In this thesis I discuss three normative claims that I take to be central elements of Charles Taylor’s political thought. The first of these is Taylor’s contention that, in contemporary pluralistic societies, justifying socially prevailing norms by appealing to universally binding moral values is unlikely to promote social solidarity. Because this approach tends to downplay the goods that people realise through membership in particular associations, Taylor believes we must adopt a model of justification that does not prioritise universal over particular goods if we are to further social co-operation. A second claim Taylor defends is that commitment to the liberal value of collective self-rule implies treating patriotically motivated public service as a non-instrumental good. We should not, Taylor argues, regard collective association as nothing more than a means to satisfying private goals. Taylor advances a third claim, that is, he maintains that liberal toleration for diverse ways of life may require a perfectionist state that supports particularistic ways of life when they are threatened by decline. I offer a qualified defence of the first two claims, but suggest that the third is less compelling. I attempt to do this by evaluating Taylor’s claims against the standards of lucid argumentation that he himself lays down. In discussing social and political norms, which he describes as “advocacy” issues, Taylor argues that our normative commitments necessarily rely on an underlying social ontology. More specifically, Taylor argues that the political values we defend are those that enable us to secure the interests we have as the bearers of an identity possessing both individual and collective dimensions. In setting out the conditions that favour integrated and free identity formation we may thereby reach a clearer understanding of the political norms that we wish to endorse. I argue that, while Taylor’s ontological reflections might well incline us to accept his model of justification and his account of patriotic social commitment, they do not of themselves dispose us to accept state perfectionism.

Les sociétés occidentales font face de plus en plus à des revendications des groupes communautaires exigeant la reconnaissance et une plus grande participation au pouvoir. Ailleurs, des sociétés traditionnelles et plurales empruntent le long chemin de la démocratisation. Dans un cas comme dans l'autre, il faut repenser le système politique et chercher des accommodements qui tiennent compte à la fois des droits de l'homme et du rôle moral de la communauté. Les deux auteurs abordés, Charles Taylor et Alain Touraine, tentent de répondre à ce dilemme en insistant sur le rôle central de l'agent (Taylor) ou du sujet (Touraine), ainsi que sa relation à la communauté.

A presente dissertação busca trabalhar o problema do debate liberal-comunitarista, tomando por base a filosofia política de Charles Taylor. A proposta é a de explicitar alguns dos termos do debate, no tocante à situação do patriotismo, ou virtude republicana, na sociedade moderna e no Estado Liberal dito "neutro". Partindo da filosofia do self de Charles Taylor, a dissertação busca esquematizar as características do self moderno. Esse self, advoga-se, é próprio de um determinado Estado: o Estado Liberal dito "neutro", isto é, "neutro" no sentido de negar privilégios a determinados estilos de vida em detrimento de outros. E esta mesma neutralidade, em contrapartida, seria um espelho das características desse self moderno. Analisa-se as relações desse self moderno com esse Estado liberal dito "neutro", e de como as teorias tipicamente liberais, ou procedimentalistas, segundo Charles Taylor, falham em reconhecer essas relações, levando a crer que o self moderno não contaria com nenhuma fonte moral que o mantivesse ligado à sociedade política, ao Estado liberal dito "neutro" que é, ao mesmo tempo, possibilitador e reflexo desse self moderno. O trabalho busca, por fim, com auxílio da filosofia de Charles Taylor, resgatar a noção de patriotismo, dentro da esfera das virtudes republicanas, a fim de sugerir uma resolução do conflito, reestabelecendo a integridade das relações entre o self moderno e o Estado liberal dito "neutro". Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica com ênfase nas obras de Charles Taylor "Argumentos Filosóficos", "Fontes do Self" e "A Secular Age", com auxílio de outras. Examinou-se profundamente a bibliografia de Charles Taylor a fim de identificar seu método com clareza, para utilizá-lo no presente trabalho. / This dissertation seeks to address the problem of the liberal-communitarian debate, based on the political philosophy of Charles Taylor. The proposal is to clarify some of the terms of the debate regarding the situation of patriotism and the republican virtues in the modern society and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. Based on the philosophy of self Charles Taylor, the dissertation outlines the characteristics of the modern self. This self, this dissertation advocates, is proper of a particular state: the supposedly "neutral" liberal State, ie, "neutral" in the sense of denying privileges to certain lifestyles over others. And this same neutrality, in contrast, would be a mirror of the characteristics of modern self. The dissertation analyses the relationship of self with that modern liberal state called "neutral", and how typically liberal theories, or proceduralists, according to Charles Taylor, fail to recognize these relationships, leading to the belief that the modern self would not count on any source moral to keep it connected to the political society, the supposedly "neutral" liberal State which is at the same time, enabler and a reflection of modern self. The job search, finally, with the aid of the philosophy of Charles Taylor, to rescue the notion of patriotism, within the sphere of republican virtues, in order to suggest a resolution of the conflict, reestablishing the integrity of relationships between the self and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. To that end, a bibliographical references research with emphasis on the works of Charles Taylor "Philosophical Arguments", "Sources of the Self" and "A Secular Age" has been developed, with the addition of some others. The works of Charles Taylor have been researched deeply in order to identify clearly his method, to put it in use it in this work.

Adscribiendo a la necesidad de reflexionar sobre multiculturalidad en la democracia chilena, es que se considera necesario guiar este pensamiento escrito y preguntarse por ¿Cuáles son los factores relevantes que intervienen en la falta de reconocimiento de los Pueblos Indígenas como sujetos de derechos colectivos en nuestro país y qué tipo de inclusión proponen la democracia liberal inspirada en la economía de mercado? Considerando para la anterior cuestión, que la más alta motivación para los movimientos y reivindicaciones indígenas es el reconocimiento, que se sitúa históricamente en “dos grandes dimensiones: una socio-económica producto de la exclusión y el empobrecimiento de estos pueblo y una étnica, donde se exige el respeto a la identidad, a su lengua y su cosmovisión, y que con la emergencia del movimiento indígena latinoamericano se incorpora una tercera que es el “reconocimiento como pueblo-nación” ; es que se instala en el escenario político la exigencia de derechos colectivos para estos grupos. El Estado chileno ha tenido enormes dificultades para desarrollar las acciones destinadas a la resolución de estos conflictos; creemos que estas dificultades no siempre han sido producto de las malas relaciones, ni tampoco de los desacuerdos entre los poderes del Estado, sino fundamentalmente por los intereses que el Estado antepone a la política indígena, esto es, la política económica y la mantención los consensos, acorde con las estrategias de desarrollo que ha elegido y que se alejan de los principios éticos que debieran fundamentar la democracia.

A presente dissertação busca trabalhar o problema do debate liberal-comunitarista, tomando por base a filosofia política de Charles Taylor. A proposta é a de explicitar alguns dos termos do debate, no tocante à situação do patriotismo, ou virtude republicana, na sociedade moderna e no Estado Liberal dito "neutro". Partindo da filosofia do self de Charles Taylor, a dissertação busca esquematizar as características do self moderno. Esse self, advoga-se, é próprio de um determinado Estado: o Estado Liberal dito "neutro", isto é, "neutro" no sentido de negar privilégios a determinados estilos de vida em detrimento de outros. E esta mesma neutralidade, em contrapartida, seria um espelho das características desse self moderno. Analisa-se as relações desse self moderno com esse Estado liberal dito "neutro", e de como as teorias tipicamente liberais, ou procedimentalistas, segundo Charles Taylor, falham em reconhecer essas relações, levando a crer que o self moderno não contaria com nenhuma fonte moral que o mantivesse ligado à sociedade política, ao Estado liberal dito "neutro" que é, ao mesmo tempo, possibilitador e reflexo desse self moderno. O trabalho busca, por fim, com auxílio da filosofia de Charles Taylor, resgatar a noção de patriotismo, dentro da esfera das virtudes republicanas, a fim de sugerir uma resolução do conflito, reestabelecendo a integridade das relações entre o self moderno e o Estado liberal dito "neutro". Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica com ênfase nas obras de Charles Taylor "Argumentos Filosóficos", "Fontes do Self" e "A Secular Age", com auxílio de outras. Examinou-se profundamente a bibliografia de Charles Taylor a fim de identificar seu método com clareza, para utilizá-lo no presente trabalho. / This dissertation seeks to address the problem of the liberal-communitarian debate, based on the political philosophy of Charles Taylor. The proposal is to clarify some of the terms of the debate regarding the situation of patriotism and the republican virtues in the modern society and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. Based on the philosophy of self Charles Taylor, the dissertation outlines the characteristics of the modern self. This self, this dissertation advocates, is proper of a particular state: the supposedly "neutral" liberal State, ie, "neutral" in the sense of denying privileges to certain lifestyles over others. And this same neutrality, in contrast, would be a mirror of the characteristics of modern self. The dissertation analyses the relationship of self with that modern liberal state called "neutral", and how typically liberal theories, or proceduralists, according to Charles Taylor, fail to recognize these relationships, leading to the belief that the modern self would not count on any source moral to keep it connected to the political society, the supposedly "neutral" liberal State which is at the same time, enabler and a reflection of modern self. The job search, finally, with the aid of the philosophy of Charles Taylor, to rescue the notion of patriotism, within the sphere of republican virtues, in order to suggest a resolution of the conflict, reestablishing the integrity of relationships between the self and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. To that end, a bibliographical references research with emphasis on the works of Charles Taylor "Philosophical Arguments", "Sources of the Self" and "A Secular Age" has been developed, with the addition of some others. The works of Charles Taylor have been researched deeply in order to identify clearly his method, to put it in use it in this work.

A presente dissertação busca trabalhar o problema do debate liberal-comunitarista, tomando por base a filosofia política de Charles Taylor. A proposta é a de explicitar alguns dos termos do debate, no tocante à situação do patriotismo, ou virtude republicana, na sociedade moderna e no Estado Liberal dito "neutro". Partindo da filosofia do self de Charles Taylor, a dissertação busca esquematizar as características do self moderno. Esse self, advoga-se, é próprio de um determinado Estado: o Estado Liberal dito "neutro", isto é, "neutro" no sentido de negar privilégios a determinados estilos de vida em detrimento de outros. E esta mesma neutralidade, em contrapartida, seria um espelho das características desse self moderno. Analisa-se as relações desse self moderno com esse Estado liberal dito "neutro", e de como as teorias tipicamente liberais, ou procedimentalistas, segundo Charles Taylor, falham em reconhecer essas relações, levando a crer que o self moderno não contaria com nenhuma fonte moral que o mantivesse ligado à sociedade política, ao Estado liberal dito "neutro" que é, ao mesmo tempo, possibilitador e reflexo desse self moderno. O trabalho busca, por fim, com auxílio da filosofia de Charles Taylor, resgatar a noção de patriotismo, dentro da esfera das virtudes republicanas, a fim de sugerir uma resolução do conflito, reestabelecendo a integridade das relações entre o self moderno e o Estado liberal dito "neutro". Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica com ênfase nas obras de Charles Taylor "Argumentos Filosóficos", "Fontes do Self" e "A Secular Age", com auxílio de outras. Examinou-se profundamente a bibliografia de Charles Taylor a fim de identificar seu método com clareza, para utilizá-lo no presente trabalho. / This dissertation seeks to address the problem of the liberal-communitarian debate, based on the political philosophy of Charles Taylor. The proposal is to clarify some of the terms of the debate regarding the situation of patriotism and the republican virtues in the modern society and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. Based on the philosophy of self Charles Taylor, the dissertation outlines the characteristics of the modern self. This self, this dissertation advocates, is proper of a particular state: the supposedly "neutral" liberal State, ie, "neutral" in the sense of denying privileges to certain lifestyles over others. And this same neutrality, in contrast, would be a mirror of the characteristics of modern self. The dissertation analyses the relationship of self with that modern liberal state called "neutral", and how typically liberal theories, or proceduralists, according to Charles Taylor, fail to recognize these relationships, leading to the belief that the modern self would not count on any source moral to keep it connected to the political society, the supposedly "neutral" liberal State which is at the same time, enabler and a reflection of modern self. The job search, finally, with the aid of the philosophy of Charles Taylor, to rescue the notion of patriotism, within the sphere of republican virtues, in order to suggest a resolution of the conflict, reestablishing the integrity of relationships between the self and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. To that end, a bibliographical references research with emphasis on the works of Charles Taylor "Philosophical Arguments", "Sources of the Self" and "A Secular Age" has been developed, with the addition of some others. The works of Charles Taylor have been researched deeply in order to identify clearly his method, to put it in use it in this work.

Le cadre éthique dominant en médecine pédiatrique est intrinsèquement problématique, car des considérations morales importantes y restent dissimulées. Ce problème correspond bien au déplacement des malaises moraux dans la modernité énoncés par Charles Taylor. En nous référant à Taylor, nous soutenons que la médecine pédiatrique contemporaine et la bioéthique reflètent la théorie morale moderne centrée sur des procédures décisionnelles, sans considération explicite des fondements moraux de telles procédures. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'examiner les préoccupations morales de la médecine pédiatrique contemporaine grâce au cadre philosophique développé par Taylor. Le travail de Taylor a orienté cette recherche (a) méthodologiquement, car sa conception de l'herméneutique a servi de cadre d'analyse ; et (b) substantivement, car son analyse de la modernité et de la théorie morale a été une référence indispensable. La philosophie herméneutique de Taylor ainsi que son analyse de la modernité sont examinés afin de retracer les horizons de signification et les imaginaires sociaux dans lesquels la médecine pédiatrique est née et s’est attachée à des orientations morales particulières. Cette approche montre que la médecine pédiatrique apparaît 1) d’abord lorsque les intérêts économiques et militaires de l'Etat le conduisent à valoriser la santé des enfants, 2) ensuite lorsque apparaît une orientation éthique mettant l’accent sur l'enfant lui-même selon le critère du meilleur intérêt de l’enfant. Trois malaises moraux ont été identifiés dans la médecine pédiatrique moderne: (a) la convergence du droit et de l'éthique; (b) la conception des enfants comme étant incapables et dépendants ; et (c) la nature ambiguë du concept du meilleur intérêt. Nous examinons ces malaises afin de révéler les horizons de signification et les imaginaires sociaux qui leur ont donné naissance. Un cadre taylorien est également proposé afin d’enrichir la pratique bioéthique pédiatrique actuelle – la récupération et le rapprochement herméneutiques – permettant ainsi l’accordage interprétatif et la réconciliation des considérations morales dissimulées dans le cadre éthique courant. Les implications à l’égard de la recherche ainsi que la pratique et la formation en pédiatrie sont présentées. / The dominant ethical framework in pediatric medicine is inherently problematic because important moral considerations are concealed. This problem is congruent with the displacement of moral malaises in modernity articulated by Charles Taylor. Drawing on Taylor’s work, I argue that contemporary pediatric medicine and bioethics are reflective of modern moral theory, which is centered on decisional procedures without explicit regard for the substantive moral grounds that such procedures should relate to. The goal of this thesis is to examine moral concerns in contemporary pediatric medicine through Taylor’s philosophical work. Taylor’s ideas oriented this examination (a) methodologically, as his conception of hermeneutics served as the analytical framework, and (b) substantively, by drawing on his analysis of modernity and moral theory. Taylor’s hermeneutical philosophy as well as his examination of modernity are reviewed to provide a philosophical framework for tracing the horizons of significance and social imaginaries within which pediatric medicine emerged and became aligned with particular moral orientations. An operational explicitation of Taylor’s hermeneutical approach was developed to examine (a) the early history of pediatric medicine as children’s health became valued in light of state and societal economic and military interests and (b) the emergence and ongoing development of the best interests standard, a more child-centered ethical orientation. Three moral malaises in modern pediatric medicine were identified: (a) the convergence of law and ethics; (b) the construal of children as incapable and dependent; and (c) the ambiguous nature of best interests. These malaises were examined to the retrieve the background horizons of significance and social imaginaries against which they were shaped. Moreover, a Taylorian framework for the practice of pediatric bioethics is proposed - hermeneutical retrieval and rapprochement - to enrich pediatric practice through interpretive attunement and reconciliation of concealed moral considerations. The implications for future research as well as pediatric practice and education are outlined.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2008-2009 / Les universitaires de partout dans le monde s'intéressent de plus en plus aux phénomènes religieux contemporains. Même si le concept même de ± religion¿ est sujet à débat, plusieurs travaux académiques se sont arrêtés à la relation entre la religion et la modernité telle que comprise au travers de la théorie de la sécularisation. Le philosophe canadien Charles Taylor a démontré un vif intérêt pour cette question et a étudié en profondeur toutes les différentes facettes du concept académique de la sécularisation. Tout au long de sa carrière, il s'est penché sur ce sujet, processus qui a culminé en 2007 avec la parution de A Secular Age paru chez Harvard University Press. Alors que les études en sciences humaines sur la sécularisation ont eu tendance à adopter, d'une part, la perspective de la fin des religions et, de l'autre, le modèle d'économies religieuses, Taylor, de son côté, a patiemment construit un modèle phénoménologique sophistiqué afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de la religion en Occident et internationalement. Le but de ma thèse est de présenter les éléments majeurs de la philosophie de Charles Taylor pour dévoiler l'importance de sa critique soutenue de l'épistémologie moderne dans sa théorie de la sécularisation. Les lecteurs / lectrices de Taylor sont en train de découvrir ses idées sur le séculier grâce à son nouveau livre, mais ce proj et se base sur la relecture de son oeuvre élaborée au fil des 50 dernières années, afin de situer sa théorie de la sécularisation dans le contexte de sa pensée philosophique jusqu'à la parution de A Secular Age.

本文旨在探討加拿大哲學家泰勒(Charles Taylor)的政治思想。泰勒政治思想深受個人身為英裔魁北克人、英加兩地學術薰陶、以及參與加拿大新民主黨活動等因素所影響，並與其亟欲建構哲學人類學之鴻圖，有著緊密的關係。泰勒反對笛卡兒式與洛克式的心靈理論，卻採取梅洛龐蒂的觀點，主張感知性知識乃是一種行動者知識的樣態，感知的內容從不是偶然地與世界連結，感知的主體是世界的化身，其身處的困境無法置外於其行動者的結構。泰勒更進一步抨擊當代自然主義假設背景祇不過是我們認知的因果性前提的看法，他主張背景乃是知識之先驗性、超越性的條件，但它不能完全地客體化，因為任何客觀的知識宣稱要被理解，其本身必需具備背景預設，這種反思之先驗性、超越性的層次充份顯示出客體化、表徵化世界的限制。泰勒遂借用加達瑪的視域融合概念來說明社會科學的詮釋邏輯，與自然科學的邏輯大異其趣。他更抨擊行為主義過度簡化人類的行為，竟將價值和實踐分離，導致價值和行動在具體生活經驗中的關聯性遭受排拒。泰勒更明確地批評原子式個人主義者的信念，也拒斥工具理性。泰勒因此提倡善的客觀性，強調人們與其道德經驗，從而建構其道德實在論。泰勒的政治理論則係挑戰現代以普遍主義為基礎的憲政民主制度之合理性，其批駁當代程序式的自由主義者對個人自主性之錯誤理解，並提出本真肯認之理論。從宗教、經濟、政治與道德等多元角度，泰勒爬梳西方現代性的源流，就中探討宗教在俗世政治中所扮演的角色，它竟成為政治認同的關鍵。他也追尋現代社會想像如何崛起，預視多元現代性的到臨。面對俗世時代人類處境，泰勒則導正孤傲人文主義之偏頗，企圖拯救大眾虛空無聊的生活。最後，本文對泰勒的理論在道德視域、政治哲學及現代性加以檢討，並以臺灣經驗的反省作結，期收他山之石，可以攻錯之效。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:21:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maximino Gomes da Silva.pdf: 803510 bytes, checksum: a9b93db5700620135b58629307b9423a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of this study is to analyze the possibility of transcendent moral reasoning trough the specific work Sources of the Self: The construction of modern identity from the Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor. The discussion about the notion of good or hyper good moral is fundamental on Taylor in order to understand the moral disarray according the main theories of morality in modernity. The plural and confusing field of current theories of morality requires the use of phenomenology and hermeneutics, which are the best possible languages for description and analysis of that reality. The proposed hypothesis in this work is that the whole rationale for the naturalistic moral that Taylor developed in this wor provides the basis to justify the defense of a transcendent moral in the religious sense, specifically the judeo-cristian tradition, which in their view does not diminish the dignity of human rationality and it can be a hermeneutical key for understanding the moral dilemmas in contempory society / O objeto da presente pesquisa é analisar na específica obra As Fontes do Self: A construção da identidade moderna, do filósofo canadense Charles Taylor, a possibilidade de fundamentação da moral transcendente. A discussão a respeito da noção de bem moral ou hiperbem é fundamental em Taylor para se compreender a desarticulação da moral segundo as principais teorias da moral na modernidade. O plural e confuso campo das teorias da moral atuais requer o recurso da fenomenologia e da hermenêutica, linguagens possiveis para a melhor descrição e análise dessa realidade. A hipótese que se levanta neste trabalho é que toda a fundamentação naturalista para a moral que Taylor desenvolve, nesta obra, serve de base para justificar a defesa de uma moral transcendente no sentido religioso, especificamente a moral judaico-cristã, que no seu entender não diminui a dignidade da racionalidade humana bem como pode ser uma hermenêutica chave para entender os dilemas morais na contemporaneidade