Emissions of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incomplete burning of hydrocarbon fuels pose a great threat to the environment and human health. To reduce such emissions, a comprehensive understanding of their evolution process is essential. In this work, a series of research studies were conducted to evaluate sooting tendencies and to experimentally and theoretically develop PAH mechanisms. The sooting tendencies of oxygenated fuels were quantitively investigated in counterflow diffusion flames. Sooting limits are described by critical fuel and oxygen mole fractions, measured with a laser scattering technique. The addition of dimethyl ether displays non-monotonic behavior on sooting tendencies at elevated pressures, which is attributed to the chemical effect from kinetic simulations. The tendency of incipient soot formation of other oxygenated fuels (e.g., alcohol, acid, ether, ketone, and carbonate ester) was also assessed, using a similar approach. As the precursor of soot, PAH measurement using laser induced fluoresecnce was implemented to track the evolution processes from PAHs to incipient soot. Developing a PAH mechanism is essential to the understanding of soot formation; however, PAH formation and its growth process are not well understood. Based on previous research, PAHs with 5-membered rings are abundant in flames. Therefore, the growth of PAHs with 5-membered rings was investigated, using acenaphthylene (A2R5) as the example. The density functional theory (DFT) and the transition state theory (TST) were adopted to calculate potential energy surfaces and reaction rate coefficients. The existence of 5-membered rings appreciably impacts PAH production by facilitating the formation of planar PAHs with C2H substitution, thereby improving existing PAH mechanisms. In PAH mechanisms, the thermochemistry properties are not all calculated, but are hypothesized to be equal to those of a similar structure. The simulation accuracy of the hypothesis is explored here by discussing the sensitivity of the thermochemistry parameters in flame simulations. The group additivity method utilizing THERM codes is used to calculate thermochemistry properties. PAH loading affects the sensitivity of thermochemistry properties to both flame temperature and product yields. These results show that either accurate thermochemistry properties, or reverse reaction rates should be provided in the mechanism to improve simulation accuracy.

No description available.

No description available.

CASTELO BRANCO , Paulo Coelho. A noção de organismo no fieri teórico de Carl Rogers: uma investigação epistemológica. 2010. 160 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by moises gomes (celtinha_malvado@hotmail.com) on 2012-04-10T18:22:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_PCCBranco.PDF: 1879787 bytes, checksum: ce2d5601a592cf4bb749f22f06f8ca83 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-04-17T11:12:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_PCCBranco.PDF: 1879787 bytes, checksum: ce2d5601a592cf4bb749f22f06f8ca83 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-17T11:12:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_PCCBranco.PDF: 1879787 bytes, checksum: ce2d5601a592cf4bb749f22f06f8ca83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This master thesis proposes an epistemological inquiry within the concept of Organism as developed along the theoretical fieri of Carl Rogers. This fieri is hereby taken as representative of what to be made or to become in a science not arrested by its own previous conceptions. As to advance this research: it has been identified the phases among the theoretical fieri of Carl Rogers; the understanding of Rogers concerning the Organism as presented in each of his intellectual phases; considered the main theorists and academic influences Rogers recognized upon his own work; made explicit the broader epistemological frameworks which informed Rogers´ understanding of Organism. This thesis has been inspired by the historical-method developed by Jean Piaget as an epistemological approach for scientific research which focus on recognizing the ideas that have supported the development of a concept or a theory. This methodology was based in a deductive formulation as for what may have grounded the notion of Organism as formulated in the original texts as well as from those who were theoretically influential on Rogers´ system. Coming from a selection of those pieces of work explicitly referring to the concept of Organism, we may infer Rogers was profoundly part of this cultural moment. Not only restricted to assimilating and elaborating these diffused influences at his experience, his Organismic conceptualization turned possible the integration of different dimensions as such Personality (I/Me), Society (interrelations) and Nature (Cosmos). At each stage of his thought, Rogers indicated the following influences on the construction of that conception: (1) in non-directive couseiling – the functionalism-pragmatism north american and new psychoanalysis of Rank, Horney and Sullivan; (2) in client-centered therapy – repeat the previous influences and increases scientism and its north american applied Psychology, Gestalt Psychology and Kurt Lewin, educacional, social and politic philosophies, and theorists of personality; (3) in transition from client-centered therapy and person-centered approach, the impact of the experiencing concept of Gendlin, experience with groups, the performance in education, reflections of alternative perspectives and behavioral sciences and studies on organism and self-actualization Goldstein, Maslow, Angyal and allusions to Whyte; (4) in person-centered approach, it adds to studies of organism and self-actualization, the research of Szent-Gyoergy and the emergency of Capra, Prigogine and Maruyama systemic paradigm and holistic. This present thesis led us to reveal a new intelligibility traced with Rogers´ notion of Organism where emergency a cosmological approach for the person which does not restrain itself to the Personality. We understood Rogers was tracking his person-centered academic ground largely dependent on the new findings of the emergent contemporary science. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar, mediante uma perspectiva epistemológica, a noção de organismo no fieri teórico de Carl Rogers. Por fieri entende-se o devir ou o fato que faz uma ciência não ficar estagnada em suas concepções. Para realizar esta investigação foram: identificadas as fases do fieri teórico de Rogers; pesquisado o fato de como Rogers concebeu a noção de organismo; examinados os principiais teóricos e influências que Rogers reconheceu a este respeito; verificadas as linhas epistemológicas gerais da noção de organismo em Rogers. Neste trabalho adotou-se uma abordagem epistemológica de pesquisa, inspirada no uso que Jean Piaget fez do método histórico que, segundo ele, consiste em determinar como procedeu à invenção de um conceito ou teoria, reconhecendo as ideias que a tornaram possível. O método utiliza-se de um sistema dedutivo do que foi levado a imaginar a criação da ideia de organismo em Rogers. Foram utilizados como fontes de pesquisa os textos escritos de Rogers e de suas influências. A seleção destes seguiu o critério de conter aspectos relativos à concepção organísmica de Rogers. Como resultado, ficou evidente que Rogers foi um pensador ligado às questões de sua época. Ele assimilou e elaborou, com suporte em sua experiência com essas influências, uma concepção organísmica que integrou as dimensões da personalidade (eu), sociedade (inter-elações) e natureza (cosmos). Em cada fase do seu pensamento, Rogers indicou as seguintes influências para essa concepção: (1) no aconselhamento não-diretivo o funcionalismo-pragmatismo dos Estados Unidos e a psicanálise neofreudidana de Rank, Horney e Sullivan; (2) na terapia centrada no cliente repetem-se as influências anteriores acrescidas do cientificismo estadunidense e sua Psicologia aplicada, a Psicologia da Gestalt, Kurt Lewin, a filosofia educacional, social e política estadunidense e os teóricos da personalidade; (3) na transição entre terapia centrada no cliente e abordagem centrada na pessoa - o impacto do conceito de experienciação de Gendlin, as experiências com grupos, a atuação no campo da educação, as reflexões de perspectivas alternativas às ciências do comportamento e os estudos sobre organismo e auto-realização de Goldstein, Maslow, Angyal e alusões a Whyte; (4) na abordagem centrada na pessoa – se acresce aos estudos de organismo e auto-realização, as pesquisas de Szent-Gyoergy, e a emergência do paradigma sistêmico e holístico de Capra, Prigogine e Maruyama. Considera-se que é possível traçar uma nova inelegibilidade de Rogers com base em noção de organismo. Por esta é possível pensar no avanço de uma abordagem cosmológica da pessoa que não se restringe somente à personalidade. Percebe-se que Rogers deu pistas de como desenvolver um solo científico para a abordagem centrada na pessoa, com arrisco paradigma emergente de ciência contemporânea.

儘管有些人認為冷戰的結束代表著「歷史的終結」，但中共領導人們卻不這麼認為。他們認為冷戰的結束把我們從「兩極對抗」的世界帶入「多極化世界」。 進一步研究中共冷戰後的公開文件，我們可以發現「多極化世界」的提法無所不在。一方面，「多極化世界」不斷出現在重要的對內與對外文件，以致於我們有理由相信「多極化世界」的概念對冷戰後的中共具有相當的重要性。另一方面，「多極化世界」的概念具有相當強的延續性，從鄧小平晚期到習近平的公開記錄中，我們都可以發現它的蹤跡。 因此，「多極化世界」的特殊性成為本研究的研究動機，而這個概念本身則成為本研究的研究目的。本研究欲探究的問題有兩個：第一，「多極化世界」的本質是什麼？第二，以「多極化世界」這個概念為主軸的中共，在經歷國力快速增長後，是否會符合「國強必霸」的命題？ 為了探究這樣的課題，本研究採取詮釋學理論途徑做為研究途徑。在此研究途徑下，本研究將以大量文獻作為根基，並以中共領導人的談話記錄或演講記錄為對象，進行詮釋分析。希望透過這樣的努力，能更深入的理解「多極化世界」這個概念背後的意涵。 / Although some might consider the end of the Cold War as the end of history, however, leaders of PRC do not think so. They think the end of the Cold War brought us from a bipolarity world to a world with Multi-polarity tendency. When we study public documents of PRC after the Cold War，we can find the keyword “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” everywhere. On one hand, we can find the keyword “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” in many important public documents, whether its audience is PRC’s people or other countries in the world, which makes us have good reasons to believe the significance of the key words “World with Multi-polarity Tendency”. On the other hand, the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” has great continuity. We can find it from Deng, Siao-Ping to Si, Jin-Ping. Because of the reasons above, to understand the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” is the motivation of this study. And the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency” itself is the target of this study. We get two main questions in this study：First, what is the nature of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency”？ Second, if PRC really take this concept as its main idea, will PRC become a hegemony power after it become strong？ This study chooses interpretive research as its approach, and taking PRC leaders’ public documents as targets to analyze the concept of “World with Multi-polarity Tendency”. Hoping through these works, we can have a deeper understand about it.

Social media has grown in importance as an advertising communication tool, and companies take advantages of this by using social media marketing to meet their marketing objectives. The research context in this study is chosen to be the social media Facebook, mainly since it is the biggest and most used social media in Sweden but also since Facebook offers companies many different commercial options. We detected a research gap, since there is a lack of theory on Facebook’s customized advertisements on a more specific context that is felt urge to buy impulsively. We could also identify a research gap since there is no study investigating how positive affect and felt urge to buy impulsively are affected by different characteristics in Umeå, Sweden or in the Facebook context among Umeå members. The purpose with this study is to investigate the effects of ad characteristics, personal consumption characteristics, and situational characteristics on positive affect and felt urge to buy impulsively. The characteristics consist of nine constructs; felt urge to buy impulsively, positive affect, promotional effect, atmospheric effect, impulse buying tendency, hedonic consumption, customized advertisement, time availability and money availability. To fulfill the purpose of this thesis, we conducted a quantitative study. In the quantitative study we conducted a web-based self-selected survey. The link to the survey was posted in four different Facebook groups and on our own Facebook pages. The link the survey was also distributed by flyers to randomly targeted people at Umeå University and Umeå center. By conducting a survey we were able to detect effects between the variables. When analyzing the results using regression analysis we concluded there are eight supported hypothesizes. The first multiple regression analysis showed that promotional effect, atmospheric effect, hedonic consumption tendency, customized advertisement and time availability had a significant positive effect on positive affect. In the second multiple regression analysis we concluded that hedonic consumption tendency and customized advertisement had a significant positive effect on felt urge to buy impulsively. The last regression analysis showed that positive affect had a significant positive effect on felt urge to buy impulsively. From the result we could confirm some of previous study’s findings and also contribute with new findings. We also suggest practical recommendations for companies using Facebook as an advertising channel, and how they can improve the advertising to make a good impression on the consumers.

<p>Grouting as a method of strengthening and sealing rock, soil and concrete is widely used. The possibilities of sealing structures are of great importance from both an economical and environmental point of view. The cost of grouting has in certain projects been as high as the cost for the blasting and excavation of the tunnel. To improve the technique of grouting with cement based material, it is necessary to focus on the properties of the used grout mixture. The ability of a grout to penetrate cavities, channels and porous material, the penetrability, depends on two things, the theology and the filtration tendency. Extensive laboratory tests on stable, low w/c-ratio, injection grouts show that the most significant limitation to their penetrability is the tendency of cement grains to agglomerate into an impermeable filter cake. The properties of a grout that may prevent passing obstructions in the flow path without the cement grains clogging and preventing further penetration is in this work called filtration tendency. An inert material mixture and a cement-based mixture are used for the investigations in this work. The inert material, which is crushed dolomite stone, does not react with the added water in the mixture. The used cement grouts are based upon three types of commercial available Portland cements and four Portland cements with modified grain size distribution curves. </p><p>Performed tests show that the grain size and grain size distribution is of great importance for the filtration tendency. According to performed experiments with inert and cement material, it seems to be advantageous for the penetrability to have a grain size distribution that contains neither too many fine or coarse grains. It is reasonable to believe that the grain size distribution should be relatively steep (narrow grain size range) between minimum and maximum grain size. The maximum grain size is of importance in terms of for example d_95. Too large maximum grain size will prevent penetration of the mixture through obstructions in the flow path. According to performed tests, the value of d₉₅, should be between </p><p>4-10 times smaller than the aperture to be penetrated by the cement based mixture. The small grain sizes are also of importance in order to achieve a low filtration tendency of the grout. This is because of the increased tendency for the small grains to flocculation into larger agglomerates, compared to larger grain sizes. </p><p>The filtration experiments with cement based grouts show that influences of parameters like surface chemistry (use of superplastisisers) and cement chemistry (hydration of cement grains) will strongly affect the filtration tendency of the mixture. </p><p>To visualize the phenomenon of filtration tendency it can be investigated on a larger scale than usually takes place. Filtration experiments in the scale of approximately 100:1 have been performed in order to see influences of grain concentration, grain shape and the penetrated slot aperture. It can be seen that used grain sizes (monodisperse and inert mixture) should be approximately at least 2-3 times smaller than the aperture to be penetrated by the mixture. Numerical experiments of filtration tendency have also been performed to investigate the possibilities to numerically simulate the influence of grain concentration and slot aperture. The numerical experiments are based on Eulerian flow modelling.</p>

Aim: In recent years, research has concluded that social anxiety plays a key role in quality of life. The overall aim of this research was to evaluate social anxiety in adolescents with respect to determining how social anxiety affects quality of life. Method: This study was a cross-sectional study. A pilot study was conducted to cross-culturally adapt all scales by the recommended translated and back-translated method. The correlations of socio-demographic parameters with the SAS-A scores were examined. Data from a sample of 564 students (273 boys 48.4%, 291 girls 51.6%) were analysed. Adolescents from Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom were screened and compared. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilised to build the proposed model based on prior research and theoretical findings. Finding: No significant sex difference in the SAS-A total score, fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance were found. Comparing the boys and girls on SPIN scores, Fear, Avoidance and Authority Problems, the results showed that boys reported higher in SPIN total, fear and avoidance (except authority problem subscale score) than did girls. SAS-A scores were higher in those with a low socio-economic level. Moreover, social anxiety symptoms among Saudi adolescents were more severe in boys. Results showed that adolescents without social anxiety scored higher on quality of life and its subscales than adolescents with social anxiety as measured by ASA-A. No significant difference was found in psychical health. Adolescents without social anxiety scored higher on quality of life and its subscales than adolescents with social anxiety as measured by SIAS. Adolescents without social anxiety scored on Positive Individualism more than adolescents with social anxiety. No significant difference was found in Positive Relatedness. In the cross-cultural study, the results showed no significant difference on SIAS scores for Saudi adolescents and British adolescents. However, a marginally significant differences was found on BAI scores, where Saudi adolescents reported higher level of anxiety than British adolescents. The British sample reported higher on the fear of negative evaluation than the Saudi sample. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was utilised to test hypotheses on the links between scores on the study scales. The findings indicate that the overall fit of the SAS-A model was acceptable. Direct effects between the study variables and significant positive correlation between cognitive factors and social anxiety were found. Mediation effects of SAS-A and SPIN were investigated by reporting direct effects, indirect effects and total effects. Results indicte that social anxiety significantly mediated the relationships between subjective anxiety, positive individualism, and cognitive and environmental health. Conclusion: It is therefore imperative that socially anxious students be provided with appropriate consultations and treatment so that they can improve their quality of life through integrating better with social institutions. If untreated, the impairment caused by social phobia could lead to poor academic and professional outcomes, as well as poor psychosocial outcomes.

Esta pesquisa visa apresentar a articulação entre arte e política na trajetória de Mário Pedrosa durante as décadas de 1930 a 1950. Se, na conferência de 1933, sobre a gravurista alemã Käthe Kollwitz, Pedrosa esboçou os princípios de uma estética marxista, que tentou vincular a natureza, a origem e o desenvolvimento da arte com o estágio técnico alcançado pela sociedade e com a luta de classes, de 1942 em diante, a ênfase se deu na especificidade e nas leis próprias do campo artístico. Embora Pedrosa tivesse sempre em mente o processo final de síntese entre arte e revolução social, processou-se uma mudança em seu posicionamento. Este derivou não do afastamento premeditado da política para a dedicação exclusiva à atividade de crítica de arte, mas de um ajuste necessário de Pedrosa para articular de outro modo arte e política, a fim de que os augúrios do campo artístico se concretizassem. / The object of this research is to show the connection between art and politics in Mário Pedrosa´s pathway during the decades of 1930 to 1950. If in his lecture on the German engraver Käthe Kollwitz in 1933 Pedrosa had outlined the principles of a Marxist aesthetics, which tried to link up the nature, origin and development of art with the technical stage reached by society and the class struggle, from 1942 onwards, he put emphasis on the specificity and the proper laws of the artistic field. Although Pedrosa had always in mind the final process of syntesis between art and social revolution, there has been a shift in his position. This derived not from his deliberate withdrawal from politics in order to devote himself exclusively to his role as an art critic, but from a necessary adjustment to connect art with politics in another way, so that the prospects for the artistic field might be achieved.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 11 / Nenhuma / Este estudo buscou analisar e compreender as características dos relacionamentos entre pais e filhos no cenário do divórcio, na perspectiva de adolescentes com indicadores de tendência anti-social, definida de acordo com o vértice psicanalítico de Winnicott (1956/2000). Para este autor, crianças e adolescentes podem apresentar desajustes em seu comportamento, quando passaram por algum tipo de ruptura na continuidade dos cuidados exercidos pelo ambiente, ocasionando o que ele chamou de estado de deprivação. Com uma abordagem qualitativa, através de estudos de casos múltiplos, buscou-se identificar indícios de deprivação nestes adolescentes. O enquadre teórico tomado como referência também se baseou nas contribuições dos estudiosos da família, que vêm pesquisando as repercussões da separação dos pais sobre os filhos e nos estudos sobre o divórcio. Os participantes do estudo foram três adolescentes, de 12, 13 e 15 anos de idade; a primeira do sexo feminino e os outros dois do sexo masculino. O acesso aos casos f / This study sought to analyze and understand the characteristics of the relationships between parents and children in the context of divorce, from the perspective of adolescents with indicators of antisocial tendency, as defined by Winnicott’s psychoanalytical theory (1956 / 2000). For Winnicott, children and adolescents who undergo some kind of disruption in the continuity of parental care may display behavioral maladjustments, which cause what he called a state of deprivation. With a qualitative approach, through the study of multiple cases, signs and symptoms of deprivation were sought in these adolescents. The theoretical fundamentals used as reference were also based on studies on divorce and on contributions from family experts and scientists, who have researched the impacts of parental separation on children. The subjects were one female aged 12, and two males aged 13 and 15. The access to these cases was made possible through a private school attended by middle-income students, located in the metropoli