Project Management is multidisciplinary in nature; it involves a number of activities and requires the project manager to possess a wide variety of competences. This thesis aims to investigate which competences organizations currently require from project managers. In particular the focus of this research is to examine and contrast the “soft” (interpersonal) and “hard” (technical) competences required by the job market and to find out if organizations recognize the importance of both of them or if they pay special attention to one of them. A total of 50 online job advertisements from different industries and countries were analyzed using content analysis in order to determine what competences are valued by employers. Furthermore, 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with project management academics and practitioners in order to provide a more in depth study and to allow triangulation between the findings. The results indicate that some competences are more valued than others. Communication, project integration management and scope management are the top three competences required by employers. The results also suggest that employers, academics and practitioners are aware of the need to balance hard and soft competences.

Simulation and Web-based Learning (WBL) are both educational approaches that are increasingly applied in medical education. However, little is known about how these two instructional approaches may be integrated to improve learning outcomes. A prospective three-arm experimental study of different WBL preparation materials was conducted. Thirty undergraduate medical students with no prior experience in central venous catheterization (CVC) were randomly assigned to one of three preparatory interventions: tradition reading materials (TM), observational practice (OP), or OP and educational networking (OPEN). Participants then completed a simulation-based training workshop in CVC and a delayed retention test. Performance was assessed by a task-specific checklist, global rating scale (GRS) and by measuring time to competency. Main findings reveal a significant linear trend across the TM, OP and OPEN groups in time to competency. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential utility of Web-based observational practice and collaborative learning for improving the efficiency of simulation-based training.

Simulation and Web-based Learning (WBL) are both educational approaches that are increasingly applied in medical education. However, little is known about how these two instructional approaches may be integrated to improve learning outcomes. A prospective three-arm experimental study of different WBL preparation materials was conducted. Thirty undergraduate medical students with no prior experience in central venous catheterization (CVC) were randomly assigned to one of three preparatory interventions: tradition reading materials (TM), observational practice (OP), or OP and educational networking (OPEN). Participants then completed a simulation-based training workshop in CVC and a delayed retention test. Performance was assessed by a task-specific checklist, global rating scale (GRS) and by measuring time to competency. Main findings reveal a significant linear trend across the TM, OP and OPEN groups in time to competency. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential utility of Web-based observational practice and collaborative learning for improving the efficiency of simulation-based training.

O presente estudo aborda o processo de criação do ator pelo viés da busca da organicidade das ações do ator em cena, organicidade esta ligada a uma ação real promovida pelo contato entre o ator e demais sujeitos e elementos da cena. Através de uma investigação empírica com grupos de atores, buscou-se pesquisar de que forma o Contato Improvisação pode contribuir para a prática do ator. Partindo da noção de contato como propulsor do impulso criador, buscou-se descortinar procedimentos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de competências técnicas do ator levando à ascese de um comportamento orgânico em cena. Constituiu-se como material de análise o diário de campo da pesquisadora, os diários de campo dos atores, assim como registros em vídeo do processo, contendo atividades e depoimentos dos atores envolvidos. Para a concretização da pesquisa em questão também foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca do Contato Improvisação, incluindo materiais de Steve Paxton, criador desta dança. Como referenciais para a abordagem das peculiaridades do trabalho do ator, são utilizados os estudos de Jerzy Grotowski, de quem partem as principais terminologias que serviram como base para a pesquisa, Constantin Stanislavski e Augusto Boal, escolhidos por trazerem em seus estudos o contato como competência primordial à criação. Complementam a pesquisa teorias de Gaston Bachelard, José Gil, dentre outros estudos relevantes para a investigação em questão, como proposições da fenomenologia experimental. / This study investigates the actor's creative process through the point of view of the organicity of actor‟s actions. This organicity is linked to a real action caused by contact between the actor and other people and elements of the scene/stage. Through an empirical research with groups formed by actors, we sought to find how the Contact Improvisation can contribute to the actor‟s practice. Following the concept of contact as the creative impulse propellant, we sought to present procedures that contribute to the development of actor's technical skills that can induce the emergence of an organic behavior in the scene. Constituted as material for analysis: the researcher‟s field diary, field diaries of actors as well as video recordings of the proceedings, containing activities and testimonies of those involved. For the realization of this research, literature review was also performed in Contact Improvisation, including materials of Steve Paxton, the creator of this dance. As theoretical references to approach the peculiarities of the actor's work, we use studies of Jerzy Grotowski, who gives the main terminologies that served as the basis for research, Constantin Stanislavski and Augusto Boal, chosen because they present in their studies the contact as a primordial skill of creation. Theories of Gaston Bachelard, José Gil, and others relevant studies, as propositions of experimental phenomenology, complement the research.

O presente estudo aborda o processo de criação do ator pelo viés da busca da organicidade das ações do ator em cena, organicidade esta ligada a uma ação real promovida pelo contato entre o ator e demais sujeitos e elementos da cena. Através de uma investigação empírica com grupos de atores, buscou-se pesquisar de que forma o Contato Improvisação pode contribuir para a prática do ator. Partindo da noção de contato como propulsor do impulso criador, buscou-se descortinar procedimentos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de competências técnicas do ator levando à ascese de um comportamento orgânico em cena. Constituiu-se como material de análise o diário de campo da pesquisadora, os diários de campo dos atores, assim como registros em vídeo do processo, contendo atividades e depoimentos dos atores envolvidos. Para a concretização da pesquisa em questão também foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca do Contato Improvisação, incluindo materiais de Steve Paxton, criador desta dança. Como referenciais para a abordagem das peculiaridades do trabalho do ator, são utilizados os estudos de Jerzy Grotowski, de quem partem as principais terminologias que serviram como base para a pesquisa, Constantin Stanislavski e Augusto Boal, escolhidos por trazerem em seus estudos o contato como competência primordial à criação. Complementam a pesquisa teorias de Gaston Bachelard, José Gil, dentre outros estudos relevantes para a investigação em questão, como proposições da fenomenologia experimental. / This study investigates the actor's creative process through the point of view of the organicity of actor‟s actions. This organicity is linked to a real action caused by contact between the actor and other people and elements of the scene/stage. Through an empirical research with groups formed by actors, we sought to find how the Contact Improvisation can contribute to the actor‟s practice. Following the concept of contact as the creative impulse propellant, we sought to present procedures that contribute to the development of actor's technical skills that can induce the emergence of an organic behavior in the scene. Constituted as material for analysis: the researcher‟s field diary, field diaries of actors as well as video recordings of the proceedings, containing activities and testimonies of those involved. For the realization of this research, literature review was also performed in Contact Improvisation, including materials of Steve Paxton, the creator of this dance. As theoretical references to approach the peculiarities of the actor's work, we use studies of Jerzy Grotowski, who gives the main terminologies that served as the basis for research, Constantin Stanislavski and Augusto Boal, chosen because they present in their studies the contact as a primordial skill of creation. Theories of Gaston Bachelard, José Gil, and others relevant studies, as propositions of experimental phenomenology, complement the research.

O presente estudo aborda o processo de criação do ator pelo viés da busca da organicidade das ações do ator em cena, organicidade esta ligada a uma ação real promovida pelo contato entre o ator e demais sujeitos e elementos da cena. Através de uma investigação empírica com grupos de atores, buscou-se pesquisar de que forma o Contato Improvisação pode contribuir para a prática do ator. Partindo da noção de contato como propulsor do impulso criador, buscou-se descortinar procedimentos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de competências técnicas do ator levando à ascese de um comportamento orgânico em cena. Constituiu-se como material de análise o diário de campo da pesquisadora, os diários de campo dos atores, assim como registros em vídeo do processo, contendo atividades e depoimentos dos atores envolvidos. Para a concretização da pesquisa em questão também foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca do Contato Improvisação, incluindo materiais de Steve Paxton, criador desta dança. Como referenciais para a abordagem das peculiaridades do trabalho do ator, são utilizados os estudos de Jerzy Grotowski, de quem partem as principais terminologias que serviram como base para a pesquisa, Constantin Stanislavski e Augusto Boal, escolhidos por trazerem em seus estudos o contato como competência primordial à criação. Complementam a pesquisa teorias de Gaston Bachelard, José Gil, dentre outros estudos relevantes para a investigação em questão, como proposições da fenomenologia experimental. / This study investigates the actor's creative process through the point of view of the organicity of actor‟s actions. This organicity is linked to a real action caused by contact between the actor and other people and elements of the scene/stage. Through an empirical research with groups formed by actors, we sought to find how the Contact Improvisation can contribute to the actor‟s practice. Following the concept of contact as the creative impulse propellant, we sought to present procedures that contribute to the development of actor's technical skills that can induce the emergence of an organic behavior in the scene. Constituted as material for analysis: the researcher‟s field diary, field diaries of actors as well as video recordings of the proceedings, containing activities and testimonies of those involved. For the realization of this research, literature review was also performed in Contact Improvisation, including materials of Steve Paxton, the creator of this dance. As theoretical references to approach the peculiarities of the actor's work, we use studies of Jerzy Grotowski, who gives the main terminologies that served as the basis for research, Constantin Stanislavski and Augusto Boal, chosen because they present in their studies the contact as a primordial skill of creation. Theories of Gaston Bachelard, José Gil, and others relevant studies, as propositions of experimental phenomenology, complement the research.

Name: The effect of age at the level of technical skills and speed of goalkeepers in football. Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis was to determine possible differences in the level of technical skills and movement speed of football goalkeepers across age categories (11 - 19 years). At the same time, the aim was to find out any differences between goalkeepers from the professional and amateur club. Methods: The level of technical skills was determined using two specific goalie tests, the Sprint Keeper Test (S-Keeper test) and the Laterl Shuffle-Keeper Test (LS-Keeper test). Movement speed was determined using sprints 5 and 10m. Results: A significant effect of age on performance in the S-Keeper and LS-Keeper test was found between the individual age categories (p <0.01; p <0.05, respectively). Significant differences were found between pupil and adolescent categories, except for the difference between older pupils and younger adolescents in the LS-Keeper test (non-dominant foot). Furthermore, no differences were found between younger and older pupils and also between younger and older adolescents (in the S-Keeper test and LS-Keeper test). In the tests of movement speed 5m and 10m, significant differences were found between all age categories. In the S-Keeper test, LS- Keeper test and sprint...

Bakgrund: Vårdskador drabbar ungefär 3–16% av samtliga sjukhusvårdade patienter, där 10–20 % uppstår till följd av en operation. Operationsteamet besitter flera icke-tekniska färdigheter, men vilka är av mest betydelse för att kunna undvika vårdskador under en operation. Studier visar att teamarbete, individuella färdigheter och kommunikation kan vara avgörande för resultatet efter en operation. Syfte: Att beskriva operationsteamets erfarenheter av icke-tekniska färdigheter för att undvika vårdskador. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes där sjutton vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ design analyserats från databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Analysprocessen genomfördes utifrån Bettany-Saltikov och McSherrys nio analyssteg. Resultat: Analysprocessen resulterade i två huvudkategorier: Individens unika egenskaper och Samarbete - en nyckel för säker vård. Den förstnämnda kategorin presenteras i underkategorierna: Upprätthålla sin kompetens, Att ligga steget före, Vaksamhet i vårdandet, Att våga göra sin röst hörd och Att lära sig av misstag. Genom kategorin Samarbete - en nyckel för säker vård redovisas resultatet i underkategorierna: Respektfullt teamarbete i en komplex vårdmiljö, Kommunikation som styrka och fallgrop och Delat ledarskap. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att genom individuella färdigheter och förmågor och genom att samarbeta med andra professioner bidrar operationsteamet tillsammans till en säker vård. För att uppnå detta behövs det medvetandegöras att dessa icke-tekniska färdigheter är av betydelse. För att undvika vårdskador intraoperativt behövs kontinuerlig utbildning i ledarskap, teamsamverkan och kommunikation. Operationsteamet behöver konstant upprätthålla sin kompetens och lära sig av misstag för att bidra till en säker vård. / Bakgrund: Hälso- och sjukvårdsskador drabbar cirka 3-16% av alla inlagda patienter, varav 10-20% uppstår till följd av en operation. Det kirurgiska teamet besitter flera färdigheter, men vilka är viktigast för att kunna undvika medicinska skador under en operation? Studier har visat att lagarbete, individuella färdigheter och kommunikation kan vara avgörande för resultatet efter en operation. Sikta: För att beskriva operationsteamets erfarenhet av icke-tekniska färdigheter för att undvika vårdskador. Metod: En systematisk litteraturgenomgång genomfördes där sjutton vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ design analyserades från databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Analysprocessen utfördes enligt Bettany-Saltikovs och McSherrys nio analyssteg. Resultat: Analysprocessen resulterade i två huvudkategorier: Individens unika egenskaper och samarbete - en nyckel till säker vård. Den tidigare kategorin presenteras i underkategorierna: Behåll sin egen kompetens, Vara ett steg före, Vaksamhet i omsorg, Modet att tala upp och Lärande genom misstag. Genom huvudkategorin: Samarbete - en nyckel till säker vård, rapporteras resultaten i underkategorierna: Respektfullt lagarbete i en komplex vårdmiljö, Kommunikation som styrka och fallgrop och delat ledarskap. Slutsats: Resultaten visar att genom individuella färdigheter och förmågor och genom att samarbeta med andra yrken bidrar operationsteamet tillsammans till säker vård. För att uppnå detta är det nödvändigt att vara medveten om att dessa icke-tekniska färdigheter är viktiga. För att undvika skador intraoperativt krävs kontinuerlig utbildning i ledarskap, teamsamarbete och kommunikation. Operationsteamet måste ständigt behålla sina färdigheter och lära sig av misstag att bidra till säker vård.

La gestion des environnements dynamiques à risques (transports, nucléaire, médecine etc.) progresse tous les jours dans notre société. Leur bonne gestion requiert une fiabilisation des systèmes techniques et organisationnels et nécessite de renforcer de la formation des opérateurs aux compétences non techniques. Notre thèse s’intéresse à ce dernier axe. Dans la littérature, le concept de compétences non techniques reste flou.Ce mémoire propose d’examiner ce concept, au travers de l’étude des situations de formation des leaders médicaux du Service de Santé des Armées (SSA) à la prise en charge d’afflux massif de victimes en médecine de l’avant. On adoptera le point de vue des formateurs, lorsque ceux-ci analysent l’activité des leadeurs.Dans une première partie (Chap. I,II et III), nous décrivons la formation des médecins du SSA, les enjeux et outils actuels de la formation à la prise en charge d’afflux massif de victimes et aux compétences non techniques, ainsi que le rôle qu’y jouent les formateurs. La partie théorique recense les travaux portant sur le concept de compétences non techniques, de son origine à sa diffusion dans divers domaines d’activité (Chap. IV, V). Nous décrivons les actuelles taxonomies NTS, dont la majorité est structurée en sept catégories NTS : leadership, travail d’équipe, communication, conscience de la situation, prise de décision, gestion de la fatigue et gestion du stress. Nous caractérisons l’activité des leaders médicaux (chap.VI.) puis positionnons le concept de compétences non techniques dans le domaine de l’ergonomie et de la didactique professionnelle (Chap. VII).La partie empirique débute par la construction d’un corpus recensant toutes les habiletés sous-jacentes à la performance du leader médical sur la base d’entretien d’alloconfrontation avec des formateurs du SSA (Chap. IX). Ce corpus est ensuite classé par les dix formateurs en trois classes : technique (T), non technique (NT), technique et non technique (T-NT).La première étude (Chap. X) analyse de la classification des formateurs, elle révèle l’importance de la classe NT, ainsi que l'existence de cinq styles représentationnels adoptés par les formateurs. La seconde étude (Chapitre XI) examine le sens conféré par les formateurs aux habiletés et souligne des écarts au sein même des styles représentationnels. Nous identifions cinq familles d’habiletés, avec une domination des familles dites faiblement-divergente (45%) et NT (41%). On constate que les formateurs ont identifié unanimement 30 habiletés comme étant non techniques qu'on appellera les habiletés NT-ONLY.Les études suivantes (Chap.XII et XIII) ont reposé sur le classement des 30 habiletés NT-ONLY par 21 formateurs CRM et 13 formateurs MED. La troisième étude (Chap. XII) a mis en évidence que tous les formateurs attribuent plus d’une catégorie par habileté. Ceci démontre que les catégories NTS ne sont pas exclusives. Par ordre décroissant, le leadership, la communication, le travail d’équipe et la conscience de la situation ont été les plus utilisées par les formateurs, sans différences intergroupes. Le groupe CRM a plus utilisé la catégorie de prise de décision, le groupe MED a favorisé la gestion du stress et de la fatigue. La quatrième étude (Chap. XIII) a examiné la possibilité de regrouper certaines des sept catégories NTS sur la base du classement des habiletés NT-ONLY. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence des proximités entre les catégories de leadership, travail d’équipe et communication, puis entre celles de conscience de la situation et prise de décision, et enfin entre celles de gestion de la fatigue et de gestion du stress. La dernière partie de cette thèse (Chap. XIV) discute de la méthodologie mise en place, des résultats obtenus et des questions qu’ils soulèvent. / The high-risk dynamic environments management (transports, nuclear industry, medicine etc.) increases every day in our societies. A good management of these environments requires the reliability of technical and organization systems. It also requires the training of operators in non-technical skills. This thesis is focused on this last point. In the literature, the non-technical skills concept stays unclear.This works examines this concept, based on the training situations of medical leaders from the Army Health Service to wounded people massive influx in theatre operation. We adopt the point of view from trainers when they are analyzing activity of leaders.In a first part (Chap. I, II & III), we describe the training of the French army physicians and the current stakes and tools of the wounded people massive influx management training. This part also describes current non-technical skills training and trainer roles. The theoretical part describes works around non-technical skills, from its origins to its diffusion in various areas (Chap. IV & V). We describe the current NTS taxonomies which are mainly based on a divided into seven NTS categories: leadership, teamworking, communication, situation awareness, decision making, coping with fatigue and managing stress. Then, we characterize the activity of medical leader (Chap. VI). This theoretical part lead us to consider non-technical skills as technical or non-technical abilities (Chap. VII) and is conclude with the formulation of our research questions (Chap. VIII).The empirical part of this thesis starts with the elaboration of a corpus (Chap. IX) listing all the abilities linked to the leader performance. The construction of this corpus is based on twenty individual alloconfrontation interviews conducted with physician-trainers. Ten of them classified the abilities into three classes: technical (T), non-technical (NT), technical and non-technical (T-NT).The first study (Chap. X) analyses trainer classification. It shows the importance of NT class and identify the existence of five “representational styles” among trainers. The second study (Chap. XI) examines the meaning assigned by each participant to ability and highlight gaps between trainer representations. Then we identified five ability families with a two main families: slightly-divergent (45%) and NT (41%). We notice that there is a core of thirty abilities which are unanimously classified as non-technical only.The following studies (Chap. XII and XIII) are based on the classification of the 30 NT-only abilities by CRM trainers and MED trainers. The third study highlight that all trainers associate more than once NTS category to each ability. That shows NTS categories are not exclusive. In a descendant order leadership, communication, teamworking and situation awareness are the most used by trainers without difference between groups. The CRM group used more the leadership category. The MED group used more stress managing and coping with fatigue. The fourth study examines if it possible to gather, even to merge, some NTS categories based on the classification of NT-ONLY abilities. Our results show the proximities between the categories of leadership, teamwork and communication, then between situation awareness and decision making, and finally between managing stress and coping with stress. The last part of this thesis (Chap. XIV) discuss about the methodology used, results and questions they raise.

Title: Training technical - tactical site of volleyball players in youth categories Aims: The aim of my dissertation is to to create a battery of drills and exercises technical and tactical game activities of the individual sites and compare results before and after the three-month specialized training. The task is to collect knowledge about technical skills and tactic in volleyball and their development by young players by studying appropriate literature. The next task is to accumulate a resource of preparatory and game exercise as well as preparatory games, which contribute to the development of technical skills and tactic and the coach this exercise involved in training at least once a week for three months. And comparing the results of input and output measurements, which will assess the individual player skills in the technical and tactical skills and combinations. Methods: 1. analysis of literary sources 2. description of collected knowledge 3. interpretation of literary knowledge into praktice 4. watching the players and the comparative method to evaluate the development of performance players (cadet) in the technical - tactical tests Outcome: Knowledge about the characteristics of technical skills and tactic and their development in practice and training of young volleyball players. To...