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The purpose of this study was to determine the linkages that exist among research, extension, education, and farmers (R-E-E-F) and to propose ways of strengthening these linkages. To achieve this goal the following specific objectives provided the basis of this research: 1. To describe the context in which the R-E-E-F linkage exists. 2. To examine the ways that R-E-E-F functions including: - formal and informal linkages, - communication strategies, - feedback mechanisms, and - diffusion of technical information. 3. To determine how administrators view the research, technology-transfer, and farmer linkage. The study was based on Kaimowitz et aI's. (1990) conceptual framework for studying the links between agricultural research and technology transfer in developing countries. This framework looked at "linkage mechanisms" in terms of the organizational procedures used to maintain research-technology transfer links and "contextual factors" i.e., all the factors that affect the use and relevance of linkage mechanisms. / Ph. D.

The importance of inter- and transdisciplinary research for addressing today’s complex challenges has been increasingly recognised. This requires new forms of communication and interaction between researchers from different disciplines and nonacademic stakeholders. Demonstrators constitute a crucial communication tool in technology research and development and have the potential to leverage communication between different bodies of knowledge. However, there is little knowledge on how to design demonstrators. This research aims to understand how demonstrators from the fields Internet of Things and Robotics are designed to communicate technology. The goal is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of demonstrator practice with readily implemented design knowledge and to advance theoretical knowledge in the field of communicating artefacts. We thematically analysed 28 demonstrator design cases, which led to a typology that assists in categorising and understanding 13 key design principles. The typology is built from three perspectives: First, in terms of the overall goal communication, second, in terms of visitor engagement goals (attraction, initial engagement, deep engagement) and third, in terms of resource-related goals (low effort in development and operation). With this typology, we have taken a significant step towards understanding demonstrator design principles for effective technology communication between different stakeholders.

The study has two objectives: to develop a methodology to identify success criteria for the VT CRC and to communicate outputs (success criteria) to selected members of the VT CRC’s stakeholders. A methodology is developed to identify success criteria based on the VT CRC's primary objectives. These primary objectives are: technology transfer and economic development. The purposes of a methodology are to place the VT CRC within the framework of Virginia Tech's larger missions and then to identify success criteria. A methodology consists of seven steps. There are thirteen success criteria which have been identified by a methodology. A methodology is based on management systems engineering theories, concepts, and tools/techniques. The study communicates outputs from a methodology by a questionnaire. Questionnaires will be sent to twelve selected members who are from the VT CRC, the university, tenants, and Town of Blacksburg. Their responses will be analyzed to decide whether these outputs are success criteria for the VT CRC and whether a methodology accomplishes its purposes. Furthermore, a background of Virginia Tech and a concept of university-related research parks will be discussed. Included in a discussion of Virginia Tech are missions, a modern view of a land-grant university, and roles of the Virginia Tech Foundation. Included in a discussion of research parks are purposes, benefits, and drawbacks. / Master of Science

No / The relationship between the academy and the business community is currently perceived to be important to the future of both parties. Universities provide graduates to meet the needs and requirements of society and industry, and the latter supplies products and services to meet the needs of the market place. Whether public or private, industry increasingly seeks to use tools and techniques that increase efficiency and effectiveness, whilst at the same time maximizing quality and minimizing cost. The current trend towards companies outsourcing their R & D requirements to reduce corporate overheads and optimize staffing levels means that Universities can utilize the opportunity and bid to supply this expertise. Universities also generate their own spin-outs from intellectual property they create, as well as licensing technology to industry, rather than transferring it. However, the relationship between university and industry is not without its challenges, chief of which is the historical commitment of the academy to advance knowledge whether it is directly applicable or not. In addition, there are many fundamental and important long term research issues that many would argue are the primary duty of the academy to address, which may have no direct application in the short to medium term. This is resulting in increasing tensions in the academy, and in the priorities for national and international funding agencies. There can also be significant cultural differences and reward models between the academy and industry which give rise to difficult issues for staff at the interface. This chapter reviews the current developments and the issues at the interface between business and the academy.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Technology: Public Management, Durban University of Technology. Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Globally, commercialization of university innovation has increased and gained in interest by universities, industry and politicians. The idea of marketing innovation produced by universities is the practice embraced in most advanced economies. However, government’s investment in R&D have not generated the anticipated return. A gap has been identified between innovation developed from publicly financed research and the failure to convert these findings into tangible outcomes. This thesis reports on an investigation of the reasons for the current low rate of commercialization of innovations at South African universities, with a view to increasing this rate. From a survey of intellectual property and technology transfer (IP&TTO) managers and interviews with individual innovators, the main contributory factors were found to be a lack of support from university management, insufficient incentives for innovators, limited access to funding opportunities, institutional bureaucratic regulations and an inefficient system of decision making with regards to intellectual property. Accordingly, the critical measures which can be modified in order to build university IP&TTO success are senior executive support for innovation and commercialization activity, a greater share of financial rewards to individual innovators and a streamlined decision making procedures concerning intellectual property assets. University, government and industry executives need to demonstrate genuine support for research and innovation development activity over the long term, allocate the necessary resources required for its success, and implement a long term strategy for intellectual property.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Institutions of higher learning have always had relationships with their surrounding communities. The current study focuses on the research relationship that the University of Venda has with its surrounding community. The literature shows that although the nature of the relationship takes different forms, each university has a certain kind of a relationship with the surrounding community. In this study, I used the qualitative approach and I conducted one focus group and four individual interviews. I explored the research needs of the communities surrounding the University of Venda and the ways in which they think the university could address those needs. The findings of this study revealed that the communities are not at all happy with the services that are rendered by the university. They show that instead of benefiting from its existence within their communities, they are even more disadvantaged by its presence. The respondents also identified certain schools and departments at the University of Venda that they felt could be of assistance to the surrounding communities if they redirected their research projects into applied research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoër onderwysinstellings het nog altyd Onbepaalde verhouding met hulle omliggende gemeenskappe gehad. Die huidige studie fokus op die navorsingsverhouding wat die Universiteit van Venda het met sy omliggende gemeenskap. Die literatuur wys daarop dat alhoewel die aard van die verhouding verskillende vorme kan aanneem, elke universiteit ° n sekere vorm van verhouding het met die omliggende gemeenskap. In hierdie studie is die kwalitatiewe benadering gebruik. Ek het navorsing onderneem na die navorsingsbehoeftes van die gemeenskappe in die nabyheid van die Universiteit van Venda en ook na die maniere waarop respondente dink die universiteitsgemeenskap hierdie behoeftes kan aanspreek. Die bevindinge van die studie toon dat die gemeenskappe nie gelukkig is met die dienste wat deur die universiteit verskaf word nie. Daar word onder meer getoon dat in plaas van voordeel trek uit die bestaan van die universiteit binne hulle gemeenskappe, hulle eintlik meer nadelig beinvloed word. Die respondente het ook sekere skole en departemente aan die Universiteit van Venda geidentifiseer wat tot hulp kan wees vir die omliggende gemeenskappe indien hulle navorsingsprojekte omskep word in toegepaste navorsing.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse the significance of economic thinking and arguments in the treatment of licence agreements in EC competition law. A central question is to what degree the concept of competition in EC law reflects an economically realistic approach to competition. The study also investigates to what degree the economic functioning of intellectual property is considered in competition regulation and how much the economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered. The investigation mainly consists of a comparative analysis of EC competition law and American antitrust law concerning the economic arguments and their importance. The treatment of territorial restrictions, field of use restrictions, quantity clauses, tie-outs, tie-ins, grant back, no-challenge clauses and price restrictions are of special interest here. </p><p>This study shows that an economically realistic view of competition has influenced current EC competition law, especially in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER). Exceptions from this development in the EC law are mainly due to the goal of integration of the common market. Territorial restrictions are strictly regulated in the TTBER even when the parties’ market shares are below the market thresholds defined in the regulation.</p><p>The function of intellectual property rights are not much considered in EC competition law but there are general remarks about the economic functioning of patents in the Guidelines for the TTBER. However, it is difficult to find evidence for economic reasoning about patents in the formation of concrete rules. On the contrary, patents are weakened by the widened concept of exhaustion presented in the Guidelines.</p><p>The economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered in the rules of TTBER and the economic arguments for clauses which create incentives for making investments or give the possibility of control are acknowledged. However, the free riding argument has a weak position when applied to territorial restrictions, which are more formalistically regulated.</p><p>The EC competition law has become more similar to American antitrust law. The decisive difference consists in the judicial treatment of territorial restrictions, where the goal of integration is still of central importance in EC law.</p>

Ricardo est célébré pour ses théories- sa théorie de croissance qui nous enseigne le concept de la trappe à stagnation industrielle et sa théorie de l'avantage comparatif selon laquelle les différences de technologie déterminent la direction de l'échange international. Quel rôle les théories ricardiennes ont a-t-elles consacré à l'investissement direct étranger (IDE) demeure une question peu explorée. Il s'avère ainsi approprié d'étudier les implications de l'IDE et du transfert technologique vis-à-vis de ces théories. Cette thèse met l'accent sur les approches ricardiennes de croissance et de commerce international pour traiter l'IDE, le transfert technologique et le commerce international, construit et développe de nouvelles approches théoriques et prédictions ricardiennes. Des analyses économétriques sont ensuite effectuées pour tester ces prédictions.Cette thèse se compose de quatre chapitres. Deux parties qui contiennent chacune deux chapitres sont présentées. La première partie propose une revisitation et une reformulation des approches macroéconomiques de l'IDE suivant une approche ricardienne. La deuxième partie traite les relations entre l'IDE, le transfert technologique, la sophistication des exportations et les termes de l'échange des pays en développement et fournit des analyses empiriques à l'appui pour tester les prédictions ricardiennes.Le premier chapitre réexamine et généralise l'approche de l'IDE par la théorie ricardienne de croissance. Ce chapitre prolonge l'analyse d'Ozawa, met l'accent sur « les goulots d'étranglement ricardiens » et le risque de trappe à stagnation industrielle à la Ricardo-Hicks et examine les facteurs « push » expliquant l'investissement direct sortant. Les prédictions de cette approche sont ensuite testées sur un panel de pays émergents et en transition. Les résultats économétriques portant sur un panel de pays émergents et en transition confirment les prédictions théoriques de l'approche macroéconomique d'Ozawa en matière d'IDE sortant.Le second chapitre développe un modèle ricardien classique en introduisant l'IDE Nord Sud. Nous reformulons « le principe de correspondance » développé par Kojima. Nous montrons que la correspondance entre les taux de profits absolus et les avantages comparatifs explique l'émergence de l'IDE originaire des secteurs comparativement désavantagés dans les pays développés et destinés aux secteurs comparativement avantagés dans les pays en développement.Le troisième chapitre, dans sa première section, développe un modèle ricardien Nord-Sud avec transfert de technologie. Notre contribution consiste à examiner le rôle de l'élasticité de substitution entre les biens dans les conséquences du transfert technologique sur les termes de l'échange et le bien-être des pays. Les conditions d'une baisse des termes de l'échange pour le pays en développement sont explicitées, et finalement sont précisées les conditions dans lesquelles le bien être du pays en développement peut baisser à la suite de ce transfert de technologie. La seconde section prolonge l'analyse aux cas du transfert technologique via l'IDE et les licenses. Les tests empiriques montrent que les IDE entrants et le versement de royalties s'accompagnent d'une baisse des termes de l'échange pour les pays en développement.Le quatrième chapitre associe le modèle ricardien avec un continuum de biens aux travaux empiriques de Hausmann, Hwang et Rodrick (2007) et de Rodrik (2006) sur la sophistication des exportations. Un modèle empirique est développé afin d'établir les liens qui existent entre la présence des firmes étrangères et la sophistication des exportations des pays en développement. Ensuite, la question des termes de l'échange des pays en développement est mise en évidence. Les tests empiriques sur un panel de pays en développement montrent que l'augmentation de la sophistication des exportations des pays en développement s'accompagne d'une baisse de leurs termes de l'échange. / Ricardo is commonly celebrated for the theoretical achievements -his theory of growth which introduces us to the concept of trap of industrialism and his theory of comparative advantage that introduces us to the idea that technological differences across countries is the basis of international trade. What role Ricardo's theories have given to foreign direct investment (FDI) has remained a less explored issue. Thus, it is certainly relevant to study the implications of FDI and technology transfer for these theories. This thesis puts back the Ricardian growth bottleneck and the Ricardian trade approaches toward FDI and technology transfer at the forefront of analysis, builds and develops new theoretical settings and predictions. Moreover, this thesis provides new empirical applications.This thesis consists of four chapters. Two parts emerge. In the first part, we mainly revisit and reformulate the Japanese economic thought toward outward FDI, within the Ricardian context. We also implement econometric estimation to test the relevance and usefulness of this theoretical approach to outward FDI from catching-up countries. In the second part, we provide theoretical frameworks with empirical applications. We focus on the effects of technological inflows, especially via inward FDI, on the developing receiving countries and we develop new Ricardian approaches with empirical follow-up on the predictions.In chapter 1, we focus on outward FDI as an escape response to home country growth bottlenecks, which represents an important but under-explored phenomenon in the FDI literature. We review the push-factor approaches based on the pressure effect of the “Ricardian bottlenecks” to explain outward FDI. We reconsider Ozawa's macroeconomic theory of outward FDI, extend it and argue for a widespread applicability of FDI aimed at overcoming generalized “Ricardian bottlenecks”, especially, nowadays, natural resource-scarcity and the insatiable quest for energy, industrial raw materials and fuels. Our empirical findings confirm that outward FDI from emerging countries and transition economies (catching-up countries) acts as an escape response from “Ricardian bottlenecks” and strengthen the reasonableness, the usefulness and the empirical robustness of Ozawa's macroeconomic theory of FDI.In chapter 2, we reformulate Kojima's correspondence principle within Ricardian setting and point out that OFDI originating from the comparatively disadvantaged industry in the developed country and going to the comparatively advantaged industry in the developing country should follow the direction of absolute profit rates which is a reflection of the comparative advantage patterns.In chapter 3, we mainly focus, in the first section, on the welfare effect of North-South technology transfer within Ricardian setting. We single out the respective role of the relative size of both countries, the efficiency of the technology which is transferred, and the elasticity of substitution between the goods which are produced. In the second section of chapter 3, we explore what are the consequences of free technology transfer, licensing and FDI on the North-South welfare. We also provide an empirical analysis of the effect of licensing and foreign presence on the developing countries' terms of trade. We find that inward FDI and royalties' payment deteriorate the terms of trade of the developing and emerging countries.In chapter 4, we combine an extended continuum Ricardian trade setting which rank sophistication of exports by their technology intensity with the new advanced wave of empirical literature on export sophistication. Using data from the developing and emerging countries, we test the core theoretical prediction that foreign involvement and export penetration facilitate technological progress and upgrades export sophistication of a country by leading it to expand the range of goods that it produces toward sectors with rising productivity. In our next step, we bring the debate on the deterioration of the developing countries' terms of trade back into the limelight. Importantly, we show that despite the increase in their export sophistication, the developing countries continue to face terms of trade deterioration.

La valorisation des résultats est considérée comme un objectif prioritaire du service public de la recherche depuis maintenant trente ans. Ce phénomène s’est encore accentué avec l’émergence de l’économie de la connaissance. Les productions immatérielles de la recherche scientifique sont désormais clairement perçues comme des richesses qu’il convient d’exploiter sur un marché pour générer de la croissance.Pour atteindre cet objectif, les acteurs de la recherche publique sont encouragés par les pouvoirs publics à mobiliser les mécanismes de la propriété intellectuelle, en rupture avec le modèle de science ouverte. Le recours à la propriété intellectuelle pour les besoins de la valorisation fait ainsi naître une tension entre, d’une part, une logique économique et entrepreneuriale et, d’autre part, les normes d’ouverture et de partage qui prévalaient jusqu’alors au sein la recherche scientifique publique.La présente étude se propose d’examiner les rapports complexes qu’entretient la propriété intellectuelle en tant qu’institution juridique avec la mission de valorisation des résultats de la recherche publique. Les points de contact sont en effet nombreux, qu’il s’agisse de délimiter ce qui, au sein des résultats, peut être approprié et selon quelles modalités, d’identifier qui, parmi les acteurs de la recherche, doit être considéré comme propriétaire, ou encore de favoriser le transfert des résultats vers le secteur industriel et commercial. Il apparaîtra que la logique et les mécanismes de la propriété intellectuelle ne sont pas incompatibles avec les normes de la recherche publique. Au contraire, la propriété intellectuelle doit être considérée comme un instrument privilégié dans la mesure où elle aménage un équilibre subtil entre réservation et diffusion des connaissances qui répond parfaitement aux objectifs de la valorisation / For the last thirty years, valorisation of research results has been deemed a main objective for public research organisations. This trend has been emphasised by the emergence of a knowledge-based economy. Immaterial productions of scientific research are now plainly seen as assets that need to be used on the market to encourage growth.In order to achieve this goal, public research stakeholders are pressed by authorities to summon intellectual property rights, in contradiction with the open science model. The use of intellectual property rights for the needs of valorisation gives rise to a tension between a business-oriented perspective and the norms of sharing and openness that prevail among the scientific community.The aim of this thesis is to study the intricate interactions existing between intellectual property and valorisation of public research results. There are numerous points of contact, such as defining what is subject matter for intellectual property among scientific research results and who is entitled to the intellectual property rights, or fostering the technology transfer toward industry. It will be shown the mechanisms underlying intellectual property do not collide with the norms of public research. Quite the opposite, intellectual property is to be favoured since it can provide public research organisations with a subtle balance between reservation and dissemination of knowledge, hence fulfilling the goals of valorisation