Cette thèse a pour objectif majeur d’examiner l’émergence des émotions en situation de menace du stéréotype et leurs implications sur la performance cognitive des individus stigmatisés. Nous poursuivons deux objectifs. Dans un premier temps, nous souhaitons montrer que la situation de menace du stéréotype est propice non seulement au déclenchement de peur mais aussi de colère chez les individus stigmatisés. Dans ce cadre, nous postulons que l’adhésion ou non des individus au stéréotype de leur groupe d’appartenance déterminerait respectivement l’émergence de peur ou de colère. Cinq études expérimentales permettent de valider cette hypothèse. Dans un second temps, nous examinons les processus par lesquels ces deux émotions interviennent dans la chute de performance classiquement observée en menace du stéréotype. Sur la base de la théorie des tendances à l’action et des théories cognitives, nous proposons que la peur et la colère ressenties par les individus stigmatisés dans cette situation, sont responsables de ses conséquences délétères sur leur performance. La peur est associée à une tendance d’évitement qui empêcherait les individus négativement stéréotypés de s’impliquer dans la tâche qui permet l’application du stéréotype. La colère, quant à elle, favorise une tendance d’approche et un traitement heuristique de l’information qui, associés, précipiteraient les réponses des individus stigmatisés et empêcheraient le traitement approfondi de la tâche. Par leur tendance d’action, peur et colère pourraient contribuer à la réduction des performances en situation de menace du stéréotype. Trois études expérimentales permettent de valider cette idée.Cette thèse propose une explication alternative à l’effet délétère classiquement observé de la menace du stéréotype sur les performances des individus stigmatisés et pointe l’importance de prendre en considération les conséquences comportementales et cognitives des émotions dans cette situation. / The aim of this research is to examine the emergence of emotions in stereotype threat and its implications on performances of stigmatized individuals. We have two purposes. First, we want to show that stereotype threat situation triggers not only fear but also anger in stigmatized individuals. We postulate that endorsement or non endorsement to the group stereotype would respectively determine the emergence of fear or anger. Five experiments confirm our hypothesis. Then we examine processes through which fear and anger have deleterious effect on performances in stereotype threat situation. We suggest that fear and anger have deleterious effect because of the action tendencies and the cognitive processing of information that they trigger. Fear triggers an avoidance action tendency which could prevent stigmatized individuals to get involved in the task. Anger triggers an approach action tendency and a heuristic processing of information which could lead to rush towards the task without processing information deeply. Three experiments confirm our hypothesis. This research suggests an alternative explanation to the deleterious effect of stereotype threat on performances and highlights the importance to take into account the behavioral and cognitive consequences of emotions in the stereotype threat situation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 campos_rv_me_jabo.pdf: 253429 bytes, checksum: 8d9f4fe4ec3cc0553b735dfab36c9a5a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A eficiência em produção de uma propriedade depende de fatores técnicos, biológicos, financeiros e gerenciais. Avanços na genética, nos métodos estatísticos e na melhoria da capacidade de processamento dos computadores podem contribuir para o progresso genético do rebanho bubalino. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação genética entre a produção de “mozzarella” (PM) com a produção e os constituintes do leite bubalino considerando como objetivo de seleção a PM. Para isso, estimaram-se os parâmetros genéticos das produções de leite (PL) e “mozzarella”, bem como das porcentagens de gordura (PG) e proteína (PP), utilizandose 4389 lactações ocorridas entre os anos 1985 e 2005. Estimou-se ainda o ganho e a tendência genética das características ao longo dos anos bem como a eficiência da seleção. Estimou-se os componentes de variância por meio de análises bi-característica usando modelos animal, pela metodologia REML, ao qual foram obtidas as estimativas de herdabilidade que variaram de 0,17 a 0,37 entre todas as características analisadas, o que indica que existe variabilidade passível de seleção. As repetibilidades também foram altas, de 0,42 a 0,63, indicando que poucos desempenhos podem ser considerados para se praticar o descarte de animais através da seleção. A correlação genética entre as PL acumuladas aos 270 (P270) e 305 (P305) dias com a PP foram negativas e mediana (-0,04 e -0,29, respectivamente) e com a PG foram negativas e alta (-0,56 e -0,68, respectivamente) acarretando na diminuição dos constituintes à medida que se seleciona para as PL. Com base nas altas correlações genéticas entre as PL com a PM (acima de 0,86) e nas respostas correlacionadas visando à PM, é mais indicado praticar seleção direta para a PL devido ao seu maior peso na fórmula de estimação da mesma, ainda que os teores dos... / The efficiency in production of a farm depends factors technical, biological, financial and managerial. Progresses in the genetics, in the statistical methods and in the improvement of the capacity of processing of the computers they can contribute with the genetic progress of the herd buffalo. The objective of this study was to verify the genetic association among the mozzarella yield (MY) with the yield and components composition of the milk buffalo considering as selection objective the MY. They were considered the genetic parameters of the yield of milk (YM) and mozzarella, as well as of the fat percentages (FP) and protein (PP), being used 4389 lactations happened among the years 1985 and 2005. Estimation also the genetic gain, the efficiency and the tendency of the selection along the years. It was used for the analysis of the environmental factors and definition of the models of the characteristics the procedure GLM of the SAS. For the study of the genetic factors, they were considered the variance components across analyses bi-characteristic using models animal, across of the methodology REML of MTDFREML, to which was obtained the heritability estimates that varied from 0,17 to 0,37 among the characteristics, what indicates that variability susceptible to selection. The repeatability were also high, from 0,42 to 0,63, indicating that few performance can be considered to be practiced the selection. With base in the correlated answers to the MY, it is more suitable to practice direct selection for the MY due to your largest weight in the formula of estimate of the mozzarella, even if the representative’s component constituents are maximum. Besides, it is treated of a characteristic of easy measure and low cost, allowing larger number of animals to be controlled...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

abstract: Fully distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs) without fusion center have advantages such as scalability in network size and energy efficiency in communications. Each sensor shares its data only with neighbors and then achieves global consensus quantities by in-network processing. This dissertation considers robust distributed parameter estimation methods, seeking global consensus on parameters of adaptive learning algorithms and statistical quantities. Diffusion adaptation strategy with nonlinear transmission is proposed. The nonlinearity was motivated by the necessity for bounded transmit power, as sensors need to iteratively communicate each other energy-efficiently. Despite the nonlinearity, it is shown that the algorithm performs close to the linear case with the added advantage of power savings. This dissertation also discusses convergence properties of the algorithm in the mean and the mean-square sense. Often, average is used to measure central tendency of sensed data over a network. When there are outliers in the data, however, average can be highly biased. Alternative choices of robust metrics against outliers are median, mode, and trimmed mean. Quantiles generalize the median, and they also can be used for trimmed mean. Consensus-based distributed quantile estimation algorithm is proposed and applied for finding trimmed-mean, median, maximum or minimum values, and identification of outliers through simulation. It is shown that the estimated quantities are asymptotically unbiased and converges toward the sample quantile in the mean-square sense. Step-size sequences with proper decay rates are also discussed for convergence analysis. Another measure of central tendency is a mode which represents the most probable value and also be robust to outliers and other contaminations in data. The proposed distributed mode estimation algorithm achieves a global mode by recursively shifting conditional mean of the measurement data until it converges to stationary points of estimated density function. It is also possible to estimate the mode by utilizing grid vector as well as kernel density estimator. The densities are estimated at each grid point, while the points are updated until they converge to a global mode. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

Submitted by Igor Matos (igoryure.rm@gmail.com) on 2017-01-17T14:48:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Bruna Hinnah Borges Martins de Freitas.pdf: 2713325 bytes, checksum: 7e98efdc6cad26b67202ce457c5d0984 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-01-17T14:56:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Bruna Hinnah Borges Martins de Freitas.pdf: 2713325 bytes, checksum: 7e98efdc6cad26b67202ce457c5d0984 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T14:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Bruna Hinnah Borges Martins de Freitas.pdf: 2713325 bytes, checksum: 7e98efdc6cad26b67202ce457c5d0984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / CAPES / Objetivo: Analisar os indicadores e os determinantes clínicos e epidemiológicos de hanseníase em indivíduos menores de quinze anos registrados no Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Método: Estudo epidemiológico desenvolvido em três etapas que incluem: caracterização de 2455 casos novos de hanseníase em menores de quinze anos notificados no período de 2001 a 2013; identificação da tendência histórica dos indicadores epidemiológicos de hanseníase nesta população por meio do procedimento de Prais-Winster para análise de regressão linear generalizada; e comparação das características sociodemográficas, clínicas e epidemiológicas de 429 indivíduos notificados com hanseníase entre os municípios prioritários e os não prioritários, através do teste do qui-quadrado ao nível de significância de 5%, bem como a distribuição espacial destes municípios por meio do software ArcGis10.2. Resultados: O primeiro estudo indicou a incidência média de 22,7 casos por 100 mil habitantes em menores de quinze anos, a maior proporção de entrada foi do sexo masculino (51,6%; n= 1268) e da faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos (65%; n=1595). Dentre as características clínicas, 67,3% (n=1652) foram classificados como paucibacilares e 45,8%(n=1125) com lesão única. Quanto ao modo de detecção, 46,2% (n=1133) das entradas foram por demanda espontânea. Observou-se que 60,6% e 52,1% das informações acerca da realização de exame baciloscópico no diagnóstico e apresentação de episódio reacional, respectivamente, foram consideradas ignoradas e/ou não preenchidas. No segundo estudo, evidenciou-se uma tendência decrescente do coeficiente geral de incidência, com uma taxa anual média de -5,5% (IC 95%: -7,5 – -3,5) e tendência de crescimento com incremento de 6,7% (IC 95%: 2,7 –10,8) na proporção dos casos multibacilares, de 9,4% (IC 95%: 4,4 – 14,7) dos casos diagnosticados com forma clínica dimorfa e de 14,0% (IC 95%: 7,9 – 20,4) dos casos com incapacidade física grau 2 no momento do diagnóstico. Houve crescimento na tendência da proporção média dos contatos examinados, com incremento de 4,1% (IC 95%: 1,2 – 7,1), enquanto que a média da proporção de cura no período foi considerada precária (39,7%), com tendência estacionária. O último estudo identificou que 73,9% (n=317) dos casos novos foram notificados em municípios prioritários. Observou-se diferença na proporção de casos registrados entre os municípios, com maior proporção nos prioritários quanto à idade de cinco a nove anos (χ²=4,09; p=0,043), raça branca (χ²=7,01; p=0,008) e forma clínica tuberculóide (χ²=3,89; p=0,048), e maior proporção nos não prioritários quanto à zona não urbana (χ²=24,23; p<0,001), duas a cinco lesões (χ²=5,93; p=0,014) e demanda espontânea (χ²=6,16; p=0,013). Dos 141 municípios do estado avaliados segundo a distribuição espacial, 58,1% (n=82) apresentaram coeficiente médio de incidência alto, muito alto e hiperendêmico, sendo que destes, 34,1% (n=28) contemplam o grupo dos prioritários. Conclusão: A tendência histórica do coeficiente médio de incidência da hanseníase em menores de quinze anos mostrou-se decrescente no período, todavia as características clínicas e epidemiológicas da doença e as tendências dos indicadores epidemiológicos indicam o diagnóstico tardio com permanência de fontes de transmissibilidade. A maioria dos casos foi registrada em municípios prioritários, entretanto ambos apresentam hiperendemicidade do agravo, influenciando nas respostas de controle da endemia no estado. / Objective: To analyze the indicators and the clinical and epidemiological determinants of leprosy in individuals under the age of fifteen registered in the Mato Grosso’s System for Notifiable Diseases, Brazil. Method: It is an epidemiological study developed in three steps that include: characterization of 2.455 new cases of leprosy in individuals under the age of fifteen notified between 2001 and 2013; identifying the historical tendency of epidemiological indicators of leprosy in this population by means of the Prais-Winsten procedure for analyzing generalized linear regression; and comparison of sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 429 individuals notified with leprosy between the priority and non-priority cities, by using the chi-square test at a significance level of 5%, as well as the spatial distribution of these cities by means of the ArcGIS 10.2 software. Results: The first study indicated the average incidence of 22,7 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants in individuals under the age of fifteen. The greatest proportion of entry belonged to the male gender (51,6%; n=1268) and the age group from 10 to 14 years (65%, n=1595). Among the clinical characteristics, 67,3% (n=1.652) were classified as paucibacillary and 45,8% (n= 1.125) with a single injury. Regarding the detection mode, 46,2% (n=1.133) of entries were due to spontaneous demand. It was observed that 60,6% and 52,1% of the information about the accomplishment of skin smear in the diagnosis and presentation of reactive episode, respectively, were considered ignored and/or not completed. In the second study, it was found a decreasing tendency of the general coefficient of incidence, with an average annual rate of 5,5% (95% CI: -7,5 – -3,5) and increasing tendency with an growth of 6,7% (95% CI: 2,7 – 10,8) in the proportion of multibacillary cases, 9,4% (95% CI: 4,4 – 14,7) of cases diagnosed with borderline clinical form and 14,0% (95% CI: 7,9 – 20,4) of cases with physical disability level 2 at the time of diagnosis. There was an increasing tendency in the average proportion of examined contacts, with a growth of 4,1% (95% CI: 1,2 – 7,1), whilst the average proportion of healing in the period was considered poor (39,7% ), with stationary tendency. The last study identified that 73,9% (n=317) of the new cases were notified in priority cities. It was observed a difference in the proportion of cases registered among the cities, with a greater proportion in priority ones in relation to the age group from five to nine years (χ²=4,09; p=0,043), white color (χ²=7,01; p=0,008) and tuberculoid clinical form (χ²=3,89; p=0,048); and greater proportion in non-priority cases in relation to the non-urban area (χ²=24,23; p<0,001), two to five injuries (χ²=5,93; p=0,014) and spontaneous demand (χ²=6,16; p=0,013). Of the 141 assessed cities of the state according to the spatial distribution, 58,1% (n=82) showed a high, very high and hyper-endemic average coefficient of incidence, and, of these, 34,1% (n=28) include the group of priorities. Conclusion: The historical tendency of the average coefficient of incidence of leprosy in individuals under the age of fifteen proved to be decreasing in the period. Nonetheless, the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease and the tendencies of epidemiological indicators have indicated the late diagnosis with a permanence of communicable sources. The majority of cases were registered in priority cities. However, both demonstrate the hyperendemicity of the diseases, thereby influencing with the answers of control of the epidemics in the state.

Orientador: Humberto Tonhati / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Banca: Vera Lúcia Cardoso / Resumo: A eficiência em produção de uma propriedade depende de fatores técnicos, biológicos, financeiros e gerenciais. Avanços na genética, nos métodos estatísticos e na melhoria da capacidade de processamento dos computadores podem contribuir para o progresso genético do rebanho bubalino. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação genética entre a produção de "mozzarella" (PM) com a produção e os constituintes do leite bubalino considerando como objetivo de seleção a PM. Para isso, estimaram-se os parâmetros genéticos das produções de leite (PL) e "mozzarella", bem como das porcentagens de gordura (PG) e proteína (PP), utilizandose 4389 lactações ocorridas entre os anos 1985 e 2005. Estimou-se ainda o ganho e a tendência genética das características ao longo dos anos bem como a eficiência da seleção. Estimou-se os componentes de variância por meio de análises bi-característica usando modelos animal, pela metodologia REML, ao qual foram obtidas as estimativas de herdabilidade que variaram de 0,17 a 0,37 entre todas as características analisadas, o que indica que existe variabilidade passível de seleção. As repetibilidades também foram altas, de 0,42 a 0,63, indicando que poucos desempenhos podem ser considerados para se praticar o descarte de animais através da seleção. A correlação genética entre as PL acumuladas aos 270 (P270) e 305 (P305) dias com a PP foram negativas e mediana (-0,04 e -0,29, respectivamente) e com a PG foram negativas e alta (-0,56 e -0,68, respectivamente) acarretando na diminuição dos constituintes à medida que se seleciona para as PL. Com base nas altas correlações genéticas entre as PL com a PM (acima de 0,86) e nas respostas correlacionadas visando à PM, é mais indicado praticar seleção direta para a PL devido ao seu maior peso na fórmula de estimação da mesma, ainda que os teores dos ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The efficiency in production of a farm depends factors technical, biological, financial and managerial. Progresses in the genetics, in the statistical methods and in the improvement of the capacity of processing of the computers they can contribute with the genetic progress of the herd buffalo. The objective of this study was to verify the genetic association among the mozzarella yield (MY) with the yield and components composition of the milk buffalo considering as selection objective the MY. They were considered the genetic parameters of the yield of milk (YM) and mozzarella, as well as of the fat percentages (FP) and protein (PP), being used 4389 lactations happened among the years 1985 and 2005. Estimation also the genetic gain, the efficiency and the tendency of the selection along the years. It was used for the analysis of the environmental factors and definition of the models of the characteristics the procedure GLM of the SAS. For the study of the genetic factors, they were considered the variance components across analyses bi-characteristic using models animal, across of the methodology REML of MTDFREML, to which was obtained the heritability estimates that varied from 0,17 to 0,37 among the characteristics, what indicates that variability susceptible to selection. The repeatability were also high, from 0,42 to 0,63, indicating that few performance can be considered to be practiced the selection. With base in the correlated answers to the MY, it is more suitable to practice direct selection for the MY due to your largest weight in the formula of estimate of the mozzarella, even if the representative's component constituents are maximum. Besides, it is treated of a characteristic of easy measure and low cost, allowing larger number of animals to be controlled...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Esta pesquisa visa apresentar a articulação entre arte e política na trajetória de Mário Pedrosa durante as décadas de 1930 a 1950. Se, na conferência de 1933, sobre a gravurista alemã Käthe Kollwitz, Pedrosa esboçou os princípios de uma estética marxista, que tentou vincular a natureza, a origem e o desenvolvimento da arte com o estágio técnico alcançado pela sociedade e com a luta de classes, de 1942 em diante, a ênfase se deu na especificidade e nas leis próprias do campo artístico. Embora Pedrosa tivesse sempre em mente o processo final de síntese entre arte e revolução social, processou-se uma mudança em seu posicionamento. Este derivou não do afastamento premeditado da política para a dedicação exclusiva à atividade de crítica de arte, mas de um ajuste necessário de Pedrosa para articular de outro modo arte e política, a fim de que os augúrios do campo artístico se concretizassem. / The object of this research is to show the connection between art and politics in Mário Pedrosa´s pathway during the decades of 1930 to 1950. If in his lecture on the German engraver Käthe Kollwitz in 1933 Pedrosa had outlined the principles of a Marxist aesthetics, which tried to link up the nature, origin and development of art with the technical stage reached by society and the class struggle, from 1942 onwards, he put emphasis on the specificity and the proper laws of the artistic field. Although Pedrosa had always in mind the final process of syntesis between art and social revolution, there has been a shift in his position. This derived not from his deliberate withdrawal from politics in order to devote himself exclusively to his role as an art critic, but from a necessary adjustment to connect art with politics in another way, so that the prospects for the artistic field might be achieved.

In the first part, diploma thesis presents theoretical background of well-being and sensation seeking tendency concepts. By analysing available resources in Czech and foreign literature it presents current theoretical understanding of these concepts and discusses their relationship to other psyche phenomena. In the empirical part, research hypotheses about existence of the relationship between well-being represented by SWLS questionnaire (Satisfaction With Life Scale; Diener et al., 1985) and sensation seeking tendency represented by SSS V scale (Sensation Seeking Scale V; Zuckerman, 1979) are examined. As support, Ten-item personality inventory TIPI (Gosling et al., 2003) is used. Two groups of respondents participated in the study: Czech (N = 137) and Slovak (N = 181) which were considered one sample (N = 318). Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analysis showed negligible significant relationship (r = 0,12; p < 0,05) between sub-scale Experience Seeking (ES) and SWLS. However, EC score did not predict SWLS variance. Overall, study failed to accept hypothesis of existence of the relationship between SWLS and SSS V and hypothesis of mutual independence was accepted. Furthermore, the thesis deals with closer analysis of the results and personality predictors of SWLS. Keywords:...

This thesis aims to gain a better understanding of how customers behave with email and spontaneous online shopping and in which degree prospects or customer would be affected by functions in interactive e-mails.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar as tendências de comportamento competitivo de 97 atletas de Judô em relação às suas tendências pessoais em vencer, competir e estabelecer metas. Os dados foram coletados utilizando o Sistema de Avaliação ACS -2 e o Inventário de identificação pessoal e esportiva, junto a 53 judocas do sexo masculino e 45 do sexo feminino, federados e competidores, integrantes das equipes Juvenis e Juniores pertencentes ou não às Seleções Paulista de Judô, oriundos de diversas classes sociais e com idade cronológica entre 14 e 21 anos. Os atletas foram agrupados por sexo e/ou por estarem integrando ou não a Seleção Paulista de Judô, de forma simples ou em múltiplas combinações. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi empregado para analisar as relações intragrupos existentes entre as variáveis qualitativas (tendências em vencer, competir e estabelecer metas), e variáveis quantitativas (idade, tempo de prática e nível de desempenho). Foi utilizado para a análise intergrupos o Qui-Quadrado, para as variáveis qualitativas, e o teste t, para as variáveis quantitativas. Os resultados indicaram que existem evidências significativas de que os atletas federados e competidores de ambos os sexos, pertencentes à Seleção Paulista de Judô, adotam comportamentos com tendências pessoais diferenciadas quando comparados com os comportamentos dos atletas não pertencentes à Seleção Paulista de Judô, sendo que a única variável que não apresentou diferença foi a tendência em competir. Entre atletas federados e competidores, distribuídos em função do sexo, masculino ou feminino, a idade foi a única variável que não apresentou evidência de diferenças significativas. Na análise intragrupos dos atletas que não pertencem à Seleção Paulista de Judô, entre os sexos masculino e feminino, somente foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as variáveis qualitativas. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o comportamento competitivo quanto às tendências em vencer, competir e estabelecer metas, e as variáveis de idade, tempo de prática e nível de desempenho dentro das competições e treinamento, mostrando serem as mesmas variavelmente independentes. Em conclusão, os atletas de Judô com maior idade, tempo de prática e nível de desempenho apresentaram melhores índices para as tendências analisadas, podendo indicar maiores possibilidades de alcançar melhores resultados na competição; enquanto que as atletas femininas mostraram menor expressão para alcançar resultados competitivos em competições de alto nível que os atletas masculinos, o que provavelmente é decorrente do menor tempo de prática, tendências em vencer e estabelecer metas. O Sistema de Avaliação denominado ACS ? 2 tornou-se um modelo eficaz para identificar e categorizar as diferentes tendências de comportamento competitivo em vencer, competir e estabelecer metas empregadas pelos judocas do sexo masculino de feminino de Judô / The main purpose of this research was to study, categorize and identify the competitive behavior tendency of Judo players according to personal tendencies of competing, winning and setting goals. We analyzed 52 male and 45 female Judo players from São Paulo Federation, competitors, most of them Juniors and Juveniles, included or not in the São Paulo State Team, from different social background and between 14 and 21 years old. The evaluation tools were: Evaluation System ACS ? 2 to collect information about competitive tendency ; and a second one to obtain Sportive and Personal information about age, practice time and performance level. The samples were separated by sex and/or by circumstantially being part or not of São Paulo State Team, in eight different groups. The Spearman Coefficient was used to analyze the intra-group relations between qualitative variables (tendencies of winning, competing and setting goals), and quantitative variables (age, practice time, performance level). The Q-Square was used to analyze the qualitative variables between groups and the test t for the quantitative variables. The results showed that, independent of the sex of the athletes of São Paulo State Team and those who were not in this group, there are significant differences in the variables involved in this study, except for competing tendencies. When the athletes were separated by sex, age was the only variable that has not showed evidence of significant difference. In the inter-group analysis of male and female athletes who are not part of São Paulo State Team significant differences were only found in qualitative variables; in the analysis of the athletes who are in São Paulo State Team significant differences were found in the qualitative tendencies of winning and setting goals. In the intra-group analyses, no differences had been found between qualitative and quantitative variables suggesting independent variability. In conclusion the Judo athletes with more age, practice time and performance level obtain best scores for the competitive tendencies analyzed, these elements can indicate possibilities to reach best results in sport competitions. The female athletes showed minor competences for high level competitions than the males athletes probably because of less practice time, lower tendencies of winning and setting goals. The Evaluation System ACS ? 2 was shown as a good and efficient model to identify and characterize the different competitive behavior tendencies in competing, winning and setting goals orientation employed by male and female Judo players

This thesis aimed to study three main aspects: (i) the mechanisms underlying unreduced pollen gamete formation in the diploid `CSO¿ tangor hybrid used as male parent in 4x x 2x triploid breeding programs, (ii) the frequencies and mechanisms involved in the unreduced 2n female gametes production for `Eureka Frost¿ and `Fino¿ lemon genotypes, and (iii) the interspecific recombination and the resulting diploid gamete structures of doubled-diploid `Mexican¿ lime to evaluate the possibility that natural interploid hybridization maybe the origin of C. latifolia (`Tahiti¿ lime type) and C. aurantifolia (`Tanepao¿ lime type) triploid varieties. The production of 54 tetraploid hybrids from 4x x 2x sexual hybridizations allowed the analysis of the mechanisms underlying unreduced pollen gamete formation. SSR and SNP molecular markers revealed that the majority of these plants were obtained from 2n pollen of the diploid tangor parent. Then, the maximum-likelihood method based on parental heterozygosity restitution (PHR) of centromeric loci revealed that both FDR (First Division Restitution ) with predominant occurrence and to a lower extend SDR (Second Division Restitution) were the mechanisms leading to unreduced male gamete formation in the tangor studied. These observations were confirmed by the analysis of PHR pattern along the linkage group (LG) 2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of tetraploid citrus progenies arising from unreduced pollen and the first description of the coexistence of two meiotic restitution mechanisms (SDR and FDR) producing unreduced pollen in citrus. In order to study the frequencies and the mechanisms involved in the unreduced 2n female gametes production in two different genotypes of lemon, we produced 43 triploid and tetraploid hybrids from 2x x 2x and 2x x 4x sexual hybridizations using `Eureka Frost¿ and `Fino¿ as female parents. The frequencies of 2n gamete production were respectively 4.9% and 8.3%. The maximum-likelihood analysis and pattern of PHR along LG1 revealed that SDR is the main mechanism of unreduced female lemon gametes (88%), followed by FDR or pre-meiotic doubling (PRD) (7%) and post-meiotic genome doubling (PMD) mechanisms (5%). This is the first report of the production of a large number of lemon progenies from 2n gametes and the first identification of a new mechanism, PMD that has never been observed in citrus and has rarely been described in other herbaceous or woody species. Across both studies, we demonstrated at the methodological level the effectiveness of using two complementary approaches, the analysis of the PHR pattern in one LG and the maximum-likelihood method based on centromeric loci for distinguishing between the different mechanisms of unreduced gamete production. We analyzed the meiotic mechanisms of a doubled diploid `Mexican¿ lime, the interspecific recombination and the resulting diploid gamete structures combining a segregation analysis of SSR and SNPs markers, a cytogenetic study and pollen viability evaluation. We concluded that the doubled-diploid `Mexican¿ lime had a predominantly disomic segregation for three LGs, intermediate inheritance with disomic tendency was found for five LGs and intermediate models for one LG. The resulting interspecific diploid gamete structures displayed high C. medica / C. micrantha heterozygosity. The revealed genetic structures of the diploid gametes produced by the doubled-diploid `Mexican¿ lime are compatible with the hypothesis that `Tahiti¿ and `Tanepao¿ triploid varieties results from interploid hybridization involving a doubled-diploid `Mexican¿ like lime. This disomic tendency limits the recombination and the diversity of the diploid gamete population; however the observed pollen viability restoration at tetraploid level could be advantageous for intensive breeding projects. / Esta tesis estudia tres aspectos principales: (i) los mecanismos de la formación de gametos 2n de polen originados por un híbrido diploide (tangor `CSO¿) utilizado como parental masculino en hibridaciones sexuales 4x x 2x, (ii) las frecuencias y los mecanismos de la producción de gametos 2n femeninos en dos genotipos de limón, `Eureka Frost¿ y `Fino¿, y (iii) el análisis de la recombinación interespecífica y las estructuras de los gametos diploides originados por la lima `Mejicana¿ doble diploide para evaluar el origen de las las variedades triploides de lima C. latifolia (`Tahiti¿) y C. aurantifolia (`Tanepao¿). La obtención de 54 híbridos tetraploides a partir de hibridaciones 4x x 2x permitió analizar los mecanismos de la formación de gametos 2n de polen. El análisis molecular reveló que la mayoría de estas plantas se obtuvieron a partir de gametos 2n de polen del parental `CSO¿. A continuación, el análisis mediante el método de máxima verosimilitud indicó que FDR (Restitución de la Primera División meiótica) y SDR (Restitución de la Segunda División meiótica) son los mecanismos implicados con una mayor dominancia de FDR respecto SDR. Estos resultados se confirmaron mediante el análisis de la restitución de la heterocigosidad en el grupo de ligamiento (LG) 2. Con los datos publicados hasta la fecha, es la primera vez que se han obtenido progenies tetraploides de cítricos mediante gametos 2n de polen y es la primera descripción en cítricos de la coexistencia de dos mecanismos SDR y FDR. Para estudiar las frecuencias y los mecanismos de la producción de gametos 2n en dos genotipos de limón, se obtuvieron 43 híbridos triploides y tetraploides a partir de hibridaciones sexuales 2x x 2x y 2x x 4x utilizando los limones `Eureka Frost¿ y `Fino¿ como parentales femeninos. Las frecuencias de producción de gametos 2n fueron respectivamente 4,9% y 8,3%. El análisis de máxima verosimilitud y el patrón de PHR a lo largo del LG1 reveló que SDR es el mecanismo principal de formación de gametos 2n femeninos (88%), seguido por FDR o duplicación del genoma pre-meiosis (PRD) (7%) y se identificó un nuevo mecanismo originado a partir de la duplicación del genoma post-meiosis (PMD) (5%). En este trabajo se describe por primera vez en cítricos la producción de un elevado número de híbridos de limón a partir de gametos 2n y es la primera vez que se identifica un nuevo mecanismo PMD que nunca se ha observado en cítricos. En ambos estudios se demostró la efectividad del uso de dos métodos complementarios, el análisis del patrón de PHR a lo largo de un LG y el método de máxima verosimilitud para distinguir entre los diferentes mecanismos implicados en la formación de gametos 2n. También se ha analizado el modelo de segregación cromosómica de la lima `Mejicana¿ doble diploide (DD) así como la recombinación interespecífica y las estructuras de los gametos diploides resultantes. Se ha realizado análisis de la viabilidad del polen junto con un análisis citogenético y con marcadores SSRs y SNPs. Estos trabajos nos han permitido concluir que la lima `Mejicana¿ DD presenta una segregación predominantemente disómica para tres LGs, herencia intermedia con tendencia disómica para cinco LGs y un tipo de segregación intermedia para un LG. Las estructuras de los gametos diploides mostraron una alta heterocigosis en C. medica/C. micrantha, parentales de la lima `Mejicana¿. Las estructuras genéticas de los gametos diploides de la lima `Mejicana¿ DD son compatibles con la hipótesis de que las variedades triploides `Tahiti¿ y `Tanepao¿ se obtuvieran a partir de una hibridación interploide a partir de la lima `Mejicana¿ DD. El tipo de segregación disómico conlleva una limitación de la recombinación y la diversidad genética de la población de gametos 2n. Sin embargo la viabilidad del polen de la lima `Mejicana¿ DD en comparación con la lima `Mejicana¿ diploide permite / Aquesta tesi ha tingut com a objectius l'estudi de (i) els mecanismes subjacents a la formació de pol·len de gàmetes 2n al tangor híbrid diploide `CSO', utilitzat com a progenitor masculí en els programes de millora de triploides 4x x 2x (ii) les freqüències i els mecanismes implicats en la producció gàmetes 2n en la femella als genotips de llimona `Eureka Frost¿ i Fina' (iii) la recombinació interespecífica i les estructures resultants de gàmetes diploides del doble-diploide (DD) de `llima Mèxicana' per avaluar la possibilitat que la hibridació interploid natural potser l'origen de les varietats triploides C. latifolia (llima tipus `Tahiti') i C. aurantifolia (llima tipus `Tanepao'). La producció de 54 híbrids tetraploides obtinguts d¿hibridacions sexuals 4x x 2x va permetre l'anàlisi dels mecanismes de formació de gàmetes 2n de pol·len. Els marcadors moleculars SSR i SNP van revelar que la majoria d'aquestes plantes es van obtenir de pol·len 2n del parental diploide tangor. Llavors, el mètode de màxima probabilitat va revelar que tant FDR (Restitució en la Primera Divisió), amb ocurrència predominant, com SDR (Restitució en la Segona Divisió) van ser els mecanismes que condueixen a la formació de gàmetes masculins 2n en aquest tangor. Aquestes observacions van ser confirmades per l'anàlisi de patró de RHP al llarg del cromosoma 2. Des del nostre coneixement, aquest és el primer estudi de progènies de cítrics tetraploides derivats de pol·len no reduït i la primera descripció de la coexistència de dos mecanismes de restitució meiòtiques (FDR i SDR) produint pol·len no reduït en els cítrics. Per tal d'estudiar les freqüències i els mecanismes implicats en la producció de gàmetes 2n sense reduir de la femella, en dos genotips diferents de llimona, vam obtenir 43 híbrids triploides i tetraploides d¿hibridacions sexuals 2x x 2x i 4x x 2x utilitzant `Eureka Frost ' i `Fino' com progenitors femenins. Les freqüències de la producció de gàmetes 2n van ser, respectivament, 4,9% i 8,3%. L'anàlisi de màxima probabilitat i el patró de RHP al llarg del cromosoma 1 van revelar que SDR és el principal mecanisme de gàmetes 2n en la llimona utilitzada com parent femení (88%), seguit pels mecanismes FDR o duplicació pre-meiòtica (PRD) (7%) i la duplicació del genoma post-meiòtica (PMD) (5%). Per primera volta en els cítrics s¿ha obtingut un gran nombre de progènie de llimona a partir de gàmetes 2n i s¿ha identificat un nou mecanisme, el PMD que poques vegades s'ha descrit en altres espècies herbàcies o llenyoses. A través dels dos treballs, hem demostrat, a nivell metodològic, l'eficàcia d'utilitzar dos enfocaments complementaris, és a dir, l'anàlisi del patró de RHP en un cromosoma amb el mètode de màxima probabilitat basat en loci centromèrics per distingir entre els diferents mecanismes de la producció de gàmetes 2n . Es van analitzar els mecanismes meiòtics d'un DD `llima Mèxicana', la recombinació interespecífica i les estructures resultants de gàmetes diploides combinant una anàlisi de segregació de marcadors SSR i SNP, un estudi citogenètic i l'avaluació de la viabilitat del pol·len. Hem arribat a la conclusió que el DD de `llima Mèxicana' tenia una segregació predominantment disómica en tres cromosomes, herència intermèdia amb tendència disómica en cinc cromosomes i els models intermedis per a un altre. Les estructures resultants de gàmetes diploides interespecífiques mostren alta heterozigositat C. medica / C. micrantha. Les estructures genètiques revelades dels gàmetes diploides produïts pel DD de `llima Mèxicana' són compatibles amb la hipòtesi que les varietats triploides `Tahiti¿ i `Tanepao¿ resulten de la hibridació interploide que impliquen un DD de tipus `llima Mèxicana'. Aquesta tendència disómica limita la recombinació i la diversitat de la població de gàmetes diploides, però, la restauració de la viabilitat / Houssem, R. (2017). Genetic Structure of Diploid Gametes for the Production of Triploid Citrus Hybrids [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90634 / TESIS