From Introduction: In the Preface to his book The idea of Coleridge's Criticism, Richard Harter Fogle states: There is... I am confident, a need for such a study as I here introduce; a study of Coleridge's criticism in itself, tentatively accepting the metaphysical assumptions on which it is based and focusing upon its central principles and inner relationship; endeavouring without direct regard for its external connections to the past and the present to see it as a whole, yet at the same time anxiously regardful of its permanent significance and its bearing upon practical criticism. These are the principles on which I have based this thesis, applied more particularly to Coleridge's criticism of drama.

[pt] Testes existentes para não-linearidade em Modelos de Correção de Erros são altamente intensivos computacionalmente e apresentam parâmetros de estorvo na distribuição assintótica, que precisam ser levantadas através de simulações por bootstrap. É proposto um teste consistente, implementável em qualquer pacote estatístico e que apresenta distribuição assintótica Qui-Quadrado. Além disso, experimentos de Monte Carlo mostram que em pequena amostra o teste tem boas propriedades de tamanho e poder, muitas vezes melhores do que os testes existentes. Também é apresentada uma condição sob a qual um estimador em dois estágios para os parâmetros do modelo é assintoticamente normal. A aplicação do modelo a preços internacionais de commodities agrícolas mostra evidência de ajuste não-linear nos preços de trigo. / [en] Existing tests for nonlinearity in vector error correction models are highly intensive computationally and have nuisance parameters in the asymptotic distribution, what calls for cumbersome bootstrap calculations in order to assess the distribution. Our work proposes a consistent test which is implementable in any statistical package and has Chi-Squared asymptotics. Moreover, Monte Carlo experiments show that in small samples our test has nice size and power properties, often better than the preexisting tests. We also provide a condition under which a consistent two step estimator for the model parameters is asymptotically normal. Application to international agricultural commodities prices show evidence of nonlinear adjustment to the long run equilibrium on the wheat prices.

Submitted by Eduardo Pavinato Olimpio (epolimpio@gmail.com) on 2015-02-11T11:13:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Eduardo_Pavinato_Olimpio_v2.pdf: 909989 bytes, checksum: 77a7740bfe398788f777f020fb78522c (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Eduardo, Seu trabalho foi rejeitado, pois você deve aguardar o recebimento da ficha catalográfica, que será enviada pela biblioteca. Encaminhei um e-mail com divergências na formatação para que você corrija e quando você receber a ficha catalográfica, deverá fazer a nova submissão de seu trabalho. Peço verificar todo o conteúdo, pois constam páginas em branco (ex: página 28, 48, 58...) com isso você deve corrigir também o seu sumário. Att Renata. on 2015-02-11T15:41:54Z (GMT) / Submitted by Eduardo Pavinato Olimpio (epolimpio@gmail.com) on 2015-02-12T22:39:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-12T22:49:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-13T12:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-12 / Neste trabalho apresentamos um modelo DSGE de pequena escala com economia fechada para estudar os efeitos de um aumento do crédito subsidiado e de uma política fiscal expansionista sobre as decisões de política monetária. O modelo, construído com base na literatura nacional e internacional, é constituído por uma economia fechada, com formação de hábito dos consumidores, firmas atuando em um mercado de competição monopolística (NEISS; NELSON, 2003) e rigidez de preços a la Calvo (CHRISTIANO; EICHENBAUM; EVANS, 2005). O governo é inserido no modelo através da autoridade monetária, que segue a Regra de Taylor definida por Vasconcelos e Divino (2012), e através da autoridade fiscal, que segue uma meta de superávit primário como em Castro et al. (2011). Por fim, o volume de investimento financiado por crédito subsidiado e a taxa deste crédito são definidos exogenamente pela autoridade fiscal, afetando sua restrição orçamentária. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a política fiscal expansionista é mais importante que o aumento do subsídio ao crédito para o aumento da taxa de juros real neutra. Estes efeitos, porém, explicam pouco da variância das variáveis macroeconômicas quando comparados aos choques de demanda e de produtividade. Além disso, o modelo mostra evidências de um caráter inflacionário recente da política monetária no Brasil. / In this work we present a small-scale DSGE model with closed economy in order to study the monetary effects caused by an increase of the subsidized credit and an expansionary fiscal policy. The model is developed over several works on the Brazilian and international literature is based on a simple model of a closed economy with households consumption habit formation and firms acting in a monopolistic competitive maket (NEISS; NELSON, 2003) and Calvo price rigidities (CHRISTIANO; EICHENBAUM; EVANS, 2005). The government is inserted through a monetary rule defined by Vasconcelos e Divino (2012) and through the fiscal authority via a primary surplus rule as in Castro et al. (2011). Finally, the amount of investment financed with subsidized credit and its interest are exogenously defined by the fiscal authority, affecting its budget constraint. Our results suggest that an expansionary political is more important than the increase of the credit subsidy in their effects on the neutral real interest rate. However, these effects have less relevance on the variance of the macroeconomic variables when compared to the effects of a demand or technology shocks. Moreover, the model evidences the inflacionary character of the recent monetary policy in Brazil.

Submitted by Bernardo Dutra (btdutra@globo.com) on 2015-06-01T22:56:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bernardo.pdf: 1312660 bytes, checksum: df59f930e5c26a2087f17e85baa0af68 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2015-06-02T12:29:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bernardo.pdf: 1312660 bytes, checksum: df59f930e5c26a2087f17e85baa0af68 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-02T17:21:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bernardo.pdf: 1312660 bytes, checksum: df59f930e5c26a2087f17e85baa0af68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-07 / Using microdata from the FGV/IBRE Consumer Survey we investigate if brazilian consumers form expectations consistent with the Taylor rule and if consistency changes according to monetary policy conducted by the Central Bank of Brazil. Based on an analysis similar to Carvalho and Nechio (2014), we find that the public can properly understand the relationship between interest rates and inflation in the rule framework, but not the relationship between interest rates and unemployment, probably due to the single mandate adopted in Brazil and some features of the data. Furthermore, we find that the consistency of expectations signifi- cantly drops in periods that the central bank deviates from the Taylor rule, indicating that a higher tolerance to inflationary shocks can damage the coordination of society’s expectations. / Utilizando microdados da Sondagem do Consumidor do FGV/IBRE, investigamos se os consumidores brasileiros formam expectativas consistentes sobre a regra de Taylor e se essa consistência se altera de acordo com a condução da política monetária feita pelo Banco Central do Brasil. A partir de uma análise semelhante a de Carvalho e Nechio (2014), encontramos que o público consegue capturar corretamente a relação entre juros e inflação no arcabouço da regra, mas não a relação entre juros e desemprego, provavelmente por causa do regime de política monetária adotado no país e por particularidades dos dados. Além disso, encontramos que a consistência das expectativas sofre quedas significativas nos períodos em que o banco central desvia da regra de Taylor, indicando que uma maior tolerância a choques inflacionários por parte da autoridade monetária pode prejudicar a coordenação das expectativas da sociedade.

L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier l'évolution de la morphologie de flocs soumis à des conditions hydrodynamiques turbulentes. A cet effet, des expériences de floculation par neutralisation de charge en présence de sels sont mises en œuvre, dans deux géométries de réacteurs, sous différentes conditions hydrodynamiques. Dans un premier temps, des expériences de floculation sont réalisées sous conditions hydrodynamiques fixées. D'une part, un suivi en ligne de la floculation de microsphères de latex en jar test est effectué par granulométrie à diffraction laser. Plus le taux de cisaillement moyen G caractéristique de l'hydrodynamique globale du réacteur est élevé, plus la cinétique de floculation est rapide ; la distribution de diamètres équivalents demeure alors monomodale et présente une autosimilarité. L'évolution de la dimension fractale Df représentative de l'ensemble de la population montre une compaction des agrégats au cours du temps, d'autant plus marquée que G est élevé. D'autre part, la caractérisation de nombreuses propriétés morphologiques de flocs de bentonite formés dans un réacteur de Taylor-Couette est effectuée par analyse d'images (méthode in situ non intrusive). Un grand nombre d'images sont acquises, permettant de déterminer avec précision l'évolution temporelle des distributions des propriétés morphologiques ainsi que de leurs moments. Bien que les caractéristiques de taille et de forme soient liées, leur dépendance à l'hydrodynamique n'est pas la même. Des flocs produits dans des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes, et dont les distributions de tailles sont similaires, présentent des formes différentes. Le rayon de giration des flocs est corrélé à la micro-échelle de Kolmogorov tandis que leur circularité semble corrélée à la vitesse de rotation du cylindre interne. Dans un second temps, un séquençage des conditions hydrodynamiques consistant en deux cycles de rupture-refloculation est effectué après une première étape de floculation dans le réacteur de Taylor-Couette. L'irréversibilité après rupture est montrée. La refloculation produit des flocs de tailles plus réduites et de formes plus régulières et l'état stationnaire est atteint plus rapidement, sans phase de restructuration significative, contrairement à ce qui est observé après la première étape de croissance. Si la contrainte appliquée lors de la rupture est suffisamment élevée, le second cycle a peu d'influence sur la population de flocs. En revanche si la contrainte de rupture est moins importante, chacun des deux cycles forme des flocs plus compacts et plus lisses, mais aussi plus petits. L'étape de rupture produit des floculi qui deviennent alors les briques élémentaires pour l'étape de refloculation suivante. La taille des flocs obtenus lors de ces étapes de refloculation est limitée par l'hydrodynamique, mais leur structure est déterminée par la taille et la structure des floculi. Enfin, la problématique de la modélisation de la floculation par Bilan de Population (BP) est abordée. Une équation de BP tenant compte de la dimension fractale est formulée pour modéliser les expériences de floculation de latex en jar test. Les seuls paramètres variables du modèle sont les valeurs expérimentales de G et Df. Basée sur la méthode de la quadrature des moments (QMOM), la résolution du BP permet de décrire convenablement l'évolution des six premiers moments de la distribution de tailles expérimentale et de certains diamètres caractéristiques, aux différentes conditions hydrodynamiques mises en œuvre. / The objective of this work is to study the time evolution of floc morphology under turbulent hydrodynamic conditions. For this purpose, flocculation by charge neutralization in the presence of salts is realized within two reactor geometries under various hydrodynamic conditions. As a first step, flocculation experiments under constant hydrodynamic conditions were realized. On the one hand, a laser light scattering technique is used for an on-line monitoring of latex microsphere flocculation conducted in a jar. The higher the global shear gradient G, the faster the flocculation kinetics, and thus the equivalent diameter distribution tends to keep monomodal and autosimilar. The time evolution of the fractal dimension Df, representative for the whole population, shows that aggregates get more compact with time, and this trend is more pronounced when G is higher. . On the other hand, bentonite flocculation is realized in a Taylor-Couette reactor. Various morphological properties are measured by an in situ non-intrusive method of image acquisition and analysis. Each measurement consists of a large number of images, allowing the precise calculation of property distributions and their moments over time. Although size and shape are obviously correlated, their dependency to hydrodynamics is different. Flocs of similar sizes produced under different hydrodynamic conditions exhibit different shapes. The sizes are calibrated by the turbulence as the double radius of gyration is close to Kolmogorov microscale, whereas the circularity seems correlated to the rotation speed. As a second step, a hydrodynamic sequencing is imposed in the Taylor-Couette reactor, in order to realize two breakup and reflocculation cycles after a first flocculation phase. The irreversibility is shown. Reflocculation after breakup produces smaller sizes, more regular shapes, and the steady state is reached faster since there is no restructuration phase such as the one observed after the initial growth step. When the breakup shear is high enough, the second cycle has very little impact. However, if the breakup shear is lower, each of the two cycles produces more compact and smoother, but also smaller flocs. The breakup step produces flocculi that are the building blocks for the next re-flocculation step. The, floc size is conditioned by hydrodynamics, whereas floc structure is determined by flocculi size and structure. Finally, the issue of modelling is addressed. A population balance (PB) equation accounting for the fractal dimension is formulated, in order to model the latex flocculation experiments. The only varying model parameters are the experimental values of G and Df. The PB, solved using the quadrature method of moments, allows to adequately describe the temporal evolution of the first six moments of the experimental distribution obtained under three hydrodynamic conditions.

L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier l’évolution de la morphologie des agrégats soumis à des conditions hydrodynamiques turbulentes. Pour cela, des expériences de floculation de particules de latex ont été réalisées dans un réacteur de Taylor-Couette en mettant en œuvre un séquençage des conditions hydrodynamiques, consistant en six étapes effectuées alternativement à faible et fort taux de cisaillement. Pour l’ensemble des expériences, un suivi en ligne de la taille des flocs a été réalisé par granulométrie laser. Par ailleurs, des paramètres caractéristiques de la forme des agrégats, ont été déterminés par analyse d’images sur des échantillons de suspension prélevés à la fin des différentes étapes du séquençage hydrodynamique. Dans le cas où le mécanisme de floculation est la neutralisation de charges (par ajout de NaCl ou de Al2(SO4)3), les résultats ont permis de confirmer la forte influence de l’hydrodynamique sur la taille des agrégats mais ont aussi révélé l’existence d’un lien entre la forme des agrégats et leur histoire. Contrairement à la taille, la morphologie des flocs, caractérisée par leur circularité ou leur convexité est peu sensible à l’hydrodynamique. L’étude des distributions surfaciques de ces paramètres de forme ainsi que la représentation des résultats expérimentaux sous forme bidimensionnelle (reliant taille et forme) ont en effet montré qu’après un certain nombre de cycles rupture-refloculation, la circularité comme la convexité évoluent vers une distribution unique, indépendante de l’hydrodynamique. Dans le cas où le mécanisme de floculation est le pontage (le polymère utilisé étant le PolyDADMAC), pour des taux de cisaillement faible, les agrégats sont plus grands, mais plus circulaires et plus résistants à la rupture que ceux créés par neutralisation de charge. Une analyse complémentaire est ensuite proposée permettant d’analyser l’effet des conditions hydrodynamiques sur la dimension fractale des flocs déduite des mesures par diffraction laser ou de l’analyse d’images. A des fins de comparaison, une nouvelle expression de la dimension fractale issue de l’analyse morphologique Df* a été introduite. Enfin, la modélisation de la floculation par résolution de l’équation de bilan de population basée sur la méthode de la quadrature des moments (QMOM) a été abordée ; les paramètres variables du modèle étant les valeurs expérimentales du taux de cisaillement moyen et la dimension fractale. Les résultats préliminaires montrent qu’il est possible de reproduire correctement l’évolution des six premiers moments de la distribution en taille des agrégats pour une phase d’agrégation du séquençage hydrodynamique. / The aim of this work was to investigate the evolution of the morphology of aggregates under turbulent hydrodynamic conditions. For this purpose, latex particles flocculation experiments were conducted in a Taylor-Couette reactor by carrying out a sequencing of the hydrodynamic conditions, consisting of six steps performed alternately at low and high shear rate. For all the experiments, an on-line monitoring of the size of the flocs was carried out by laser diffraction. Moreover, characteristic parameters of the shape of the aggregates were determined by image analysis on suspension samples taken at the end of the various stages of the hydrodynamic sequencing. When the flocculation mechanism is the charge neutralization (by addition of NaCl or Al2(SO4)3), the results have confirmed the strong influence of hydrodynamics on aggregate size but also revealed the existence of a relationship between the shape of the aggregates and their history. Contrary to size, the morphology of the flocs, characterized either by their circularity or convexity, is not sensitive to hydrodynamics. The study of the surface distributions of these shape parameters as well as the representation of the experimental results in two-dimensional form (linking size and shape) have shown that, after a number of breakage-reflocculation cycles, both circularity and convexity evolve towards a single distribution which is independent of hydrodynamics. When the bridging flocculation is the main mechanism (the polymer used being PolyDADMAC), at low shear rates, the aggregates are larger, but more circular and more resistant to breakage than those issued from charge neutralization. A complementary analysis is then proposed to analyze the effect of hydrodynamics on the fractal dimension measured either by laser diffraction or by image analysis. In order to compare both results, a new expression of the fractal dimension derived from the morphological analysis Df * was introduced. Finally, the modeling of the flocculation by solving the population balance equation using the quadrature method of moments (QMOM) is presented; the only variable parameters being the experimental values of the average shear rate and the fractal dimension. The preliminary results show that it is possible to reproduce correctly the evolution of the first six moments of the aggregate size distribution for an aggregation phase of the hydrodynamic sequencing.

Les réacteurs structurés de type monolithe apparaissent comme une alternative intéressante aux réacteurs triphasiques conventionnels (à lit fixe ruisselant ou à suspension), car ils offrent dans leurs canaux millimétriques, dans une large gamme de débits, un écoulement bien défini, consistant en une succession de bulles et bouchons liquides (écoulement dit de Taylor). Celui-ci, proche de l'écoulement idéal " piston ", permet également une intensification du transfert gaz-liquide, notamment grâce à l'existence d'un film mince de liquide séparant les bulles de la paroi catalytique. Par ailleurs, les dernières technologies de fabrication additive offrent de nouvelles possibilités de réalisation de ce type de réacteur, sous la forme d'une structure métallique conductrice alternant canaux catalytiques et canaux dédiés au fluide caloporteur. Cette configuration efficace de réacteur-échangeur autorise à considérer le monolithe comme uniforme en température et à réduire sa modélisation à celle d'un canal unique isotherme. C'est la stratégie de modélisation adoptée dans ce travail de thèse, qui cherche à représenter chacun des phénomènes avec seulement le niveau de complexité nécessaire, en progressant de l'échelle locale à l'échelle du réacteur. L'outil choisi ici est le logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics pour sa capacité à traiter des problèmes multi-physiques et multi-échelles. Une approche classique pour les écoulements de Taylor est appliquée, construite autour d'une " cellule unitaire " qui se déplace à la vitesse diphasique le long du canal. Le champ hydrodynamique calculé sert alors de support au calcul du transfert de masse entre les phases. Le premier cas d'étude traité - transfert d'oxygène dans l'eau avec réaction de consommation de l'oxygène en paroi - sert à poser les bases du modèle, en examinant le bien-fondé de différentes hypothèses simplificatrices, concernant le nombre de phases modélisées, les conditions aux limites du domaine pour les équations résolues, ou encore la forme de bulle. Ce travail préliminaire a montré que la résolution de la phase liquide uniquement, autour d'une bulle de forme simplifiée, peut assurer une représentation satisfaisante des profils de vitesse dans les bouchons et dans le film de lubrification par rapport à des calculs diphasiques. Il a aussi permis d'évaluer de façon séparée les contributions au transfert gaz-liquide de chacune des zones d'interface (film, nez ou arrière de la bulle) et de quantifier l'influence sur l'efficacité du transfert de la fréquence de bullage, qui modifie à la fois l'aire interfaciale et l'intensité de recirculation dans les bouchons. La démarche est ensuite appliquée au cas de l'hydrogénation de l'alpha-pinène, et validée par une campagne d'essais réalisés pour un tube catalytique de 2 mm de diamètre et de 40 cm de longueur, fonctionnant sous 21 bar et entre 100°C et 160°C. Le modèle utilise pour la couche catalytique en paroi une loi cinétique intrinsèque, identifiée en réacteur autoclave agité (pour le même catalyseur de Pd/Al2O3, mais sous forme de poudre). Il suit par un calcul instationnaire la progression de la cellule unitaire jusqu'à la sortie du réacteur. Outre les effets des paramètres clés mis en évidence précédemment, ceux de la consommation de gaz le long du réacteur et des conditions " initiales " de saturation du liquide sont examinés. Le fonctionnement du monolithe peut être reproduit dans son intégralité à partir de ce modèle, par association de canaux recevant des débits individuels de gaz et de liquide représentatifs de la distribution des fluides observée expérimentalement, et en lui incorporant un module de mélange des fluides issus de chacun des canaux en sortie de réacteur. Ce modèle sert aussi de référence pour l'évaluation d'un outil de dimensionnement plus direct, basé sur une hydrodynamique simplifiée et des coefficients d'échange globaux évalués à partir de corrélations ou des simulations numériques dédiées. / Structured reactors of monolith type arise as an interesting alternative to conventional three-phase reactors (trickle-bed or slurry reactors), because they offer, in a wide range of flow rates, a welldefined flow structure in their millimetric channels, consisting of an intermittent series of gas bubbles and liquid slugs (i.e. Taylor flow). This flow regime, close to the ideal “plug flow” behavior, enables the improvement of gas-liquid mass transfer, thanks to the thin liquid film laying between the bubbles and the catalytic wall. Moreover, recent additive manufacturing technologies offer new possibilities for producing such a reactor, in the form of a metal heat-conducting block alternating catalytic channels and channels dedicated to the coolant. This efficient reactor/heat exchanger configuration allows the monolith to be considered as uniform in temperature and to reduce its modeling to that of a single isothermal channel. This is the modeling strategy adopted in this thesis, which aims to represent each phenomenon with the required level of complexity only, progressing from the bubble/slug scale to the reactor scale. COMSOL Multiphysics® software is selected as the numerical tool for its ability to handle multiphysics and multi-scale problems. The approach classically used for Taylor flows is applied, based upon a "unit cell" (gas bubble associated to a lubricating liquid film and two liquid half-slugs) that travels along the channel at the two-phase velocity. Solved hydrodynamics then serves as a basis for the calculation of gas-liquid mass transfer. The first study case - oxygen transfer into water with consumption at the channel wall – lays the foundations of the model, by examining the merits of various simplifying hypotheses concerning the number of phases to be considered (gas and liquid, or liquid only), the boundary conditions for the solved equations (periodicity, slip conditions at the gas-liquid interface), or the bubble shape (calculated or "simplified"). This preliminary work has shown that the simplest approach, which consists in solving the liquid phase only, as flowing around a bubble of simplified shape, can ensure a satisfactory representation of the velocity profiles in the liquid slugs and in the lubrication film, compared with two-phase flow (semi-analytical or CFD) calculations. This study also allows to evaluate separate contributions from different parts of the bubble surface (film, and front or back cap) to gas-liquid mass transfer, and to quantify the influence on transfer efficiency of bubble frequency, which affects both the interfacial area and the recirculation intensity in the slugs. The modelling approach is then applied to the hydrogenation of alpha-pinene and validated by an experimental tests carried out in a catalytic tube of 2 mm diameter and 40 cm length, operating at 20 bar and between 100°C and 160°C. The model uses an intrinsic kinetic law for the reaction occurring in the catalytic washcoat, identified in a stirred autoclave reactor (for the same Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, but in powdered form). Transient calculation follows the progression of the unit cell until the reactor exit. In addition to the effects of the key parameters previously identified, those of gas consumption along the reactor (hydrogen being here the limiting reactant) and "initial" saturation conditions of the liquid are examined. The behavior of the entire monolith can be mimicked from this model by combining, in a mixing module, the outflows of channels whose individual gas and liquid flow rates match a measured fluid distribution. This model also serves as a reference for evaluating a more direct reactor sizing tool, based on simplified hydrodynamics and overall exchange coefficients evaluated from correlations or dedicated numerical simulations.

The 2008-2009 crisis showed that the main macroeconomic challenge facing an economy such as Peru's is the management of external shocks that deteriorate the balance of payments and reduce aggregate demand. The aim of this paper is to discuss what the monetary policy response to theseexternal shocks should be. Since inflation targeting was implemented in 2002, the most important instrument of Peruvian monetary policy has been a short-term interest rate. Another key instrument of monetary policy has been sterilized intervention in the foreign exchange market. In order to compare the different monetary policy responses to external shocks, these central bank instruments are incorporated into a textbook IS-LM-BP model. This model is adapted to the financial conditions of an economy such as Peru’s, which has a banking system that operates in both domestic and foreign currency.The conclusion of this paper, in keeping with that of Blanchard et al. (2010), is that a monetary policy which combines a Taylor rule for setting the interest rate, aimed at internal equilibrium, with a foreign exchange intervention policy of leaning against the wind, aimed at external equilibrium, can stabilize both price levels and economic activity in the face of external shocks.The central bank should reduce the interest rate and sell foreign currency to face adverse external shocks, and should raise the interest rate and buy foreign currency to face favorable external shocks. / La crisis de 2008-2009 demostró que el principal desafío macroeconómico que enfrenta una economía como la peruana es el manejo de los choques externos adversos que deterioran la balanzade pagos y reducen la demanda agregada. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir cual debiera ser la respuesta de política monetaria a estos choques externos. Desde que se implementó el sistema de metas de inflación en 2002, el instrumento principal dela política monetaria peruana ha sido una tasa de interés corto plazo. La otra herramienta clave de la política monetaria ha sido la intervención esterilizada en el mercado cambiario. Para comparar las respuestas de política monetaria ante los choques externos adversos, se incorporan estos diversos instrumentos del banco central en un modelo IS-LM-BP, similar al del libro de texto. Este modelo es adaptado a las condiciones financieras de una economía como la peruana que tiene un sistema bancario que opera en moneda nacional y extranjera. La conclusión del texto es que una política monetaria, como la sugerida por Blanchard et al (2010), que combine una regla de Taylor para el manejo de la tasa de interés, dirigida al equilibrio interno, con una regla de intervención cambiaria que rema en contra de la corriente, dirigida al equilibrio externo, puede estabilizar el nivel de precios y la actividad económica ante los choques externos. El banco central debe reducir la tasa de interés y vender moneda extranjera ante choques externos adversos y debe subir la tasa de interés y comprar moneda extranjera ante choques externos favorables.

La présente étude vise à comprendre les écoulements ainsi que les transferts de chaleur par convection dans une configuration représentative d’un moteur de traction automobile. La zone d’étude est constituée d’un stator extérieur lisse et fixe et d’un rotor intérieur tournant. Deux géométries de rotor ont été étudiées : un rotor cylindrique et un rotor encoché. Un écoulement axial est superposé à l’écoulement produit par la rotation. Pour le rotor lisse, des mesures ont été réalisées pour des valeurs du nombre de Reynolds axial de 2500 à 13900 et de rotation de 1250 à 4000. Pour le rotor encoché, le nombre de Reynolds axial varie également de 2500 à 13900 et le nombre de Reynolds de rotation de 5000 à 26000. Les mesures de vitesse réalisées par PIV au sein des encoches montrent un écoulement tourbillonnaire contrarotatif complexe. Dans la zone d’entrée, on peut noter une forte interaction entre l’écoulement des encoches et celui provenant des zones polaires. Les résultats thermiques obtenues par thermographie infrarouge sur le rotor encoché montrent que les transferts thermiques augmentent avec l’augmentation du nombre de Reynolds axial mais l’influence de la vitesse de rotation est plus complexe. Enfin, la comparaison des résultats thermiques entre rotors lisse et encoché, a permis de mieux comprendre l’effet des encoches sur le refroidissement global. / The present work aimed to experimentally study the flow and heat transfer in a configuration corresponding to the gap of an automotive electrical motor (a thin airlayer between the rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) parts.) Two rotor geometries are studied: one cylindrical and the other one with four slots which reproduce a synchronous motor used in automotive traction. An axial flow is superimposed to the rotation flow thanks to a ventilation system. The two most important parameters are axial Reynolds number and rotational Reynolds number. Velocity measurements are performed by PIV and heat transfer by infrared thermography coupled with heated thin foils. A complex counter rotational vortex flow has been recorded in the slots. Moreover, this slot flow seems to interact with the pole flow in the inlet region. This interaction seems to disappear rapidly after entrance area. Heat transfer rate is 3D, with great differences between the two slots faces and the pole. Classically, heat transfer rate grows with increasing axial Reynolds number. The relation between heat transfer rate and rotation Reynolds number is more complex

[pt] Estudou-se neste trabalho o deslocamento de fluidos em meios porosos utilizando células de Hele-Shaw. Especificamente, investigou-se experimentalmente o deslocamento de um fluido não newtoniano por um newtoniano em uma célula retangular de Hele-Shaw. A instabilidade de Saffman-Taylor ou viscous fingering é um fenômeno observado quando um fluido de menor viscosidade desloca um de maior viscosidade, e a célula de Hele-Shaw é uma ferramenta conveniente para a sua observação. Esse fenômeno é muito importante em diversas aplicações, como por exemplo: recuperação secundária e terciária de petróleo, invasão de fluidos de perfuração em meios porosos, fraturamento hidráulico, processamento de polímeros, hidrologia e filtração. É vasta a literatura relativa ao estudo de fluidos newtonianos e não newtonianos deslocados por ar em células de Hele-Shaw. Entretanto, existem poucos trabalhos envolvendo deslocamentos de líquidos com viscosidades comparáveis, ou seja, razão de viscosidade diferente de zero. Apresentou-se o detalhamento do projeto de construção de uma célula de Hele-Shaw aplicável ao deslocamento de um líquido por outro líquido. A evolução da forma da interface foi analisada, através de uma câmera fotográfica, em função dos parâmetros geométricos, dinâmicos e reológicos. A partir da vetorização da forma da interface, determinou-se a eficiência do deslocamento. Sendo assim, foi definido o espectro de situações em que há formação de fingers e plugs relativos ao deslocamento de goma xantana por um óleo mineral. Não há na literatura uma convenção universal para apresentação dos resultados, logo uma contribuição original refere-se à adimensionalização proposta onde os principais parâmetros governantes são a velocidade adimensional, o número de capilaridade reológico e o índice de comportamento da goma xantana. Observou-se que para um valor constante do índice de comportamento e para um valor do número de capilaridade reológico da ordem de 10-1, a eficiência de deslocamento aumenta com a velocidade adimensional, porque a razão de viscosidade diminui. / [en] This work studied the displacement of fluids in porous media using a Hele-Shaw cell. Specifically, was investigated experimentally the displacement of a non-Newtonian fluid by a Newtonian in a rectangular Hele-Shaw cell. The Saffman-Taylor or viscous fingering instability occurs when one fluid pushes a more viscous one, and a Hele-Shaw is a convenient tool to the phenomenon observation. Applications include displacement of heavy crude oil in reservoirs, drilling fluid invasion through porous media, fracture conductivity, polymer processing, hydrology and filtration. The Saffman-Taylor instability has been extensively studied for Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids displaced by air in a Hele-Shaw cell. However displacement flows involving two liquids of comparable viscosity (nonzero viscosity ratio) have received very little attention. It was presented the details of construction of a Hele-Shaw applicable to a liquid-liquid displacement. The evolution of the shape of the interface was analyzed through a digital camera, as a function of the geometric, dynamic and rheological parameters. From tracing the shape of the interface, was determined the displacement efficiency. Thus, it was defined the spectrum of situations in which there is formation of fingers and plugs relating to displacement of xanthan gum by a mineral oil. There is no universal convention in the literature for presenting the results so a original contribution concerns the proposed dimensionless parameters. The main parameters that govern this flow are the dimensionless flow rate, the rheological capillary number and the behavior index of xanthan gum. It was observed that for a constant value of the behavior index and for a rheological capillary number of magnitude of 10-1, the displacement efficiency increases with the dimensionless flow rate, because the viscosity ratio decreases.