p>Theory: The theoretical framework builds on Tuan’s development of the meaning of sense of place, which is made up of people’s feelings, experiences and relations to a certain place. Closely related to sense of place is Bourdieu’s structural theory of habitus, why this is also considered a part of the theoretical framework.</p><p>Analysis: The material gathered through the field studies is analyzed in relation to the purpose and question at issue. Sense of place is defined by using various categories of the concept, which aim to encompass several aspects and therefore give a more nuanced picture of the meaning of place for the individual. The women were found to relate the place first and foremost to their family, social bonds and daily chores and to a lesser extent with the environment.</p>

<p>The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is an international framework on sound chemicals management with the objective that “by the year 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health”. SAICM was adopted at the International Conference on Chemicals Management in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in February 2006. To prepare countries to be able to implement SAICM the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is currently running Pilot Projects in three developing countries and one county with economy in transition: Belarus, Pakistan, Tanzania and Panama. Between October and December 2007 we were doing a Minor Field Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, interviewing people involved in the implementation of their Pilot Project which is running from 2006-2009. Our paper consists of two parts, one descriptive and one analysing. In the first part we describe the initiation, the formulation, the implementation and the evaluation of SAICM and the Pilot Project in Tanzania and in the second part we analyse opportunities and hindrances for a successful implementation of the Pilot Project and SAICM in Tanzania. How is the UN governing the implementation, what resources of finances, knowledge, institutions and time does Tanzania have and how is the implementation influenced by different actors interests? We argue that the there is mixture of the top-down and the bottom-up models and that this mixture is fruitful, we argue that Tanzania has enough finances, knowledge and time to implement SAICM but lack institutions, and finally that the different interests are not too various to harm the process.</p>