The result of the global integration of the world economy are globally operating corporations. Multinational enterprises operate in different countries whose economic policies are different from each other. These differences have considerable impact on tax policy. Taxes are the subject of conflicting interests of the international business and tax policy. One of the current objectives of the MNEs is to reduce the total cost in order to achieving competitive advantage in the global market as well as to minimize the global tax liability through its optimization. To achieve these objectives the international tax planning is a widely used means. International tax planning uses tax havens and their favourable tax conditions to divert profits. Minimizing tax liability often leads to tax avoidance or tax evasion. Different legislative adjustments and mutual meeting of local and international legislation gradually uncover gaps and weaknesses enabling reduction and shedding of profits. Consequently, states are deprived of significant tax revenue. One of the most common and most important methods to minimize the tax liability of MNEs is transfer pricing. Transfer prices are to be determined in accordance with the arm's length principle, using comparative analysis and an appropriate method of assessment. Transactions carried out between associated enterprises may be regarded as a risk area which gets to the fore states and tax administrations. The first part of thesis focuses on tax policy in terms of international taxation of income and international tax planning. The second part presents a transfer pricing. The third and last part describes the practices of MNEs in transfer pricing and corresponding initiatives of national and international organizations.

The thesis is focused mainly on changes in the field of tax planning, global exchange of information and documents, on the basis of which the information exchange is realized. The thesis is also devoted to protection of identity of owners of assets and income, and various instruments which allows preserving it. The practical part of the thesis is formed by a case study. The aim of the thesis is to coherently examine and summarize the changes that took place in international tax planning over the past few years, mainly because of increased international cooperation in tax matters.

The master thesis deals with the tax system of the Czech Republic and optimizing of tax liability of legal persons. The master thesis deals with taxation of corporate income tax, value added tax and international tax planning. In the area of the income taxes the thesis focuses on optimizing of tax liability when setting up a business, the solution cost and revenue items of the company and the possibility of applying deductions from the tax base and tax rebates. In the area of the value added tax, the thesis deals with the possibility of group registration for value added tax. At the end the thesis deals with possible use of tax havens. The aim of the thesis is to introduce a reader with the tax system in the Czech Republic and especially to imagine the possible applications of optimizing tax liability on selected methods, which the law currently allows.

Thesis deals with tax haven topic taking part in the gaming industry, international tax planning and tax losses related. In the theoretical section, definitions and anti-tax evasion strategies are introduced; and overview of particular countries solution with its features is outlined. The application section quantifies effect of these particular features on increase/decrease of tax residents count using statistical methods. Findings consist also of recommendations for tax code improvement and gaming law enhancements for Ministry of Finance in Czech Republic.

Aim of my master’s thesis on the topic „International Tax Planning and its Impact on Company's Economy“ is to evaluate current business model of the firm Jelko which is using it for products selling to the Slovakia. Based on the currect model analysis I will introduce other models, which could cause higher efficiency of advantageousness. I will analyse advantages and disadvantages of each model and following this analysis I will choose the best model which I will recommend to the firm in order to consider it and eventually to implement it.

Basée sur une analyse économique de l’investissement qui tend à se développer de plus en plus en droit contemporain, l’étude de l’optimisation et de la sécurisation de l’investissement immobilier russe en France vient reléguer le risque lié au blanchiment au second plan. Il ne s’agit pas ici de nier ce risque mais de démontrer que la mise en place d’une démarche de gestion de patrimoine visant à prendre en compte les intérêts et les enjeux du client en cherchant même à les optimiser, permet d’évaluer le risque que représente cet investissement. Cette analyse du risque de l’investissement nécessite de s’interroger sur les problématiques de droit international privé, de fiscalité internationale résultant de l’investissement ainsi que sur les problématiques liées au financement de l’opération et à la mise en œuvre de garanties. De contrainte faisant craindre le pire aux divers professionnels intervenant dans l’opération, le risque de blanchiment apparaît ici être la résultante d’une analyse économico-juridique visant à servir l’intérêt de l’investisseur. Comprendre les enjeux, les motivations de l’investissement et chercher à y répondre tout en sécurisant les diverses personnes intervenant dans le processus d’investissement, telle est la problématique que cette thèse se propose de résoudre. / Based on an economic analysis of the investment, which is increasingly tending to develop in contemporary law, the study of optimisation and security of Russian real estate investment in France relegates the risk of money laundering. This thesis shows that although such a risk cannot be denied, it can still be evaluated by implementing a management approach in order to optimise client’s issues and interests.The investment risk analysis requires consideration regarding questions relating to international private law, international taxation, as well as financing for transactions and implementation of guarantees. As a rule, the money laundering risk is leading various professionals involved in the transaction to fear the worst; however such risks seem to appear as a result of economic and legal analysis which aims to serve investor’s interests. Understanding the issues and reasons for investment, whilst trying to find solutions in order to secure the investment process is the objective of this thesis

La pandemia por el COVID-19 en el Perú ha ocasionado que las empresas relacionadas al turismo disminuyan considerablemente sus ingresos, debido a las restricciones que ha dispuesto el gobierno tales como: la prohibición de diversas actividades que generen aglomeramiento, uso de equipos de protección personal, promoción del distanciamiento social, entre otros y a ello se suma el temor de los turistas a contagiarse. Con el fin de impulsar la reactivación económica, el gobierno anunció diversos decretos en materia tributaria que buscan mitigar el impacto económico que han sufrido las compañías, y algunas disposiciones específicas para el sector hotelero. Considerando lo expuesto, el objetivo de la presente investigación es explicar de qué manera el Marco Tributario del contexto COVID-19 incide en el Planeamiento Tributario en los Hoteles de 4 y 5 estrellas en el distrito de San Isidro, el cual incluye la gestión de liquidez, pérdidas tributarias y gastos deducibles. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología de investigación mixta (exploratoria y descriptiva) y no experimental. Por un lado, en lo que respecta a la investigación cualitativa, se realizaron entrevistas a tres expertos en tributación y con experiencia en el sector hotelero. Por otro lado, para la investigación cuantitativa se recolectaron datos a través de cuestionarios realizados a los representantes de las empresas de la muestra delimitada. En el Capítulo 1: Marco Teórico se desarrolla un estudio sobre la pandemia y el sector hotelero en el Perú; así como el marco tributario general bajo el contexto COVID-19, en este se analizan los Decretos Legislativos N° 1471, 1481, 1488 y otras normativas relacionadas. Asimismo, se presentan las medidas tributarias que otros países de Latinoamérica han promulgado debido a la crisis sanitaria. De la misma manera, se definió el planeamiento tributario en relación con la gestión de liquidez, pérdidas tributarias y gastos deducibles, con el fin de exponer la importancia que este influye en la toma de decisiones de las empresas del sector hotelero. En el Capítulo 2: Plan de investigación se definen el problema principal y los problemas específicos de la investigación; también se determinan los objetivos e hipótesis. Además, se describe el estado de cuestión, la justificación, relevancia y limitaciones del tema investigado. En el Capítulo 3: Metodología de la investigación se detalla el nivel y diseño de la investigación, del mismo modo se determina los instrumentos de recolección de datos a utilizar, el tamaño de la población y cálculo de la muestra. En el Capítulo 4; Desarrollo de la investigación se realiza la aplicación de los instrumentos de investigación, los cuales se presentan en la metodología (entrevistas y encuestas). De la misma manera, se plantea un caso práctico para evidenciar la aplicación e impacto de la normativa tributaria bajo el contexto COVID-19 en una empresa del sector hotelero. En el Capítulo 5: Análisis de resultados, se presenta los resultados obtenidos de la ejecución de los instrumentos de recolección de datos y el desarrollo del caso práctico a través de la comparación de escenarios (aplicando o no la normativa) y determinando el beneficio tributario. Por último, se detallan las conclusiones y recomendaciones obtenidas luego de realizar la presente investigación. / The COVID-19 pandemic in Peru has caused tourism-related businesses to significantly reduce their income, due to the series of restrictions imposed by the government such as: the prohibition of different activities that generate agglomeration, use of personal protective equipment, promotion of social distancing, among others, and to this is added the fear of tourists to become infected. In order to boost economic recovery, the government announced several tax decrees that seek to mitigate the economic impact that companies have suffered, and some specific provisions for the hotel sector. In accordance with that, the objective of this research is explaining how the Tax Framework of the COVID-19 context affects tax planning in 4 and 5 star hotels in the district of San Isidro, which includes liquidity management, tax losses and deductible expenses. For this, a mixed (exploratory and descriptive) and nonexperimental research methodology was applied. On the one hand, about qualitative research, interviews were conducted with three tax experts with experience in the hotel sector. On the other hand, for quantitative research, data were collected through questionnaires made to the representatives of the companies in the delimited sample. Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework, a study is carried out on the pandemic and the hotel sector in Peru; as well as the general tax framework under the context COVID-19, in which the legislative decrees N° 1471, 1481, 1488 and other related regulations are analyzed. It also presents the tax measures from other Latin American countries that have enacted due to the health crisis. In the same way, tax planning was defined in relation to the management of liquidity, tax losses and deductible expenses; to expose the importance that this influences the decision-making of companies in the hotel sector. Chapter 2: Research Plan defines the main problem and the specifics of research; it also identifies the objectives and assumptions. In addition, the state of the matter, the justification, relevance and limitations of the topic under investigation are described. Chapter 3: Research methodology, details the level and design of the research, as well as determining the data collection tools to be used, the size of the population and the sample calculation. Chapter 4: Research development, the application of research instruments is carried out, which are presented in the methodology (interviews and surveys). In the same way, a practical case is raised to show the application and impact of the tax regulations under the COVID-19 context in a company in the hotel sector. Chapter 5: Analysis of Results, presents the results obtained from the implementation of data collection instruments and the development of the case study through the compare of scenarios (whether applying the regulations) and determining the tax benefit. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations obtained after the present investigation are detailed. / Tesis

隨著經濟全球化的時代來臨，國與國之間的界線漸趨模糊，全球的產業及資源都不斷地加速整合，本研究嘗試以不同角度出發，分別以「全球化浪潮下之現代集團公司」、「境外控股公司的靈活機制」及「以股權規劃為中心的思考模式」三大核心為主題，先從全球佈局的觀點來定位企業，取代傳統緩慢演變逐漸拓展的方式，選擇在企業創立的最初，就以全球化的眼光來設計企業的組成架構，跳脫國界的藩籬；再經由比較英屬維京群島、開曼群島以及美國德拉瓦州設立境外公司的相關規定，闡述境外控股公司的各種優勢與操作機制；接著探討企業從設立到赴國際資本市場上市的籌資過程中，如何以股權規劃為中心，運用靈活的持股架構及特別股的概念，就公司的股東結構、董事會結構與組織制度，以及員工認股權各面向做出細緻的設計，來募集所需資金並鞏固未來發展。 最後，本研究以中芯國際集成電路有限公司與富士康國際控股有限公司兩家赴香港上市之台資企業個案，討論其上市前之集團架構、歷次資本形成與股權規劃等過程，一方面與本研究之分析作對照，另一方面亦闡述香港資本市場躋身國際資本市場之原因，並對台灣目前資本市場的法令與政策提出期許。 / In the coming era of globalization, boundaries between countries are blurring, and the global integration of industries and resources speeds up. This thesis tries to look into the phenomenon from three perspectives: group companies under the globalization trends, the flexible mechanism of offshore holding companies, and equity planning-centered thinking model for modern enterprises. By pointing out that, instead of expanding gradually, modern enterprises tend to arrange its organization from a global viewpoint on the first day it is established, this thesis interprets group companies with a new angle; second, it presents the respective criteria for setting up offshore companies in British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and the State of Delaware along with the advantages and flexibilities of using offshore holding companies; and third, it introduces the concept of equity planning during the developing course of an enterprise from startup to listing company, including the formation of its capital structure, shareholder structure, board of directors, organization, and employee incentive plans in order to raise enough funding and secure the basis of future prosperity. At last, this thesis takes two Taiwan-based, Hong Kong listed companies, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation and Foxconn International Holdings Limited, as examples and studies their respective pre-IPO group structure, the capital formation and the equity planning course to reflect the analysis contained herein on the one hand, and also discuss the reasons why Hong Kong can become one of the most-favored international capital markets and finally proposes suggestions to the laws, regulations as well as policies with respect to the current capital market of Taiwan.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano_da_Costa_Andrade.pdf: 1175815 bytes, checksum: 16b9a0577766cebffff52abbc3248678 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / This thesis has the objective of highlighting the differences between the accounting aspects and the tax impacts under the circunstance of the negotiation of one company through the institute of the incorporation and / or division to replace the institut of the acquisition - purchase and sale. The granting of some fiscal concessions by the Federal Government was what initially motivated the use of these operations, in 1971 it was created the Commission of Fusion and Incorporation of Companies - COFIE - linked to the Ministry of Finance, in order to provide, coordinate and analyze such benefits. The reorganizations are operations of incorporation and / or division known by Americans as a business combination, which since the 90's, with the constant changes that are occurring in Brazil and in the world, has its contribution and importance increased by the benefits brought throught the operations, beyond being extremely relevant values. This research seeks to demonstrate that business organizations are using the incorporation of institutes and divisions to acquire other business endeavors, ie, using the legitimacy of the institution of reorganization for tax advantages, because in essence the operation is an acquisition - buying and selling - replaced by a corporate reorganization. Therefore, the methodology adopted will be the bibliographic research, which as collected through documental and empirical research, tried to highlight the legal aspects, legal doctrine, corporate, tax and accounting schools of merger, demerger and acquisition. The interpretation and analysis were based on the theoretical framework, based on the review of the literature relevant to the study, that was done through a case in a Brazilian petrochemical sector, in which was reorganized through the institute of incorporation, initiated in late 2007 and completed in mid-2009. The purpose was to demonstrate the economy tax through the not taxable income tax and contribution social over net proft through capital gains to shareholders of the merged company, to highlight, in the accounting theory, the question of the essence regarding the form and to make evident the different ways to account for each institute. / Esta disserta????o tem por objetivo evidenciar as diferen??as entre os aspectos cont??beis e os impactos tribut??rios quando a negocia????o de uma empresa se realiza atrav??s da reorganiza????o societ??ria por meio do instituto da incorpora????o - e/ou cis??o em substitui????o ao instituto da aquisi????o - compra e venda. A concess??o de alguns benef??cios fiscais pelo Governo Federal foi o que motivou, inicialmente, o emprego dessas opera????es; no ano de 1971 foi criada a Comiss??o de Fus??o e Incorpora????o de Empresas - COFIE, ligada ao Minist??rio da Fazenda, com a finalidade de conceder, coordenar e analisar tais benef??cios. As reorganiza????es societ??rias s??o opera????es de incorpora????o e/ou cis??o denominadas pelos norte-americanos como business combinations, que, a partir da d??cada de 90, com as constantes modifica????es que est??o ocorrendo no cen??rio brasileiro e mundial, vem tendo sua participa????o e import??ncia ampliadas pelos benef??cios trazidos ??s respectivas opera????es, al??m de serem valores relevantes. Nesta pesquisa, procura-se evidenciar que as organiza????es empresariais est??o utilizando os institutos da incorpora????o e cis??o para adquirir outros empreendimentos empresariais, ou seja, utilizando-se da licitude da instituto da reorganiza????o societ??ria para obter vantagens tribut??rias, por que na ess??ncia a opera????o ?? uma aquisi????o - compra e venda - substitu??da por uma reorganiza????o societ??ria. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada ser?? pesquisa bibliogr??fica; os dados da pesquisa ser??o coletados por meio de pesquisa documental e emp??rica, em que se procurou evidenciar os aspectos legais, jur??dicos doutrin??rios, societ??rios, tribut??rios e cont??beis dos institutos de incorpora????o, cis??o e aquisi????o. A interpreta????o e an??lise dos dados embasou-se no referencial te??rico, fundamentado na revis??o da literatura pertinente ?? ??rea de estudo, sendo a pesquisa feita mediante um estudo de caso em uma empresa brasileira do setor petroqu??mico, que se reorganizou por interm??dio do instituto da incorpora????o, iniciada no final de 2007 e conclu??da em meados de 2009. O prop??sito foi de demonstrar a economia tribut??ria por meio da n??o tributa????o do imposto de renda da pessoa jur??dica e a contribui????o social sobre o lucro l??quido atrav??s da tributa????o do ganho de capital aos acionistas da empresa incorporada, trazer ?? luz da Teoria Cont??bil a quest??o da ess??ncia sobre a forma e evidenciar as diferentes formas de se contabilizar cada instituto.

本論文探討兩稅合一制所增設的兩個機制，即稅額扣抵比率及加徵保留盈餘稅對上市公司股利發放、資本結構以及公司租稅規劃的影響。首先以數學模式推導出兩稅合一制下這兩個機制與股利發放率及負債權益比率之間的關係，再據以建立研究假說，而後進行兩步驟多變量程序之實證測試。研究所獲致的結果包括： 　　一、兩稅合一制實施後，上市公司稅額扣抵比率與總（盈餘）股利發放率呈正相關，且上市公司稅額扣抵比率愈高者，其總（盈餘）股利發放率、現金股利發放率及盈餘配股發放率皆較兩稅合一制實施前高。由於公積配股並不受兩稅合一制實施的影響，故本文也發現兩稅合一制實施前後公積配股率並無顯著差異。整體而言，兩稅合一制實施後，總（盈餘）股利發放率、盈餘配股發放率及公積配股率較實施前減少，而現金股利發放率較實施前增加。進一步的分析顯示現金股利發放率的增加係受到健全股利政策的推行影響，而盈餘配股發放率的減少可能是受到股票股利緩課取消的影響。 　　二、兩稅合一制實施後，符合促進產業升級條例第八條及第九條規定之投資方案，選擇股東投資抵減之公司並無顯著多於選擇五年免稅之公司，可能原因為選擇五年免稅有利於公司現金流量及每股盈餘的金額。此一結果雖與預期方向相反，但也顯示政府原先擔心公司會選擇股東投資抵減而造成鉅額稅收流失的疑慮並未獲得實證支持。但從兩稅合一實施後公司股權結構的變動分析顯示，公司法人持股比率較實施前增加，而僑外投資持股率較實施前減少，支持公司在不同股東身分稅負差距的考量下，會有股權結構移轉之租稅規劃，以降低股東所負擔的稅負。 　　三、兩稅合一制實施後，上市公司稅額扣抵比率愈高者，股東所享扣抵權愈多，則舉債租稅利益愈少，因而總負債權益比率將降低；而上市公司保留盈餘比率愈高者，所課徵的保留盈餘稅愈高，舉債利息的租稅利益反而增加，會造成總負債權益比率增加。本文的實證結果也顯示，兩稅合一制實施後，上市公司稅額扣抵比率愈高者，其總負債權益比率較實施前低；而上市公司保留盈餘比率愈高者，其總負債權益比率較實施前高。 　　綜合本論文實證結果顯示，兩稅合一制實施後，稅額扣抵比率的機制確實其有消除股利所得重複課稅的效益，進而提高公司股利發放的意願，並且有助於公司資本結構的改善。但是，政府對於未分配盈餘加徵 10％營利事業所得稅的規定卻不利於公司資本的累積，反而提高舉債的租稅誘因，也可能抵銷稅額扣抵比率降低舉債的效果，值得政府深入檢討對公司未分配盈餘課稅的不利影響。 / Enacted in 1998, the Integrated Income Tax System has two important features, i.e., the imputation tax credit to shareholders and the 10% surtax levied on undistributed earnings. Using two-step multivariate regression, this study exmines the impacts of these two features on corporations' dividend payout, tax planning, and capital structure. The findings of this study are as follows : 　　1. After implementation of the Integrated Income Tax System, the imputation tax credit ratio is positively related with total dividends payout ratios. Companies with higher imputation tax credit ratios tend to pay out more cash dividends and earnings stock dividends, ceteris paribus. However, there appears no significant relation between the imputation tax credit ratio and capital stock dividends. On average, after implementation of the Integrated Income Tax System, stock dividend payout ratios, including earning stock dividends and capital stock dividends, are decreased, but cash dividend payout ratios are increased. The increase in cash dividend payout may be affected by the balance dividend policy by the SEC, which require corporations to pay out greater proportions in cash dividends. The decrease in earning stock dividends may be due to the cancellation of the deferral of tax on stock dividends. 　　2. After implementation of the Integrated Income Tax System, inconsistent with the expectation, companies still prefer the five-year tax exemption to the investment tax credits. The results suggest that companies' choices are affected more by such factors as corporate cashflows and earnings per shares. However, after implementation of the Integrated Income Tax System, there is a significant change in stockholder structures, with the ratios of corporation stockholders being increased while the ratios of oversea stockholders being decreased. The opportunity of tax arbitrage will have a significant impact on corporations' stockholder structures. 　　3. After implementation of the Integrated Income Tax System, for companies with higher imputation tax credit ratios, their stockholders will have greater tax benefits, and, hence, the tax benefit for companies to use debt financing is decreased. Conversely, companies with higher ratios of retained earnings will bear more tax burdens on the 10% surtax levied on undistributed earnings; therefore, the tax benefit of debt financing is increased. The empirical results support that, ceteris paribus, companies with higher imputation tax credit ratios tend to have lower debt-to-equity ratios, while companies with higher ratios of retained earnings tend to have greater debt-to-equity ratios. 　　In summary, after implementation of the Integrated Income Tax System, the imputation tax credits reduce the double taxation on stockholders' dividend income and, hence, improve corporations' capital structure. However, the 10% surtax on undistributed earnings may result in opposite effect on corporations' capital structure. The findings of this study have important implications for the government to take into account the potential adverse impacts resulted from taxes levied on corporations' retained earnings.