Risks are an inevitable consequence of human action, as well as of technology. Even everyday routines and familiar technologies are not without risk, but they are accepted. Innovative technology, however, is viewed as risky. This is often only an expression of a lack of confidence arising from a corresponding lack of experience in dealing with technology. Estimations of potential use become the subject of scientific-technological, internal (quantifying) discussion, as well as of an external ethical-sociological debate including also consideration of the affected parties, i.e. customers, consumers and (professional) users. Alongside the internal (professional) evaluation, an external evaluation (acceptability and acceptance) is becoming ever more important. The necessity for reflection on modern technology leads to the establishment of a "technology reflection culture". / Risiken sind eine unvermeidliche Folge von menschlichem Handeln, auch von Technik. Alltagsroutine und vertraute Technik sind zwar auch nicht ohne Risiko, aber akzeptiert. Innovative Technik wird als riskant eingeschätzt. Dies ist oft nur fehlendes Vertrauen aufgrung mangelnder Erfahrung im Umgang mit Technik. Die Abschätzung potentiellen Gebrauchs wird Gegenstand der wissenschaftlich-technisch internen (quantifizierenden) Diskussion wie der externen ethisch-sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskussion inklusive der Berücksichtigung von Betroffenen, d.h. Kunden, Konsumenten und (professionellen) Anwendern. Neben der internen (standesmäßigen und berufsmäßigen Bewertung) wird die externe Bewertung (Akzeptabilität und Akzeptanz) immer wichtiger. Die Notwendigkeit einer Reflexion auf moderne Technologie führt zur Etablierung einer „Technologie-Abwägungs-Kultur“.

Depuis 1987, l’information préventive sur les risques majeurs est un droit accordé aux populations. Elle est transmise sous diverses modalités : des documents règlementaires (DICRIM, brochure PPI etc.) et une variété de supports et formes d’expressions alternatives (pièces de théâtre, clips, expositions etc.). L’efficacité et l’impact de la première catégorie d’information préventive est déjà évaluée par des questionnaires réalisés auprès des populations. Cependant, ces évaluations ne permettent pas de vérifier si ces informations induisent effectivement des comportements adaptés en condition de stress que procure un évènement extrême. L’impact de la seconde catégorie d’information apparait comme très peu étudiée, alors qu’elle se caractérise par des méthodes et outils originaux, empruntés aux arts et à la pédagogie, et produisant une certaine participation des populations et l’activation du corps, des sens et des émotions. Or les sciences de la communication ont montré que la mobilisation des sens et des émotions favorise la mémorisation des messages.Devant ce constat, cette thèse propose d’évaluer l’influence des différentes formes d’information préventive sur les comportements en situation de crise fictive, par la création et l’expérimentation d’une nouvelle méthode inspirée des arts et des jeux de rôle. Ce faisant, l’étude compare d’une part cette nouvelle méthode à celle par questionnaire, et d’autre part les modalités d’informations réglementaires aux informations alternatives. En se focalisant sur les risques d’inondation, de séisme et d’émanation de gaz toxique, cette comparaison est mise en place sur trois terrains d’étude en Isère : Grenoble, Jarrie et Saint-Egrève. En mettant les enquêtés en situation sur une maquette, en les confrontant à des dilemmes que peut faire émerger l’urgence de la crise, la thèse met en exergue des réactions qui n’apparaissent pas dans les questionnaires : des réactions réflexes, contraires aux connaissances des enquêtés, des hésitations, etc. Les apports et limites des informations préventives sont alors précisées, selon les contextes et profils sociogéographiques des enquêtés. Les résultats montrent l’intérêt de multiplier les modalités d’informations et de les adapter sur des publics particuliers en favorisant l’échange et la contextualisation de la crise. / Since 1987, populations have been granted access to preventive information about major risks. It is passed down through a variety of methods, from regulatory documents (DICRIM, PPI brochure etc.) to original supports and alternative expression forms (plays, video clips, exhibitions etc.). Direct questionnaires to populations already assess the efficiency and impact of first category preventive information. However, these assessments do not check whether the information has actually induced adapted behaviors when confronted to stressful conditions, as is the case with extreme events. On the other hand, the impact of second category information appears under-studied, while it is characterized by original methods and tools. These methods, borrowed from arts and pedagogy, generate an interesting popular response, by activating emotions and resorting to sensory stimulation. As a matter of fact, communication science has shown that mobilizing sense and emotions helps with message memorization.In the face of these observations, this thesis proposes to assess how different ways to pass down preventive information influence behavior in a fictional crisis situation. To that end, a new method inspired from arts and role play has been created and experimented upon.Therefore, the study first compares this new method to the classic questionnaire method, and secondly, it opposes regulatory documents to alternative information. By focusing on floods, earthquakes and gas emanation risks, the comparison has been set up and studied on three different sites in Isère in France: Grenoble, Jarrie et Saint-Egrève. The respondents were presented a 3D model as the operating stage, and then confronted to typical dilemmas that can stem from emergency situations. Here, this thesis has highlighted reactions that surveys cannot reveal: reflex actions sometimes contradicting the respondents’ knowledge, hesitations, etc. Benefits and limits of preventive information are thereby more accurate, and depend on circumstances as well as on the respondents’ sociogeographic profiles. The results demonstrate how necessary it is to multiply and diversify the modes of information transmission, and to adapt them to specific audiences, through experience sharing and crisis contextualization.

Risks are an inevitable consequence of human action, as well as of technology. Even everyday routines and familiar technologies are not without risk, but they are accepted. Innovative technology, however, is viewed as risky. This is often only an expression of a lack of confidence arising from a corresponding lack of experience in dealing with technology. Estimations of potential use become the subject of scientific-technological, internal (quantifying) discussion, as well as of an external ethical-sociological debate including also consideration of the affected parties, i.e. customers, consumers and (professional) users. Alongside the internal (professional) evaluation, an external evaluation (acceptability and acceptance) is becoming ever more important. The necessity for reflection on modern technology leads to the establishment of a "technology reflection culture". / Risiken sind eine unvermeidliche Folge von menschlichem Handeln, auch von Technik. Alltagsroutine und vertraute Technik sind zwar auch nicht ohne Risiko, aber akzeptiert. Innovative Technik wird als riskant eingeschätzt. Dies ist oft nur fehlendes Vertrauen aufgrung mangelnder Erfahrung im Umgang mit Technik. Die Abschätzung potentiellen Gebrauchs wird Gegenstand der wissenschaftlich-technisch internen (quantifizierenden) Diskussion wie der externen ethisch-sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskussion inklusive der Berücksichtigung von Betroffenen, d.h. Kunden, Konsumenten und (professionellen) Anwendern. Neben der internen (standesmäßigen und berufsmäßigen Bewertung) wird die externe Bewertung (Akzeptabilität und Akzeptanz) immer wichtiger. Die Notwendigkeit einer Reflexion auf moderne Technologie führt zur Etablierung einer „Technologie-Abwägungs-Kultur“.

Submitted by Angélica Vieira de Souza null (angelicaviso@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-09T18:55:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SouzaLopes_AngelicaVieiraDOC.pdf: 10321700 bytes, checksum: 4ba6df8d0f4c9b90967437b8b728a72f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-01-10T17:14:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souzalopes_av_dr_rcla.pdf: 10321692 bytes, checksum: 59f8d46531ef1e32b00f1bccaa895cda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-10T17:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souzalopes_av_dr_rcla.pdf: 10321692 bytes, checksum: 59f8d46531ef1e32b00f1bccaa895cda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente Tese de Doutorado teve como escopo avaliar as ocorrências dos acidentes com produtos químicos no estado de São Paulo. Apesar da utilização de novas tecnologias que visam a minimizar ou eliminar a ocorrência dos acidentes com tais produtos, houve aumento no número de acidentes com esses produtos, no período de 1980 – 2009, no estado de São Paulo. Um acidente com produto químico pode contaminar as águas e solos, devido ao vazamento de substâncias químicas, acarretando danos irreparáveis ao meio ambiente; além de ocasionar, por conseguinte, graves danos aos seres humanos, inclusive com óbitos. Conforme dados coletados, 72,2% do total dos acidentes com produtos químicos, ocorridos no estado de São Paulo, no período de 1980-2009, foram registrados nas atividades, relacionados aos riscos industriais e riscos tecnológicos. Nas atividades referentes aos riscos industriais: armazenamento, descarte, indústria, postos e sistemas retalhistas de combustíveis, ocorreram 22,6% do total de acidentes; nas atividades referentes aos riscos tecnológicos: transportes aquaviário, ferroviário, por duto e rodoviário, ocorreram 49,6% do total dos acidentes. Tais dados sobre os acidentes com produtos químicos só foram possíveis de serem devidamente analisados e interpretados porque foram espacializados. Nesse sentido, o uso do software Arc Gis foi importante para visualizar o total de acidentes, causas e meios atingidos no estado de São Paulo e, posteriormente, a distribuição espacial desses acidentes com produtos químicos por Região Administrativa, foi de grande valia para a compreensão dos acidentes pesquisados. A pesquisa revelou, também, que a legislação ambiental brasileira e paulista apresenta um histórico de atribuição de regulamentos referentes à preservação ambiental, relacionado ao desenvolvimento econômico desde a década de 1970. A tese a ser defendida, portanto, é a seguinte: apesar do emprego de novas tecnologias, da consciência ambiental e da legislação ambiental existente, muitos acidentes com produtos químicos têm ocorrido, ainda, no estado de São Paulo, demandando estudos sobre esses acidentes e a necessidade de fiscalização na aplicação das leis ambientais. / The purpose of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the occurrence of chemical accidents in the São Paulo state. Despite the use of new technologies aimed at minimizing or eliminating the occurrence of accidents with such products, there was an increase in the number of accidents with these products, from 1980 to 2009, in the São Paulo state. A chemical accident can contaminate water and soil due to the release of chemicals, causing irreparable damage to the environment; besides causing, consequently, serious damages to the human beings, even with deaths. According to data collected, 72.2% of the total number of chemical accidents occurred in the São Paulo state during the period 1980-2009 were recorded in activities related to industrial risks and technological risks. In activities related to industrial risks: storage, disposal, industry and gas stations, there were 22.6% of total accidents; in activities related to technological risks: waterway, rail, duct and road transportation, 49.6% of all accidents occurred. Such data on chemical accidents were only possible to be properly analyzed and interpreted because they were spatialized. In this sense, the use of the Arc Gis software was important to visualize the total number of accidents, causes and means reached in the São Paulo state and, later, the spatial distribution of these accidents with chemical products by Administrative Region, was of great value for the understanding of the accidents investigated. The research also revealed that Brazilian and São Paulo environmental legislation presents a history of the attribution of regulations regarding environmental preservation, related to economic development since the 1970s. The thesis to be defended, therefore, is the following: despite employment new technologies, environmental awareness and existing environmental legislation, many accidents with chemical products have also occurred in the São Paulo state, demanding studies on these accidents and the need for enforcement in the application of environmental laws.

L'invocation, l'application et les implications politiques du principe de précaution suscitent de nombreux débats. Les décideurs sont constamment confrontés à un dilemme, celui de traiter des risques technologiques pour la santé humaine, la sécurité et l'environnement. En utilisant la théorie de l'activité communicative et la théorie du droit et de la démocratie de Habermas, cette thèse explore à la fois l'invocation et l'application légitimes du principe de précaution et les politiques publiques de précaution sur la base de l'examen des fondements normatifs et de la performance du principe de précaution en politique publique. En outre, cette thèse met les politiques publiques de précaution à l'épreuve des biocarburants. / The invocation, application and policy implications of the precautionary principle are giving rise to much debate. Policymakers are constantly confronted with the dilemma of dealing with the technological risks to human health, safety and the environment. By using Habermas¡¯s theory of communicative activity and discourse theory of law and democracy, this thesis explores both the legitimate invocation and application of the precautionary principle and the precautionary public policy on the basis of reviewing the normative foundations and performance of the precautionary principle in public policy. Furthermore, this thesis puts the precautionary public policy to the test of biofuels.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Renato Rodrigues Kinouchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018. / O progresso tecnológico traz consigo certa dualidade: por um lado é responsável pelo aumento da produtividade de bens materiais; por outro, submete a vida humana a novos ¿ e por vezes maiores ¿ riscos. Uma vida humana digna depende da possibilidade de autorrealização do indivíduo ¿ e a tecnologia tem historicamente aumentado a prosperidade material necessária para que tenhamos maior liberdade para escolher e construir novas formas de viver. Ponderar os riscos tecnológicos, porém, depende de conhecimentos científicos específicos, os quais não são sabidos pelo público leigo. Como consequência, boa parte da população se vê impedida de opinar sobre os rumos da sociedade da qual faz parte e mesmo privada da autonomia para decidir suas ações. Cada vez mais dependente de conhecimento tecnocientífico, a existência do público leigo passa a se reduzir a seguir os conselhos proferidos pelos especialistas. Nesta pesquisa, tal cenário é discutido sob uma perspectiva filosófica e temática, em formato de argumentação ensaística, baseada na leitura livre e crítica de bibliografia plural e interdisciplinar. / Technological progress brings duality: on the one hand, it is responsible for the increase of productivity of material goods; on the other hand, it subjugates human life by new ¿ and sometimes bigger ¿ risks. Worth living human life depends on the possibility of individual self-fulfillment ¿ and technology historically increased the material prosperity needed to increase our liberty to choose and construct new ways to live. Pondering technological risks, however, depends on specific scientific knowledges, which are unknown by lay public. Therefore, a great part of the population sees themselves impeded to opine about the patches of their own societies and, even more, deprived of the autonomy to decide their own actions. More and more dependent on scientific knowledge, lay public existence is reduced to follow blindly the specialists¿ advices.