In this thesis I investigate the practices and perceptions of some Newly Qualified Teachers (NQTs) of modern foreign languages (MFL) in Scotland in relation to how they use the target language (L2). I seek to answer the questions “In what different ways do student teachers of modern languages use the target language in Scottish secondary school classrooms?’, ‘What reasons do they give for how they use it?” and “In what way(s), if any, do newly qualified teachers of modern languages change teaching pedagogy in their initial stages of teaching in relation to the use of the target language and what reasons do they give for any changes they make?”. The issue arises because of the continuing gap between what initial teacher education (ITE) advocates in respect of L2 use and what qualified teachers say they do, in so far as there is evidence in this area. There is little empirical evidence relating to how and why MFL NQTs develop the practices and perceptions of qualified teachers. Data was gathered through an online questionnaire issued to all modern languages teachers in Scotland and semi-structured interviews were conducted with a small group of PGDE (Secondary) Modern Languages students at the end of their PGDE year and at the end of their first year of teaching as NQTs. Audio-recordings of the NQTs were also made during this first year of teaching. Data from the four sources were analysed using an inductive approach, remaining flexible in terms of extending, modifying and discarding categories. The findings revealed that the NQTs used considerably less target language during their NQT year and had changed their views on the target language substantially since their PGDE year. They reported that they found it difficult to use L2 for discipline, grammar teaching, explaining things and for social chat. At the same time there were huge changes in their practice and big changes in their views vis-à-vis L2 use. Significantly, the data revealed that these changes in practice and views happened very quickly, were a lot starker and occurred a lot faster than previously thought. This situation seems to have many causes – influences from experienced colleagues, survival tactics, how teachers develop their own pedagogy and identity as teachers. This thesis recommends that those involved in ITE and Career Long Professional Learning look particularly at the two areas of situated learning and teacher cognition in relation to the use of the target language. It further recommends collaborative research between teachers in schools and other agencies, such as Education Scotland and local authority quality improvement officers, together with teacher educators to develop an understanding of how to promote effective learning and teaching strategies in relation to the use of the target language in class.

Current scholarship in translation pedagogy calls for a paradigm shift towards a learner-centered and socio-constructivist approach to translator education. This view is founded on translating as a socially situated act of intercultural communication anchored in socio-cognitive abilities, and translation learning as multi-componential and sequential. Instruction in translation is thus seen to benefit from process- rather than product-oriented teaching and a focus on learners' textual and discursive competence. In spite of significant progress over the last decade the empirical basis of translation teaching theory and methods remains scant. A lack of attention to the "human factor" in translator education research (students and educators, in favor of processes, content and activities) is particularly conspicuous (Kelly 2008). As the field of translation pedagogy consolidates with ever more refined frameworks that pull teaching designs away from teacher- and text-centered classes to become more learner and learning/teaching-based, little is known about the nature of translation pedagogy ‘on the ground’ in diverse locations of the globe: by whom and how is translation taught, under what constraints, and to what effects. This qualitative study is grounded in second language (L2) teacher cognition research (e.g. Borg 2006, Phipps and Borg 2009), representations of translation as 'inquiry' (Sakai 2010, Cronin 2000, 2003, Venuti 2016) and recent socio-constructivist and sequenced and process-focused translation teaching approaches (Kiraly 2000, Colina 2003, 2015, Hurtado Albir 1999, González Davies 2004, Kelly 2005). From these frameworks, it examines the professional biographies, knowledge base, beliefs and practices of Chilean translation instructors at three different universities, as well as the views and experiences of approximately 50 of these instructors' students regarding their understanding and experiences of translation and instruction in the classroom. Additionally, in order to contribute to the developing 'rapprochement' between translation studies and second language education, findings on the strengths and challenges of undergraduate translation pedagogy derived from these two studies are discussed in a third article in light of the contributions from socio-culturally-oriented L2 education research, particularly multiliteracies approaches to FL teaching (Kern 2000, Byrnes 2005, 2006, Maxim 2009, Kramsch 2011, 2006, Paesani et al. 2015, Swaffar and Arens 2005).

This study highlighted two Swedish teacher’s didactic thinking about the democratic mission in the Swedish subject in the upper secondary school. The two teacher interviews were then analyzed based on Ruohotie-Lyhty’s discourse-analytic concepts and Borg’s teacher cognition concept. These results illustrated how the teachers’ didactic thinking ends up in conflict. The conflict is between the external demands and norms, and the teacher’s inner, personal interpretations and drive. The teachers try to navigate between the knowledge mission and the democratic mission, which will prove difficult due to the vague wordings of the democratic mission.

Intercultural competence (IC) as an essential part of conceptualization of the cultural dimension in FLT has been promoted by educationalists as the most preferred type of competence. One of the challenges of incorporating IC into FLT is to move from the recognition of IC as a model of teaching (Byram, Nichols and Stevens, 2001) to the development of practical applications. This can be due to the fact that teachers do not have sufficient knowledge of the theory behind the concept and consequently, have difficulties to implement the curriculum requirements with regards to IC into their teaching. The purpose of this study was to investigate how teachers of English in upper secondary schools in Sweden interpret the concept of IC and, accordingly, what is their view of culture in English language teaching. In order to answer the research question, I used an exploratory investigation by adopting a qualitative research method in form of semi-structured interviews. The results are similar to the previous studies (Lundgren, 2002; Larzén, 2005) and suggest that teachers lack theoretical background and central guidance with regards to IC and do not always integrate language and culture into an intercultural model of the English language pedagogy.

En stor del av unga barn spelar digitala spel på sin fritid och flera studier har visat på positiva effekter på ungas engelskaförmåga genom detta. Med tanke på dess potential för lärande vore det intressant att undersöka lärares uppfattningar om dem och hur de använder dem. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka på vilka sätt som lärare i engelska för lågstadiet använde digitala spel i sin engelskundervisning samt vilka utmaningar och möjligheter de ansåg fanns i detta användande. Inom ramen för studien genomfördes fem intervjuer med lärare från olika kommuner och skolor i Sverige. Intervjuernas innehåll kategoriserades genom den fenomenografiska ansatsen. Resultatet diskuterades även utifrån ramverken LTC och TPACK. Resultatet visade att alla utom en lärare använde digitala spel i engelskundervisningen i syfte att variera undervisningen eller att motivera eleverna. Bingel och elevspel.se användes mest. Utmaningar som lärarna såg med spelen var tidsåtgången, teknik som strular, en svårighet att anpassa spelen ur ett didaktiskt perspektiv samt att det skulle öka elevernas skärmtid ytterligare. Möjligheterna de såg var motivation, variation, nivåanpassning, mer självgående elever samt att spelen gjorde lärandet lustfyllt. Inställningen till digitala spel verkar bero på ålder, intresse och yrkesverksamma år, samt deras uppfattning om teknologisk och ämnesspecifik kunskap.

The purpose of this study is to explore upper secondary school English teachers' beliefs and practices for free online machine translation (FOMT) tools. It is believed that students are using these tools, but the focus of this study is to highlight what teachers think and how they are addressing FOMT usage by students. Participants are currently teaching various English levels in upper secondary schools throughout Sweden and have varying degrees of experience. This study includes a brief background of previous studies detailing teachers' attitudes and methods for incorporating machine translation (MT) in their language teaching. The theoretical framework used for this study is language teacher cognition and translation in language teaching. The results reveal that the previous research conducted in this area has not yet influenced teachers' language classrooms methods. Teachers' education and language learning experience may explain this disconnect to current research. There is a common theme that teachers do not mind using FOMT tools in their personal lives but strongly recommend other sources for their students.

The objective of this study is to examine which learning strategies French as a foreign language learners in upper secondary school use and to study whether this corresponds with what their teacher believes. Two different methods are used to collect the data. The strategy inventory for language learning is used to find out which learning strategies learners use and a semi-structured interview is used to understand whether learners' strategies match those their teacher bellieves. The results show that the teacher has a good knowledge of the strategies that reside in her classroom, which goes against previous studies. Furthemore, the research reveals that the teacher's previous learning experience (through school and university) and personal experience influence what she does in the classroom, even in terms of learning strategies. However, this does not lead to student adopting these strategies to a greater extent. It has been more than 30 years since research reported that teachers of ignore the learning strategies used by their students. It is concluded that there is a need to conduct a similar study with more and varied cases to see if it is still the case.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23985号 / 人博第1037号 / 新制||人||244(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1037(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)准教授 金丸 敏幸, 教授 柳瀬 陽介, 教授 STEWART Timothy William, 教授 田地野 彰 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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In this study, I explore how EFL teachers in Japan become feminists, what feminism means to them, and how their feminist identities affect their teaching beliefs and practices. In relation to their feminist identities, I also examine what teaching beliefs they hold, how their teaching beliefs are applied to their teaching practices, and how they teach in their actual language classrooms. This study enabled me to understand more deeply what is going on in feminist EFL classrooms. To explore the research questions posed above, I employed poststructural feminist pedagogical theory as my conceptual framework and narrative inquiry as my primary methodological tool. I recruited nine self-identified feminist EFL university teachers in Japan as participants (four Japanese, five non-Japanese). The in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and teaching journals comprised the primary data. I analyzed all of the data and described their feminist teacher identities, teaching beliefs, and teaching practices. I found that even though each participant took a different path in becoming a feminist EFL teacher in Japan, the concept of gender equality and justice was shared by my participants. They believed that it was important to teach about gender-related topics in the EFL classroom or incorporate gender issues into the lessons. Even though some did not teach about gender topics in a straightforward way, they taught English according to feminist principles. A question arises as to what distinguishes feminist teaching and good teaching. What distinguishes them is whether feminist teachers are consciously aware of what they are doing and why. I also found that among some of my participants, their stated beliefs and actual teaching practices were not in synchrony because personal and contextual factors. From a poststructural feminist view, I analyzed compatibility and incompatibility among feminist teacher identities, beliefs, and practices. Through this process, I realized the importance of redefining feminist pedagogy in TESOL and defining it in TEFL in Japan. I hope my dissertation helps expand the knowledge of feminist pedagogy in TESOL and encourages both ESL/EFL teachers and feminist ESL/EFL teachers to practice feminist teaching in their classes. / Teaching & Learning